{"title":"Discussion. “Belarusian Uchodi. The nation of the unwanted”","authors":"Tomasz Czapiewski","doi":"10.15804/rop2021108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021108","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126880706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Th e aim of this article is to present the main motives, assumptions and dimensions of the US foreign policy towards the People’s Republic of China during the Trump presidency. Th e essence and purposefulness of the slogans, threats and attacks used by Donald Trump. Checking useness of the slogans „America First” and „make America great again” in the 2016 election campaign and while in offi ce; their implications for the most serious structural competitor in the international arena, which is already the People’s Republic of China on many levels. In the autho-r’s opinion, the turn of successive US presidential offi ces towards the PRC and the Asia-Pacifi c region in recent years is dictated not only by economic factors, but also by a wide range of collision paths and serves to maintain the position of the US hegemon in the region in the face of the growing power of the PRC. When Trump took offi ce in 2017, he used the Chinese threat as the cornerstone of foreign policy. To illustrate the nature of the involvement of the Trump against PRC the focus was on the dimensions of the analyzed issue: mainly diplomatic and mutual economic relations , especially blast of trade war and less military aspects. Article shows what measures were applied under the so-called the trade war between the US and the PRC and the evolution of the measures used. Th e continuity of US-China relations by successive presidents was also noted, and it was considered whether the relations are clearly doomed to confrontation. Th e purpose of this paper is to analyze the manifestations of the changes taking place in US foreign policy during the Trump presidency. Th e hypothesis of the work is that the American turn towards the PRC is inevitable, and it is dictated to a large extent not only by purely economic factors, but this turn serves to maintain the strong position of the US in the region in the face of the growing imperialist tendencies of Chinese power. Analysing the most important aff
{"title":"US foreign policy towards China during the Trump presidency","authors":"Radosław Sokołowski","doi":"10.15804/rop2021106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021106","url":null,"abstract":": Th e aim of this article is to present the main motives, assumptions and dimensions of the US foreign policy towards the People’s Republic of China during the Trump presidency. Th e essence and purposefulness of the slogans, threats and attacks used by Donald Trump. Checking useness of the slogans „America First” and „make America great again” in the 2016 election campaign and while in offi ce; their implications for the most serious structural competitor in the international arena, which is already the People’s Republic of China on many levels. In the autho-r’s opinion, the turn of successive US presidential offi ces towards the PRC and the Asia-Pacifi c region in recent years is dictated not only by economic factors, but also by a wide range of collision paths and serves to maintain the position of the US hegemon in the region in the face of the growing power of the PRC. When Trump took offi ce in 2017, he used the Chinese threat as the cornerstone of foreign policy. To illustrate the nature of the involvement of the Trump against PRC the focus was on the dimensions of the analyzed issue: mainly diplomatic and mutual economic relations , especially blast of trade war and less military aspects. Article shows what measures were applied under the so-called the trade war between the US and the PRC and the evolution of the measures used. Th e continuity of US-China relations by successive presidents was also noted, and it was considered whether the relations are clearly doomed to confrontation. Th e purpose of this paper is to analyze the manifestations of the changes taking place in US foreign policy during the Trump presidency. Th e hypothesis of the work is that the American turn towards the PRC is inevitable, and it is dictated to a large extent not only by purely economic factors, but this turn serves to maintain the strong position of the US in the region in the face of the growing imperialist tendencies of Chinese power. Analysing the most important aff","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121399065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: While reforming of the Ukrainian state, an important part of ensuring the social process is gender issues, providing equal opportunities for self-realization of a person regardless of gender, age, nationality or social origin. In accordance with the Millennium Development Goals adopted by the world community in 2000, one of the priorities of international development and indicators of social and economic development is ensuring gender equality. Th e implementation of gender equality ideas contributes to the eff ective use of human potential and, consequently, to the expansion of human development opportunities. Studying the processes of creation and implementation of gender policy in public admini-stration is one of the new areas of research at the current stage of state formation. Its relevance is due to the processes of democratization of the Ukrainian society and search for ways to in-crease the eff ectiveness of public policy concerning equal rights and opportunities for women and men. fi
{"title":"Gender equality in social and labor relations","authors":"V. Kolesnyk, Galyna Tatarenko","doi":"10.15804/rop2021103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021103","url":null,"abstract":": While reforming of the Ukrainian state, an important part of ensuring the social process is gender issues, providing equal opportunities for self-realization of a person regardless of gender, age, nationality or social origin. In accordance with the Millennium Development Goals adopted by the world community in 2000, one of the priorities of international development and indicators of social and economic development is ensuring gender equality. Th e implementation of gender equality ideas contributes to the eff ective use of human potential and, consequently, to the expansion of human development opportunities. Studying the processes of creation and implementation of gender policy in public admini-stration is one of the new areas of research at the current stage of state formation. Its relevance is due to the processes of democratization of the Ukrainian society and search for ways to in-crease the eff ectiveness of public policy concerning equal rights and opportunities for women and men. fi","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131761282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Janusz Mariański, Godność ludzka w narracji społecznej. Studium socjopedagogiczne, KUL Publishing House, Lublin","authors":"C. Rogowski","doi":"10.15804/rop2021107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121546278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Th e article considers public security as a component of national security. Public security is one of the priorities of state policy in the fi eld of national security. Successful public safety is the implementation of a set of measures in the fi eld of landscaping: installation of traffi c lights in appropriate public places, construction of underpasses, construction of indoor stops for citizens waiting for the arrival of public transport, etc. A well-thought-out system of planning and construction of settlements or public places, maintaining them in good condition, which promotes work and recreation of citizens, reduces the degree of threat to public safety from the occurrence of unexpected and dangerous situations. And neglect of public amenities can lead to favorable conditions for those who commit off enses and encroach on public safety. A special place is occupied by local governments, they are the closest power to the population, have the necessary powers and resources to attract citizens to maintain public order, increase their social activity in creating decent living conditions in a given area. Th e state defi nes local self-government as an independent level of government to which the people are entitled. First of all, it presupposes the organizational separation and independence of local self-government from state power, its independence in resolving issues of local importance, but independence within its own powers, as provided by the constitution. Th e main powers of local governments to ensure public safety and public order include: monitoring compliance with the law in the territory; application of measures of state coercion (usually, it is a question of bringing to administrative responsibility for the off enses connected with local government); protection of public order, carried out mainly by the police; ensuring the safety of citizens. Accordingly, local governments may be endowed with additional powers in the fi eld of public order and protection of citizens’ rights. Protecting the rights of citizens is an important component of ensuring security both at the individual level and at the level of the entire state. Th e sense of security that is transmitted inside and outside the country can be considered part of the attractiveness of the image of the country abroad.
{"title":"Ensuring social security at the level of local self-government","authors":"Sh. Faradzhov","doi":"10.15804/rop2021102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021102","url":null,"abstract":": Th e article considers public security as a component of national security. Public security is one of the priorities of state policy in the fi eld of national security. Successful public safety is the implementation of a set of measures in the fi eld of landscaping: installation of traffi c lights in appropriate public places, construction of underpasses, construction of indoor stops for citizens waiting for the arrival of public transport, etc. A well-thought-out system of planning and construction of settlements or public places, maintaining them in good condition, which promotes work and recreation of citizens, reduces the degree of threat to public safety from the occurrence of unexpected and dangerous situations. And neglect of public amenities can lead to favorable conditions for those who commit off enses and encroach on public safety. A special place is occupied by local governments, they are the closest power to the population, have the necessary powers and resources to attract citizens to maintain public order, increase their social activity in creating decent living conditions in a given area. Th e state defi nes local self-government as an independent level of government to which the people are entitled. First of all, it presupposes the organizational separation and independence of local self-government from state power, its independence in resolving issues of local importance, but independence within its own powers, as provided by the constitution. Th e main powers of local governments to ensure public safety and public order include: monitoring compliance with the law in the territory; application of measures of state coercion (usually, it is a question of bringing to administrative responsibility for the off enses connected with local government); protection of public order, carried out mainly by the police; ensuring the safety of citizens. Accordingly, local governments may be endowed with additional powers in the fi eld of public order and protection of citizens’ rights. Protecting the rights of citizens is an important component of ensuring security both at the individual level and at the level of the entire state. Th e sense of security that is transmitted inside and outside the country can be considered part of the attractiveness of the image of the country abroad.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125419757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Legal heritage, as well as the law in general, cannot exist without a subject, by whose will they are created. Accordingly, the subject of legal heritage can be considered as a legal actor – the source of all legal activity, from which come legal acts, legal actions, deeds and in general legal development and other. Preservation and usage of legal heritage depends on the subjects of legal heritage, which ensures the existence of national law through the translation of legal meanings embedded in the legal institutions, in the accumulated legal experience. Th e process of translation of legal heritage is provided by the subjects of legal heritage through the development, accumulation and transfering of legal information. Th e joint interaction of two types of subjects of legal heritage on the preservation, transmission and adaptation of the legal past in accordance with the requirements of the present, is aimed at ensuring the dynamic connection of generations. Th is is due to the fact that the whole sense of law is formed primari-ly in the people, crystallized in the image of law and fi nds its expression in the legal customs, legal institutions and other legal artifacts to which the lawyers give an offi cial, legal nature. Th ese separate groups of society, united by diff erent socially signifi cant characteristics, have distinct, specifi c characteristics of their legal cultural development. Each of them uses certain knowledge, traditions, habits, value orientations, experiences, legal views and images and other elements of legal heritage that correspond to their goals, objectives and the degree of satisfaction of their interests. Th e formed objects of legal heritage become a source of new, transformed legal information. Accordingly, the active interaction of subjects of legal heritage ensures the production, fi ltering, rejection or preservation of necessary legal information for further legal Taking into supposed process translation speak about such subjects of legal heritage as: subjects translator – represented by legal professional elite and subject recipient – individuals, participants of legal relations. It is also possible to single out meta-legal subjects of legal heritage.
{"title":"Subjects of the legal heritage","authors":"M. Ryazanov","doi":"10.15804/rop2021109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021109","url":null,"abstract":": Legal heritage, as well as the law in general, cannot exist without a subject, by whose will they are created. Accordingly, the subject of legal heritage can be considered as a legal actor – the source of all legal activity, from which come legal acts, legal actions, deeds and in general legal development and other. Preservation and usage of legal heritage depends on the subjects of legal heritage, which ensures the existence of national law through the translation of legal meanings embedded in the legal institutions, in the accumulated legal experience. Th e process of translation of legal heritage is provided by the subjects of legal heritage through the development, accumulation and transfering of legal information. Th e joint interaction of two types of subjects of legal heritage on the preservation, transmission and adaptation of the legal past in accordance with the requirements of the present, is aimed at ensuring the dynamic connection of generations. Th is is due to the fact that the whole sense of law is formed primari-ly in the people, crystallized in the image of law and fi nds its expression in the legal customs, legal institutions and other legal artifacts to which the lawyers give an offi cial, legal nature. Th ese separate groups of society, united by diff erent socially signifi cant characteristics, have distinct, specifi c characteristics of their legal cultural development. Each of them uses certain knowledge, traditions, habits, value orientations, experiences, legal views and images and other elements of legal heritage that correspond to their goals, objectives and the degree of satisfaction of their interests. Th e formed objects of legal heritage become a source of new, transformed legal information. Accordingly, the active interaction of subjects of legal heritage ensures the production, fi ltering, rejection or preservation of necessary legal information for further legal Taking into supposed process translation speak about such subjects of legal heritage as: subjects translator – represented by legal professional elite and subject recipient – individuals, participants of legal relations. It is also possible to single out meta-legal subjects of legal heritage.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113957636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Th e article analyses modern populism as a challenge to liberal democracy in terms of the activities of right-wing and left -wing political parties. An important factor in the growth of populism is the lack of eff ectiveness of constitutionalism and other formal limited institutions, procedures to ensure the principles of people’s sovereignty, democracy, justice, gu-arantee the interests of the majority in the modern world. e Th e possibilities of constitutionalism are treated with scepticism in the populist ideology, as formal, limited institutions and procedures prevent the majority from executing their will. Liberal democracy is not strong enough and constantly needs strengthening elements in respon-se to new challenges and threats. But liberal democracy, more than any other political form, contains the potential for development, a synergistic resource, and the power of self-correction. A strong parliament and a developed civil society remain eff ective counterweight to populism.
{"title":"Right-wing and left-wing populist parties as a threat to modern liberal democracies","authors":"M. Burdiuh","doi":"10.15804/rop2021101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2021101","url":null,"abstract":": Th e article analyses modern populism as a challenge to liberal democracy in terms of the activities of right-wing and left -wing political parties. An important factor in the growth of populism is the lack of eff ectiveness of constitutionalism and other formal limited institutions, procedures to ensure the principles of people’s sovereignty, democracy, justice, gu-arantee the interests of the majority in the modern world. e Th e possibilities of constitutionalism are treated with scepticism in the populist ideology, as formal, limited institutions and procedures prevent the majority from executing their will. Liberal democracy is not strong enough and constantly needs strengthening elements in respon-se to new challenges and threats. But liberal democracy, more than any other political form, contains the potential for development, a synergistic resource, and the power of self-correction. A strong parliament and a developed civil society remain eff ective counterweight to populism.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114054183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: In this article is determined that the main factor that led to political transformations in the Arabian Peninsula was the process of globalization. Moreover, the impact on the countries of this region was carried out in two vectors – externally and internally. As a result of the active promotion of Western traditions of understanding and functioning of political systems, cardinal reforms and transformations in gender policy, education, socio-economic level, etc. have taken place in the countries of the studied region. Th e relevance of the study of the proposed topic is due to the fact that the Middle East, including and the Arabian Peninsula become important in Ukraine’s international relations. Although, as the practice of post-reform events shows, oft en these changes are only declarative rather than systemic. Th is is primarily due to the slow and unstable movement towards the transformation of socio-political institutions, despite the rather strong pressure in this context from leading international organizations and the leadership of key Western political states.
{"title":"Modern internal political reforms in the arabian states: key reasons and implementation factors","authors":"Vasyl Nazarkov","doi":"10.15804/rop2020410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2020410","url":null,"abstract":": In this article is determined that the main factor that led to political transformations in the Arabian Peninsula was the process of globalization. Moreover, the impact on the countries of this region was carried out in two vectors – externally and internally. As a result of the active promotion of Western traditions of understanding and functioning of political systems, cardinal reforms and transformations in gender policy, education, socio-economic level, etc. have taken place in the countries of the studied region. Th e relevance of the study of the proposed topic is due to the fact that the Middle East, including and the Arabian Peninsula become important in Ukraine’s international relations. Although, as the practice of post-reform events shows, oft en these changes are only declarative rather than systemic. Th is is primarily due to the slow and unstable movement towards the transformation of socio-political institutions, despite the rather strong pressure in this context from leading international organizations and the leadership of key Western political states.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130385485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Andrzej Furier, Gruzja Niepodległa. Od monarchii do republiki, Adam Marszałek Publishing, Toruń 2020, pp. 538","authors":"Radosław Sokołowski","doi":"10.15804/rop2020413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2020413","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121324183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Th e article considers the main threats and challenges to the stable and eff ective development of the fi scal sphere in Ukraine and the reasons for their occurrence. Th e ways to overcome these problems are identifi ed. It was demonstrated that in order to increase the level of effi cient functioning of the fi scal sphere and ensure the fi scal security of Ukraine, fi rst of all, a political will and a system of measures that prevent and counteract its threats and challenges are needed. Another important step towards increasing the capacity of the fi scal sphere is the adoption of a number of management decisions in the system of public administration regarding the fi scal sphere functioning. It is also necessary to carry out reforms in the law enforcement sphere, modernize law enforcement practices as well as to conduct the necessary intelligence activities for studying the current situation in its development, where threats are relevant.
{"title":"Threats and challenges in the fiscal sphere of Ukraine and ways to overcome them","authors":"M. Baranovskyi","doi":"10.15804/rop2020402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15804/rop2020402","url":null,"abstract":": Th e article considers the main threats and challenges to the stable and eff ective development of the fi scal sphere in Ukraine and the reasons for their occurrence. Th e ways to overcome these problems are identifi ed. It was demonstrated that in order to increase the level of effi cient functioning of the fi scal sphere and ensure the fi scal security of Ukraine, fi rst of all, a political will and a system of measures that prevent and counteract its threats and challenges are needed. Another important step towards increasing the capacity of the fi scal sphere is the adoption of a number of management decisions in the system of public administration regarding the fi scal sphere functioning. It is also necessary to carry out reforms in the law enforcement sphere, modernize law enforcement practices as well as to conduct the necessary intelligence activities for studying the current situation in its development, where threats are relevant.","PeriodicalId":300317,"journal":{"name":"Reality of Politics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127338438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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