Objectives: Latent TB infection (LTBI) affects 25% of the world's population. As long as this reservoir exists, the elimination of TB will not be feasible. The Assembly of the World Health Organization adopted the "Global End TB" strategy for the elimination of TB in 2014. The objective of this review is to present strategies for risk groups that are candidates for the detection and treatment of LTBI.
Material and method: There is sufficient evidence of screening in: immunocompromised people (HIV-infected, biological therapies, alternative renal therapy, organ transplantation), recent immigrants, inmates in prison, people injecting drugs and homeless people, and workers from at-risk settings. Tests to diagnose LTBI include tuberculin skin test (TST) and gamma release assay interferon (IGRA). There is no reference test and the choice of one or the other will depend on logistical considerations, such as avoiding injection (TST) or not needing a second visit (IGRA). Treatment of LTBI is based on the use of isoniazide and rifampicin in short period of 3 or 4 months, using associations of rifampicin and isoniazide or rifampicin alone.
Discussion: Given the estimated high prevalence of LTBI, renewed efforts are required to reduce the number of people with LTBI that includes a registration and monitoring system to observer progress, increased testing, and the use of short treatment guidelines.
{"title":"Guidelines on controlling latent tuberculosis infection to support tuberculosis elimination.","authors":"P Godoy","doi":"10.18176/resp.00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Latent TB infection (LTBI) affects 25% of the world's population. As long as this reservoir exists, the elimination of TB will not be feasible. The Assembly of the World Health Organization adopted the \"Global End TB\" strategy for the elimination of TB in 2014. The objective of this review is to present strategies for risk groups that are candidates for the detection and treatment of LTBI.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>There is sufficient evidence of screening in: immunocompromised people (HIV-infected, biological therapies, alternative renal therapy, organ transplantation), recent immigrants, inmates in prison, people injecting drugs and homeless people, and workers from at-risk settings. Tests to diagnose LTBI include tuberculin skin test (TST) and gamma release assay interferon (IGRA). There is no reference test and the choice of one or the other will depend on logistical considerations, such as avoiding injection (TST) or not needing a second visit (IGRA). Treatment of LTBI is based on the use of isoniazide and rifampicin in short period of 3 or 4 months, using associations of rifampicin and isoniazide or rifampicin alone.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Given the estimated high prevalence of LTBI, renewed efforts are required to reduce the number of people with LTBI that includes a registration and monitoring system to observer progress, increased testing, and the use of short treatment guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"23 1","pages":"28-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c5/11/2013-6463-sanipe-23-01-28.PMC8278168.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25586263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
6 Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2021;23(1):6-8 doi: 10.18176/resp.00025 It is hard to find another infectious disease that has had more impact on morbidity and mortality throughout human history than tuberculosis (TB). The conditions of the bacillus (slow growth, resistance of the bacterial wall, airborne transmission, very long latency period, non-specific clinical manifestations and insidious onset) make Mycobacterium tuberculosis a germ with almost ideal potential for silent but inexorable growth. A total of ten million cases and one and a half million deaths every year, along with one quarter of the world’s population infected, and therefore at risk of developing the disease, is ample witness to this fact1,2. Neither should we forget the tremendous economic and emotional impact on the people and families who suffer from it, even more so when people with the disease live in countries with precarious healthcare systems. The resources and measures to cope with such a widely neglected bacillus should be applied at local level in each every, province, epidemiologycal surveillance unit and community. At the same time, a global overview of its impact and transmission is also necessary if we wish to overcome it. The first and most essential element in any TB prevention and control programme (TBPCP) should be to frame it within a free and universal healthcare system. It should be able to diagnose cases early, ensure the correct treatment and monitor the disease until the patient is cured. Furthermore, especially in specially in settings of low and medium TB incidence, it is essential to establish censuses and contact tracing of TB cases in different areas and run screening programmes for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in vulnerable populations to prevent to prevent progression to a disease3-6. But the remedy is not an easy one... To ensure that all these activities are carried out by the professionals concerned (epidemiologists, clinical practitioners, microbiologists, nursing staff, healthcare providers...), there needs to be fluid and adequate communication between stakeholders, with constant backup and coordination form the local public health services3,4. For this kind of programme to work effectively, one very necessary figure is that of the skilled public health public health nurse (PHN), working at territorial epidemiologycal surveillance units (ESU). Their main duties consist of conducting epidemiological surveys and coordinating with primary healthcare, hospitals and directly observed therapy (DOTS) teams, to ensure compliance with treatment and the census and the indication of contact tracing. The inclusion of community health workers who act as mediators has given very positive results over the last 20 years in our TBPCP in Barcelona. There, the TB clinical units and the DOTS teams have constantly worked hand in hand with PHN7-10. One major challenge is to reduce the tremendous TB diagnostic delay that favour transmission of the disease in the
{"title":"Basic characteristics for a good tuberculosis prevention and control programmes currently in Spain.","authors":"J P Millet","doi":"10.18176/resp.00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00025","url":null,"abstract":"6 Rev Esp Sanid Penit. 2021;23(1):6-8 doi: 10.18176/resp.00025 It is hard to find another infectious disease that has had more impact on morbidity and mortality throughout human history than tuberculosis (TB). The conditions of the bacillus (slow growth, resistance of the bacterial wall, airborne transmission, very long latency period, non-specific clinical manifestations and insidious onset) make Mycobacterium tuberculosis a germ with almost ideal potential for silent but inexorable growth. A total of ten million cases and one and a half million deaths every year, along with one quarter of the world’s population infected, and therefore at risk of developing the disease, is ample witness to this fact1,2. Neither should we forget the tremendous economic and emotional impact on the people and families who suffer from it, even more so when people with the disease live in countries with precarious healthcare systems. The resources and measures to cope with such a widely neglected bacillus should be applied at local level in each every, province, epidemiologycal surveillance unit and community. At the same time, a global overview of its impact and transmission is also necessary if we wish to overcome it. The first and most essential element in any TB prevention and control programme (TBPCP) should be to frame it within a free and universal healthcare system. It should be able to diagnose cases early, ensure the correct treatment and monitor the disease until the patient is cured. Furthermore, especially in specially in settings of low and medium TB incidence, it is essential to establish censuses and contact tracing of TB cases in different areas and run screening programmes for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in vulnerable populations to prevent to prevent progression to a disease3-6. But the remedy is not an easy one... To ensure that all these activities are carried out by the professionals concerned (epidemiologists, clinical practitioners, microbiologists, nursing staff, healthcare providers...), there needs to be fluid and adequate communication between stakeholders, with constant backup and coordination form the local public health services3,4. For this kind of programme to work effectively, one very necessary figure is that of the skilled public health public health nurse (PHN), working at territorial epidemiologycal surveillance units (ESU). Their main duties consist of conducting epidemiological surveys and coordinating with primary healthcare, hospitals and directly observed therapy (DOTS) teams, to ensure compliance with treatment and the census and the indication of contact tracing. The inclusion of community health workers who act as mediators has given very positive results over the last 20 years in our TBPCP in Barcelona. There, the TB clinical units and the DOTS teams have constantly worked hand in hand with PHN7-10. One major challenge is to reduce the tremendous TB diagnostic delay that favour transmission of the disease in the","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"23 1","pages":"6-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/40/c0/2013-6463-sanipe-23-01-6.PMC8278170.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25584311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V Molina-Coloma, R Lara-Machado, B Pérez-Pedraza, D López-Rodríguez
Objectives: Identify psychological symptoms relating to age, psychopathological history and time in prison in women and men incarcerated in a prison.
Material and method: Cross-sectional study. The sample was made up of 100 inmates, 50 men and 50 women and the symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) was used to assess psychopathological symptoms.
Results: This study shows that inmates with a psychopathological history prior to entry to prison, younger inmates (18-29 years) and inmates who have been a short time in prison present more psychopathological symptoms.
Discussion: The results found suggest the implementation of a protocol for psychological care of prisoners in general, but highlights a particular interest in the care of cases with people with a psychopathological history prior to entering prison, in those who are younger and those who have been in prison for a short time.
{"title":"Psychological symptomatology in a prison population: an exploratory study of age, psychopathological history and time in prison.","authors":"V Molina-Coloma, R Lara-Machado, B Pérez-Pedraza, D López-Rodríguez","doi":"10.18176/resp.00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Identify psychological symptoms relating to age, psychopathological history and time in prison in women and men incarcerated in a prison.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>Cross-sectional study. The sample was made up of 100 inmates, 50 men and 50 women and the symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) was used to assess psychopathological symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study shows that inmates with a psychopathological history prior to entry to prison, younger inmates (18-29 years) and inmates who have been a short time in prison present more psychopathological symptoms.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results found suggest the implementation of a protocol for psychological care of prisoners in general, but highlights a particular interest in the care of cases with people with a psychopathological history prior to entering prison, in those who are younger and those who have been in prison for a short time.</p>","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"23 1","pages":"20-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c0/1e/2013-6463-sanipe-23-01-20.PMC8278166.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25584313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To the editor, The purpose of this letter is to raise awareness about the importance of respiratory diseases in the Peruvian prison population. There are over 10 million prison inmates worldwide, and this number has increased by approximately one million over the course of this decade. Infectious diseases are more common amongst inmates than amongst the general public1. Prisons are a breeding ground for transmissible respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and la tuberculosis (TB), caused by the presence of many risk factors such as overcrowding and poor ventilation, which aggravate the symptoms of asthma and emphysema2. Prisoners are infrequently exposed to sunlight, are poorly fed, and have the aggravating factors of alcohol and drug abuse, they are often homeless and come from areas with a high prevalence of TB3,4. Data from the First National Prison Census of 2016 (Primer Censo Nacional de Penitenciarias 2016), prepared by the Peruvian National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI)), with the support of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, and the National Prison Institute (Instituto Nacional Penitenciario (INPE)), contained details about the health of prison inmates. The study included 66 prisons with 76,180 inmates. Medical diagnoses of chronic diseases included: 6,416 prisoners with chronic lung disease (asthma, bronchitis and emphysema), of whom 92.3% were men (5,923) and 7.7% were women (493); 3,267 with infectious/contagious lung diseases, such as tuberculosis, of whom 98.3% were men (3,210) and 1.7% were women (57)5. The study by Hernández-Vásquez and RojasRoque, using the same census as a basis, found the following data for inmates diagnosed with chronic lung disease: without CPD: a general frequency of 67,895 (91.6%); 64,059 (91.7%) amongst men and 3,836 (89.2%) amongst women. With CPD: a general frequency of 6,235 (8.4%); 5,771 (8.3%) amongst men and 464 (10.8%) amongst women. The data for tuberculosis is as follows. Without TB: general frequency of 70,918 (95.7%); 66,673 (95.5%) amongst men and 4,245 (98.7%) amongst women. With TB: general frequency of 3,212 (4.3%); 3,157 (4.5%) amongst men and 55 (1.3%) amongst women6. This above data shows that the prison population is vulnerable to infection by TB from internal or external factors. It also shows that chronic diseases such as lung disease are common amongst inmates. More effective control of TB in prisons could protect inmates and staff from the spread of such diseases in prison and significantly reduce the national load of TB. Future studies should measure the impact of the conditions inside prisons on the transmission of TB and assess the risks to the population from the spread of the disease to the community4, especially with the risk factors present in Peruvian prisons. The prison system can assist in the efforts to control tuberculosis and reduce the impact and prevalence of TB in countries such as Peru, and so it is important t
{"title":"Respiratory diseases in Peruvian prisons.","authors":"S Iglesias-Osores","doi":"10.18176/resp.00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00022","url":null,"abstract":"To the editor, The purpose of this letter is to raise awareness about the importance of respiratory diseases in the Peruvian prison population. There are over 10 million prison inmates worldwide, and this number has increased by approximately one million over the course of this decade. Infectious diseases are more common amongst inmates than amongst the general public1. Prisons are a breeding ground for transmissible respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and la tuberculosis (TB), caused by the presence of many risk factors such as overcrowding and poor ventilation, which aggravate the symptoms of asthma and emphysema2. Prisoners are infrequently exposed to sunlight, are poorly fed, and have the aggravating factors of alcohol and drug abuse, they are often homeless and come from areas with a high prevalence of TB3,4. Data from the First National Prison Census of 2016 (Primer Censo Nacional de Penitenciarias 2016), prepared by the Peruvian National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI)), with the support of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, and the National Prison Institute (Instituto Nacional Penitenciario (INPE)), contained details about the health of prison inmates. The study included 66 prisons with 76,180 inmates. Medical diagnoses of chronic diseases included: 6,416 prisoners with chronic lung disease (asthma, bronchitis and emphysema), of whom 92.3% were men (5,923) and 7.7% were women (493); 3,267 with infectious/contagious lung diseases, such as tuberculosis, of whom 98.3% were men (3,210) and 1.7% were women (57)5. The study by Hernández-Vásquez and RojasRoque, using the same census as a basis, found the following data for inmates diagnosed with chronic lung disease: without CPD: a general frequency of 67,895 (91.6%); 64,059 (91.7%) amongst men and 3,836 (89.2%) amongst women. With CPD: a general frequency of 6,235 (8.4%); 5,771 (8.3%) amongst men and 464 (10.8%) amongst women. The data for tuberculosis is as follows. Without TB: general frequency of 70,918 (95.7%); 66,673 (95.5%) amongst men and 4,245 (98.7%) amongst women. With TB: general frequency of 3,212 (4.3%); 3,157 (4.5%) amongst men and 55 (1.3%) amongst women6. This above data shows that the prison population is vulnerable to infection by TB from internal or external factors. It also shows that chronic diseases such as lung disease are common amongst inmates. More effective control of TB in prisons could protect inmates and staff from the spread of such diseases in prison and significantly reduce the national load of TB. Future studies should measure the impact of the conditions inside prisons on the transmission of TB and assess the risks to the population from the spread of the disease to the community4, especially with the risk factors present in Peruvian prisons. The prison system can assist in the efforts to control tuberculosis and reduce the impact and prevalence of TB in countries such as Peru, and so it is important t","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 3","pages":"126-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ae/de/2013-6463-sanipe-22-03-126.PMC7754536.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38695587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To the editor, We read the letters to the editor entitled “Respiratory diseases in Peruvian prisons” and “Anxiety and depression in Peruvian prisons” with great interest. The letters commented on our article published in the first issue of 2020 of the Spanish Journal of Prison Health. We would like to give our thanks for the comments we received, which highlight the need for more comprehensive healthcare for prison inmates in Peru. Further study of the biological and psychosocial problems of inmates is a pressing issue, considering the high burden of disease and high risk behaviours and environments that the prison population is exposed to before, during and after imprisonment1. However, in Peru there is little in the way of research on the state of health of the prison population. In order to show the original articles about health research on prisoners, we carried out an exhaustive search in PubMed. The strategy used for the search was: (detention[tiab] OR jail*[tiab] OR gaol[tiab] OR imprisonment[tiab] OR offender*[tiab] OR criminal*[tiab] OR inmate*[tiab] OR penitentiar*[tiab] OR prisons[MeSH] OR prison*[tiab]) AND (Peru*). A total of seven articles were identified2-8, the majority of which were about infectious diseases in the prison population and amongst women (Table 1). Five of the studies were cross-sectional, four were carried out in Lima (capital of Peru), and three studies were carried out with national data. The oldest study was published in 2013. In line with its editorial policy, the Spanish Journal of Prison Health, was the journal with the most articles published (n=3) on Peruvian prisons. In general terms, more research is needed in Peru to determine the risk factors, health problems, access to healthcare services and social reintegration available to the 95,000 or more inmates currently in prison. Such evidence would enable comprehensive programs and interventions to be designed to improve general health, which is the mission of public healthcare. It is also necessary to publish research that can assess the political action taken with regard to the state of prisoners’ health. Publication of the lessons learned would contribute towards institutionalising local capacities to manage improvement and access to health of prisoners in other regions and countries. Within this context of a need for new publications, the Spanish Journal of Prison Health is an important medium of transmission that promotes the publication of original scientific contributions on prisoners’ health at a regional and international level.
{"title":"Response to the letter: Research on health problems in the Peruvian prison system.","authors":"A Hernández-Vásquez, C Rojas-Roque","doi":"10.18176/resp.00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00024","url":null,"abstract":"To the editor, We read the letters to the editor entitled “Respiratory diseases in Peruvian prisons” and “Anxiety and depression in Peruvian prisons” with great interest. The letters commented on our article published in the first issue of 2020 of the Spanish Journal of Prison Health. We would like to give our thanks for the comments we received, which highlight the need for more comprehensive healthcare for prison inmates in Peru. Further study of the biological and psychosocial problems of inmates is a pressing issue, considering the high burden of disease and high risk behaviours and environments that the prison population is exposed to before, during and after imprisonment1. However, in Peru there is little in the way of research on the state of health of the prison population. In order to show the original articles about health research on prisoners, we carried out an exhaustive search in PubMed. The strategy used for the search was: (detention[tiab] OR jail*[tiab] OR gaol[tiab] OR imprisonment[tiab] OR offender*[tiab] OR criminal*[tiab] OR inmate*[tiab] OR penitentiar*[tiab] OR prisons[MeSH] OR prison*[tiab]) AND (Peru*). A total of seven articles were identified2-8, the majority of which were about infectious diseases in the prison population and amongst women (Table 1). Five of the studies were cross-sectional, four were carried out in Lima (capital of Peru), and three studies were carried out with national data. The oldest study was published in 2013. In line with its editorial policy, the Spanish Journal of Prison Health, was the journal with the most articles published (n=3) on Peruvian prisons. In general terms, more research is needed in Peru to determine the risk factors, health problems, access to healthcare services and social reintegration available to the 95,000 or more inmates currently in prison. Such evidence would enable comprehensive programs and interventions to be designed to improve general health, which is the mission of public healthcare. It is also necessary to publish research that can assess the political action taken with regard to the state of prisoners’ health. Publication of the lessons learned would contribute towards institutionalising local capacities to manage improvement and access to health of prisoners in other regions and countries. Within this context of a need for new publications, the Spanish Journal of Prison Health is an important medium of transmission that promotes the publication of original scientific contributions on prisoners’ health at a regional and international level.","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 3","pages":"130-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/65/e5/2013-6463-sanipe-22-03-130.PMC7754539.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38695588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This journal published an article on prison overoccupation and its impact on individual and collective health in 20121, and we have been asked to reflect on this issue eight years later. In 2012, there were 10.2 million inmates/day worldwide2. This figure now stands at 11 million, although the growth in the number of inmates has been very similar to the increase of the world population (3.7% vs. 3.0%, respectively in the last 3 years)3 and so it can reasonably be assumed that the prison population has remained stable over this period. The fact that prison over-occupation is unacceptable and negatively impacts health is undeniable. One the one hand it is a breach of international prison standards4-7 and is also: a) a hazard to inmates’ psychological and physical health; b) a public health risk; c) an underlying cause of danger for prisoners and prison professionals; and d) a breach of human rights, in which cruel and degrading treatment may be involved. The number of references in the literature on how this phenomenon affects the psychological and physical domains at individual, collective and environmental levels is immense. The term “overcrowding” has been and continues to be widely used to refer to large numbers of inmates in penitentiary spaces that do not have the space to house them. However, this term is openended and lacks any clear consensus as to what it is exactly and how it can be measured8. There is an increasing tendency therefore to use the term overoccupation, which is more specific and measurable. In any case, there continues to be a certain degree of conceptual confusion, and it is not uncommon to find that the incarceration rate is used to indicate excess occupancy, which is really the rate of persons incarcerated per 100,000 inhabitants, without making any reference to the space or its characteristics. The level of prison occupation and the incarceration rate, or the crime rate, which is another concept that is often used, are not similar concepts, although they are sometimes indiscriminately and erroneously used. Spain for example has a crime rate (rate of crimes and misdemeanours per 1,000 inhabitants) of 45.69, which is considered to be a low one, and as a country it does not occupy a high place in the European classifications for the main types of crime (homicide, rape or robbery), and so it is regarded as one of the safest countries in Europe. However, the rate of incarceration or imprisonment, which in 2019 was 111 in Catalonia and 128.5 in the rest of Spain10, is one of the highest in Europe and almost double that of other countries in northern Europe, where the lowest rates are to be found. To measure prison occupation, the Council of Europe recommends using the “density”; or rather, the ratio between the number of inmates and the number of available places, expressed as the number of inmates per 100 places available. When this yardstick is used, there are about one hundred countries with prisons whose capacity is excee
{"title":"Prison overcrowding and over-occupation: what we are talking about and the situation in Spanish prisons.","authors":"A Marco, J García-Guerrero","doi":"10.18176/resp.00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00017","url":null,"abstract":"This journal published an article on prison overoccupation and its impact on individual and collective health in 20121, and we have been asked to reflect on this issue eight years later. In 2012, there were 10.2 million inmates/day worldwide2. This figure now stands at 11 million, although the growth in the number of inmates has been very similar to the increase of the world population (3.7% vs. 3.0%, respectively in the last 3 years)3 and so it can reasonably be assumed that the prison population has remained stable over this period. The fact that prison over-occupation is unacceptable and negatively impacts health is undeniable. One the one hand it is a breach of international prison standards4-7 and is also: a) a hazard to inmates’ psychological and physical health; b) a public health risk; c) an underlying cause of danger for prisoners and prison professionals; and d) a breach of human rights, in which cruel and degrading treatment may be involved. The number of references in the literature on how this phenomenon affects the psychological and physical domains at individual, collective and environmental levels is immense. The term “overcrowding” has been and continues to be widely used to refer to large numbers of inmates in penitentiary spaces that do not have the space to house them. However, this term is openended and lacks any clear consensus as to what it is exactly and how it can be measured8. There is an increasing tendency therefore to use the term overoccupation, which is more specific and measurable. In any case, there continues to be a certain degree of conceptual confusion, and it is not uncommon to find that the incarceration rate is used to indicate excess occupancy, which is really the rate of persons incarcerated per 100,000 inhabitants, without making any reference to the space or its characteristics. The level of prison occupation and the incarceration rate, or the crime rate, which is another concept that is often used, are not similar concepts, although they are sometimes indiscriminately and erroneously used. Spain for example has a crime rate (rate of crimes and misdemeanours per 1,000 inhabitants) of 45.69, which is considered to be a low one, and as a country it does not occupy a high place in the European classifications for the main types of crime (homicide, rape or robbery), and so it is regarded as one of the safest countries in Europe. However, the rate of incarceration or imprisonment, which in 2019 was 111 in Catalonia and 128.5 in the rest of Spain10, is one of the highest in Europe and almost double that of other countries in northern Europe, where the lowest rates are to be found. To measure prison occupation, the Council of Europe recommends using the “density”; or rather, the ratio between the number of inmates and the number of available places, expressed as the number of inmates per 100 places available. When this yardstick is used, there are about one hundred countries with prisons whose capacity is excee","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 3","pages":"93-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d1/01/2013-6463-sanipe-22-03-93.PMC7754541.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38696480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Juvenile delinquency is a multi-causal social phenomenon, in which socio-cultural and economic, family and individual factors are interrelated. In young people with a greater number of associated risk factors, the measures seem to be insufficient, both in open and closed environments, since the rate of recidivism is higher.
Objective: Identify the psychosocial risk factors that exist at intra and interpersonal level in juvenile offenders, as well as determine if these factors are interrelated.
Material and method: A literature review of articles found in different databases was carried out. The articles containing the key words selected at the beginning of the study were reviewed, and of all of them, those that met the established inclusion requirements, which are date of publication and language, were included.
Results: The results of all the studies analyzed confirm the idea that a greater number of psychosocial risk factors occur in young offenders than in normalized young people. There are factors related to a family that has inadequate socialization styles, even negligent ones, accentuated by very substandard economic situations that are usually present. Along with this, the consumption of substances is a variable that is repeated continuously in these young people; united to a group of deviant pairs, that favor the appearance of criminal behaviours.
Conclusion: It is possible to identify the main psychosocial risk factors that occur in young offenders, and define an interrelation between these factors, but it is not linear nor can it be homogenized. More resources and prevention programs, as well as intervention, are needed at the individual, family and community levels.
{"title":"Psychosocial risk factors in young offenders.","authors":"M P Molinedo-Quílez","doi":"10.18176/resp.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Juvenile delinquency is a multi-causal social phenomenon, in which socio-cultural and economic, family and individual factors are interrelated. In young people with a greater number of associated risk factors, the measures seem to be insufficient, both in open and closed environments, since the rate of recidivism is higher.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Identify the psychosocial risk factors that exist at intra and interpersonal level in juvenile offenders, as well as determine if these factors are interrelated.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>A literature review of articles found in different databases was carried out. The articles containing the key words selected at the beginning of the study were reviewed, and of all of them, those that met the established inclusion requirements, which are date of publication and language, were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of all the studies analyzed confirm the idea that a greater number of psychosocial risk factors occur in young offenders than in normalized young people. There are factors related to a family that has inadequate socialization styles, even negligent ones, accentuated by very substandard economic situations that are usually present. Along with this, the consumption of substances is a variable that is repeated continuously in these young people; united to a group of deviant pairs, that favor the appearance of criminal behaviours.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is possible to identify the main psychosocial risk factors that occur in young offenders, and define an interrelation between these factors, but it is not linear nor can it be homogenized. More resources and prevention programs, as well as intervention, are needed at the individual, family and community levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 3","pages":"104-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ea/c4/2013-6463-sanipe-22-03-104.PMC7754538.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38695583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Analyse the evolution of opinions about euthanasia by the general public and clinical physicians from 1995 to 2019 and their influence at the present time.
Material and method: Bibliographical review based on relevance and quality of publications in open access and academic access platforms. Main surveys review of public and private institutions. Congress and Senate Official Journal Sessions.
Results: Recent surveys show that clinicians support the regulation of euthanasia. This position matches the general public's belief, which has grown steadily in recent decades.
Discussion: Social and clinical support for the regulation of euthanasia has been fundamental. In the last two decades political parties have changed their positions, thus creating a window of opportunity.
{"title":"Euthanasia: trends and opinions in Spain.","authors":"I Bernal-Carcelén","doi":"10.18176/resp.00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Analyse the evolution of opinions about euthanasia by the general public and clinical physicians from 1995 to 2019 and their influence at the present time.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>Bibliographical review based on relevance and quality of publications in open access and academic access platforms. Main surveys review of public and private institutions. Congress and Senate Official Journal Sessions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Recent surveys show that clinicians support the regulation of euthanasia. This position matches the general public's belief, which has grown steadily in recent decades.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Social and clinical support for the regulation of euthanasia has been fundamental. In the last two decades political parties have changed their positions, thus creating a window of opportunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 3","pages":"112-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/63/ac/2013-6463-sanipe-22-03-112.PMC7754540.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38695584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To the editor, This letter sets out to raise awareness about mental health problems in Peruvian prisons. There are more than 10 million persons in prison worldwide, with more than 30 million persons passing through prison systems each year. There is a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders amongst inmates, and in some countries there are more people with mental diseases in prison than in psychiatric hospitals1. We estimate that almost 500,000 inmates have a previously diagnosed mental health condition which includes undiagnosed mental health problems (such as hallucinations). This suggests that the number of inmates with a psychiatric illness may be even higher than the one shown in some studies2. Prisoners often experience psychological distress, amongst other mental problems, for which interventions to tackle them are currently lacking3. Despite the high levels of need, such disorders are not correctly diagnosed and are incorrectly or poorly treated1. The data used was taken from the First National Prison Census (Primer Censo Nacional de Penitenciarias) 2016 and other publications prepared by the Peruvian National Institute of Statistics and Information Technology (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI)) and National Prisons Institute (Instituto Nacional Penitenciario (INPE)), which took information from the entire population of the 66 prisons in Peru4. The data shows that 9.6% of the prison population suffers from depression, that is, 7,321 inmates, followed by 6,581 inmates who present anxiety (8.7%). Only these two pathologies were included in the mental health section and this may be related to 2,741 inmates who have some form of permanent disability in relating to others due to their thinking, feelings, emotions or behaviour. 77.4% of inmates who presented anxiety and 70.8% with depression were not diagnosed by a health professional. 1,141 (53.3%) currently receive medical treatment for depression, and 778 (52.2%) for anxiety. 1,000 inmates do not receive treatment for depression, and 711 receive no treatment for anxiety. The main reasons for this lack of treatment are: no money, the centre or clinic takes a long time to attend patients, not severe or unnecessary, there is no medication4. A study by Hernández-Vásquez and RojasRoque5, which used the database of the First National Prison Census 2016, found the following: depression and anxiety presented a prevalence of 9.6 and 8.6%, and were more common amongst women that men; data on co/multi-morbidities showed 0.5% with depression, anxiety and drug abuse. The diseases that presented the highest percentages of diagnosis prior to entry into the prison system with the lowest percentage of diagnosis were: anxiety (10.3%), depression (12.6%) and drug abuse (17.7%)5, which is associated with problems2. Women presented higher percentages of diagnosis of diseases. The diseases with least access to medical treatment were: anxiety (11.7%), drug abuse (11.8%) and depression (15.4%).
{"title":"Anxiety and depression in Peruvian prisons.","authors":"S Iglesias-Osores","doi":"10.18176/resp.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00023","url":null,"abstract":"To the editor, This letter sets out to raise awareness about mental health problems in Peruvian prisons. There are more than 10 million persons in prison worldwide, with more than 30 million persons passing through prison systems each year. There is a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders amongst inmates, and in some countries there are more people with mental diseases in prison than in psychiatric hospitals1. We estimate that almost 500,000 inmates have a previously diagnosed mental health condition which includes undiagnosed mental health problems (such as hallucinations). This suggests that the number of inmates with a psychiatric illness may be even higher than the one shown in some studies2. Prisoners often experience psychological distress, amongst other mental problems, for which interventions to tackle them are currently lacking3. Despite the high levels of need, such disorders are not correctly diagnosed and are incorrectly or poorly treated1. The data used was taken from the First National Prison Census (Primer Censo Nacional de Penitenciarias) 2016 and other publications prepared by the Peruvian National Institute of Statistics and Information Technology (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI)) and National Prisons Institute (Instituto Nacional Penitenciario (INPE)), which took information from the entire population of the 66 prisons in Peru4. The data shows that 9.6% of the prison population suffers from depression, that is, 7,321 inmates, followed by 6,581 inmates who present anxiety (8.7%). Only these two pathologies were included in the mental health section and this may be related to 2,741 inmates who have some form of permanent disability in relating to others due to their thinking, feelings, emotions or behaviour. 77.4% of inmates who presented anxiety and 70.8% with depression were not diagnosed by a health professional. 1,141 (53.3%) currently receive medical treatment for depression, and 778 (52.2%) for anxiety. 1,000 inmates do not receive treatment for depression, and 711 receive no treatment for anxiety. The main reasons for this lack of treatment are: no money, the centre or clinic takes a long time to attend patients, not severe or unnecessary, there is no medication4. A study by Hernández-Vásquez and RojasRoque5, which used the database of the First National Prison Census 2016, found the following: depression and anxiety presented a prevalence of 9.6 and 8.6%, and were more common amongst women that men; data on co/multi-morbidities showed 0.5% with depression, anxiety and drug abuse. The diseases that presented the highest percentages of diagnosis prior to entry into the prison system with the lowest percentage of diagnosis were: anxiety (10.3%), depression (12.6%) and drug abuse (17.7%)5, which is associated with problems2. Women presented higher percentages of diagnosis of diseases. The diseases with least access to medical treatment were: anxiety (11.7%), drug abuse (11.8%) and depression (15.4%).","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 3","pages":"128-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fc/09/2013-6463-sanipe-22-03-128.PMC7754543.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38695585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: Prison is an especially difficult environment for promoting oral health and leads to the exacerbation of unhealthy behaviors. This study set out to assess the impact of incarceration on nutritional status and oral health among the male prison inmates of Central Jail of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India.
Material and method: A cross sectional study was conducted among 181 male inmates. Dental caries and periodontal status were assessed by using modified the Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LOA) index as per the WHO methodology 1997. Nutritional status was assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight (kg)/height (m2).
Results: Out of 181 inmates, 141 (77.90%) had normal BMI. The majority (n=128, 70.70%) of inmates were incarcerated for less than 6 years. A significant difference (P<0.05) was found between age and periodontal status. A significant difference was observed (P<0.05) in the CPI score 3 and LOA 0 and 1 score. However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in DMFT and period of incarceration. Age was the significant (P<0.001) risk factor for CPI and LOA.
Discussion: Dental caries and periodontal health deteriorates with age and period of incarceration. Oral hygiene maintenance along with comprehensive oral care can be accomplished by establishing dental care facilities in prisons.
{"title":"Impact of incarceration on nutritional status and oral health among male inmates of central jail of Jaipur city, India.","authors":"A Sharma, S Parkar, A Gaur, B Bagri","doi":"10.18176/resp.00018","DOIUrl":"10.18176/resp.00018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Prison is an especially difficult environment for promoting oral health and leads to the exacerbation of unhealthy behaviors. This study set out to assess the impact of incarceration on nutritional status and oral health among the male prison inmates of Central Jail of Jaipur city, Rajasthan, India.</p><p><strong>Material and method: </strong>A cross sectional study was conducted among 181 male inmates. Dental caries and periodontal status were assessed by using modified the Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LOA) index as per the WHO methodology 1997. Nutritional status was assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight (kg)/height (m2).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 181 inmates, 141 (77.90%) had normal BMI. The majority (n=128, 70.70%) of inmates were incarcerated for less than 6 years. A significant difference (P<0.05) was found between age and periodontal status. A significant difference was observed (P<0.05) in the CPI score 3 and LOA 0 and 1 score. However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in DMFT and period of incarceration. Age was the significant (P<0.001) risk factor for CPI and LOA.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Dental caries and periodontal health deteriorates with age and period of incarceration. Oral hygiene maintenance along with comprehensive oral care can be accomplished by establishing dental care facilities in prisons.</p>","PeriodicalId":30044,"journal":{"name":"Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria","volume":"22 3","pages":"96-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/52/ba/2013-6463-sanipe-22-03-96.PMC7754537.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38696481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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