University students participated in 4 focus groups (Caucasian males, Caucasian females, ethnic minority males, and ethnic minority females). Participants were asked to discuss 3 classroom scenarios: (a) a White male teaching a race relations course, (b) a male teaching a women’s studies course, and (c) a young, childless female teaching a child psychology course. Most participants preferred an ethnic minority professor for the race relations course, a female professor for the women’s studies course, and showed a slight preference for a married female professor for the child psychology course.
{"title":"Students’ Perceptions of Professors in Nontraditional Teaching Roles","authors":"Brien K. Ashdown, Kristin L. Kiddo","doi":"10.1037/E741502011-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/E741502011-006","url":null,"abstract":"University students participated in 4 focus groups (Caucasian males, Caucasian females, ethnic minority males, and ethnic minority females). Participants were asked to discuss 3 classroom scenarios: (a) a White male teaching a race relations course, (b) a male teaching a women’s studies course, and (c) a young, childless female teaching a child psychology course. Most participants preferred an ethnic minority professor for the race relations course, a female professor for the women’s studies course, and showed a slight preference for a married female professor for the child psychology course.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"37-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Higher-order propositional attitudes (HOPAs), such as "I think that you think that...," figure in many fields including theory of mind, cognitive ethology, and psycholinguistics. Analysis of many examples suggests there may be differences in understandability of HOPAs depending on the type and number of constituents and the presence of recursions. Empirical work on normal adult ability with HOPAs has been lacking, leaving research with special populations without a standard for comparison. An exper- iment explored the effects of varying the number of individuals in HOPA sentences, up to the eighth order. Significant differences in understandability of HOPA sentences were found between three groups, those that are about (i) oneself, (ii) dyads, and (iii) series of different individuals.
{"title":"Thinking About Me, You, and Them: Understanding Higher- Order Propositional Attitudes","authors":"J. Vega","doi":"10.1037/e741552011-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741552011-004","url":null,"abstract":"Higher-order propositional attitudes (HOPAs), such as \"I think that you think that...,\" figure in many fields including theory of mind, cognitive ethology, and psycholinguistics. Analysis of many examples suggests there may be differences in understandability of HOPAs depending on the type and number of constituents and the presence of recursions. Empirical work on normal adult ability with HOPAs has been lacking, leaving research with special populations without a standard for comparison. An exper- iment explored the effects of varying the number of individuals in HOPA sentences, up to the eighth order. Significant differences in understandability of HOPA sentences were found between three groups, those that are about (i) oneself, (ii) dyads, and (iii) series of different individuals.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"75-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of the relationship between maternal sign language ability and Deaf children's theory of mind (ToM) development, specifically in Deaf children of hearing parents. Emphasis will be placed on one identified component of ToM, which is called false-belief understanding. Research has recognized the influence of the hearing parent's American Sign Language (ASL) abilities on the Deaf child's own developing ASL and ToM abilities. However, prior research has not provided thorough measurement of hearing parents' ASL abilities, as there has been no measurement of the correctness of the parents' grammatical facial expression while signing. In addition to discussing the progress of ToM research and its subsequent connection to Deaf children's ToM development, the present review will make suggestions to those interested in this area of research.
{"title":"The Role of Hearing Mothers' Signing Ability in Deaf Children's Theory of Mind Development","authors":"Carrie M. Brown","doi":"10.1037/e741552011-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741552011-003","url":null,"abstract":"The present review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion of the relationship between maternal sign language ability and Deaf children's theory of mind (ToM) development, specifically in Deaf children of hearing parents. Emphasis will be placed on one identified component of ToM, which is called false-belief understanding. Research has recognized the influence of the hearing parent's American Sign Language (ASL) abilities on the Deaf child's own developing ASL and ToM abilities. However, prior research has not provided thorough measurement of hearing parents' ASL abilities, as there has been no measurement of the correctness of the parents' grammatical facial expression while signing. In addition to discussing the progress of ToM research and its subsequent connection to Deaf children's ToM development, the present review will make suggestions to those interested in this area of research.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"59-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was afflicted with a unique constellation of psychological and personality disorders, as well as severe social skill deficits. The study of such a case can illuminate possible links between seemingly distinct disorders, such as pedophilia and substance abuse, and attempted treatment of such a person could prove a useful research means into developing treatment protocols for clients with similar disor- ders. The author examines a journalist's account of Dahmer's behavior as the primary source of information about his disorders, incorporating scholarly sources as a secondary means of gaining insight into this unique case.
{"title":"Jeffrey Dahmer: His Complicated, Comorbid Psychopathologies and Treatment Implications","authors":"Abigail Strubel","doi":"10.1037/E741552011-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/E741552011-002","url":null,"abstract":"The American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was afflicted with a unique constellation of psychological and personality disorders, as well as severe social skill deficits. The study of such a case can illuminate possible links between seemingly distinct disorders, such as pedophilia and substance abuse, and attempted treatment of such a person could prove a useful research means into developing treatment protocols for clients with similar disor- ders. The author examines a journalist's account of Dahmer's behavior as the primary source of information about his disorders, incorporating scholarly sources as a secondary means of gaining insight into this unique case.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"41-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many retirees experience a decrease in life satisfaction after retirement. One explanation for the dissatisfaction is that retirement was not as one had expected (i.e., feelings about retirement were inaccurately predicted). Planning for retirement involves predicting aspects of retirement and making decisions accordingly. The present study used a between subjects design to examine the predicted feelings of workers regarding their retirement expectations compared to the actual feelings of retired workers. The major finding was that pre-retirees' predictions of retirement satisfaction were significantly different from retirees' actual retirement satisfaction, even though regression analyses revealed that similar variables predicted satisfaction (e.g., social support). This study lays the groundwork for future research which would determine the potential reasons for these findings.
{"title":"Looking toward the Future: Predicting Retirement Satisfaction","authors":"G. D. Davis","doi":"10.1037/e741552011-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741552011-005","url":null,"abstract":"Many retirees experience a decrease in life satisfaction after retirement. One explanation for the dissatisfaction is that retirement was not as one had expected (i.e., feelings about retirement were inaccurately predicted). Planning for retirement involves predicting aspects of retirement and making decisions accordingly. The present study used a between subjects design to examine the predicted feelings of workers regarding their retirement expectations compared to the actual feelings of retired workers. The major finding was that pre-retirees' predictions of retirement satisfaction were significantly different from retirees' actual retirement satisfaction, even though regression analyses revealed that similar variables predicted satisfaction (e.g., social support). This study lays the groundwork for future research which would determine the potential reasons for these findings.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"107-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since many tools for clinical assessment are available to practitioners of all medical and psychiatric fields, when a healthcare professional assesses the mental health of an individual, the use of culturally appropriate assessment measures used becomes increasingly important. Since many quality of life (QOL) assessment measures utilize Likert scaled questions, awareness and understanding of potential bias can greatly aid in clinical interpretation of scores, case conceptualization and treatment planning. Mental health professionals need to be cognizant of cultural issues and sensitive to the idea that the categorization of symptoms that our culture has clustered into disorders is dependent on specific cultural values (Draguns, 1987). Ultimately, cultural bias can greatly affect the validity and interpretability of assessment data. Modifications to assessment measures must also be considered in light of cross-cultural concerns, primarily as related to content validity.
{"title":"Cross-Cultural Awareness in Quality of Life Assessment","authors":"Scott M. Debb","doi":"10.1037/e741502011-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741502011-002","url":null,"abstract":"Since many tools for clinical assessment are available to practitioners of all medical and psychiatric fields, when a healthcare professional assesses the mental health of an individual, the use of culturally appropriate assessment measures used becomes increasingly important. Since many quality of life (QOL) assessment measures utilize Likert scaled questions, awareness and understanding of potential bias can greatly aid in clinical interpretation of scores, case conceptualization and treatment planning. Mental health professionals need to be cognizant of cultural issues and sensitive to the idea that the categorization of symptoms that our culture has clustered into disorders is dependent on specific cultural values (Draguns, 1987). Ultimately, cultural bias can greatly affect the validity and interpretability of assessment data. Modifications to assessment measures must also be considered in light of cross-cultural concerns, primarily as related to content validity.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"11-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57938398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is currently an increased interest in the effect of Internet use in the college student population, a group that may be particularly susceptible to problems related to online use because of the accessibility afforded them on campuses and due to their developmental stage of identity formation. The current study examined the relationship between quan- tity of Internet use and the common concerns of college students. An online student survey of behavior and concerns was administered to 182 college freshmen. The survey included demographic variables, ratings of satisfaction with various campus experiences, and ratings of level of concerns for 78 problems or issues that are often faced by college students. Freshman students who use the Internet for less than 10 hours per week were at least twice as likely as those who do not to report concern over feeling sad or depressed, not knowing how to study effectively, feeling lonely, jug- gling too many roles, and not living up to people’s expectations. Results showed that male students who were online more than 10 hours per week expressed significantly less concern about their emerging role definitions and autonomy. Female students who used the Internet for more than 10 hours per week reported significantly less concern about being sad or depressed. These results support the hypothesis that Internet use in college freshmen may represent a successful coping mechanism. This finding is discussed in relation to recent research reports on both detriments and benefits of online use by college students.
{"title":"Positive Effects of Internet Use by College Freshmen","authors":"Elizabeth A. Clark, D. Everhart","doi":"10.1037/e741502011-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741502011-005","url":null,"abstract":"There is currently an increased interest in the effect of Internet use in the college student population, a group that may be particularly susceptible to problems related to online use because of the accessibility afforded them on campuses and due to their developmental stage of identity formation. The current study examined the relationship between quan- tity of Internet use and the common concerns of college students. An online student survey of behavior and concerns was administered to 182 college freshmen. The survey included demographic variables, ratings of satisfaction with various campus experiences, and ratings of level of concerns for 78 problems or issues that are often faced by college students. Freshman students who use the Internet for less than 10 hours per week were at least twice as likely as those who do not to report concern over feeling sad or depressed, not knowing how to study effectively, feeling lonely, jug- gling too many roles, and not living up to people’s expectations. Results showed that male students who were online more than 10 hours per week expressed significantly less concern about their emerging role definitions and autonomy. Female students who used the Internet for more than 10 hours per week reported significantly less concern about being sad or depressed. These results support the hypothesis that Internet use in college freshmen may represent a successful coping mechanism. This finding is discussed in relation to recent research reports on both detriments and benefits of online use by college students.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"31-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57938982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) are neurodevelopmental conditions that are marked by social and communica- tion problems that involve difficulties with facial emotional processing, as well as restricted interests and behaviors. There have been conflicting reports in the literature regarding the perception of basic emotional expressions with some studies showing differences between the autistics and normal participants while others show no such differences. There have also been some reports of deficits in the processing of basic negative emotions in autism like fear, sad- ness and anger. These deficits shown by autistics are comparable to deficits shown by people with amygdala damage. These comparable deficits have led to the formulation of the ‘amygdala theory in autism’. However, a strong form of the amygdala hypothesis in autism still requires experimental evidence of distinctions between ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ awareness of negative emotional stimuli. In some studies the activation in the amygdala is found when participants are subjectively unaware of the fearful faces but not when they are objectively unaware. Previous studies that have been conducted to investigate the facial emotion recognition deficits in autism in order to support the amygdala hy- pothesis have relied on the percentage correct values of the autistic subjects, which are known to be highly sensitive to response bias. Performance when evaluated according to standard signal detection methods provides a measure of sensitivity that is independent of a subject’s response bias. Only the latter methodology can provide a stringent test of the amygdala hypothesis.
{"title":"Detection of Negative Emotions in Autistics: Questioning the ‘Amygdala Hypothesis’","authors":"N. Khetrapal","doi":"10.1037/e741502011-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741502011-001","url":null,"abstract":"Autism and Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) are neurodevelopmental conditions that are marked by social and communica- tion problems that involve difficulties with facial emotional processing, as well as restricted interests and behaviors. There have been conflicting reports in the literature regarding the perception of basic emotional expressions with some studies showing differences between the autistics and normal participants while others show no such differences. There have also been some reports of deficits in the processing of basic negative emotions in autism like fear, sad- ness and anger. These deficits shown by autistics are comparable to deficits shown by people with amygdala damage. These comparable deficits have led to the formulation of the ‘amygdala theory in autism’. However, a strong form of the amygdala hypothesis in autism still requires experimental evidence of distinctions between ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ awareness of negative emotional stimuli. In some studies the activation in the amygdala is found when participants are subjectively unaware of the fearful faces but not when they are objectively unaware. Previous studies that have been conducted to investigate the facial emotion recognition deficits in autism in order to support the amygdala hy- pothesis have relied on the percentage correct values of the autistic subjects, which are known to be highly sensitive to response bias. Performance when evaluated according to standard signal detection methods provides a measure of sensitivity that is independent of a subject’s response bias. Only the latter methodology can provide a stringent test of the amygdala hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"7-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57938860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditionally, research has characterized body dissatisfaction as occurring primarily among EuroAmerican women, although conflicting results exist. Using analysis of variance and chi-square analyses, the present study examined gender and ethnic differences in body dissatisfaction and externalizing compensatory behaviors (i.e., dieting, diet pill use, diet shake use) and desire to alter physical appearance via plastic surgery in a diverse sample of undergraduate college students (N = 82). Results indicated that more women than men diet, use diet aids, and endorse a desire for plastic surgery. No gender differences in body satisfaction were found. In terms of ethnic differences, Hispanic Ameri- cans endorsed less body satisfaction than other ethnic groups. No ethnic differences were identified in externalizing compensatory behaviors. These results suggest that body dissatisfaction is not exclusive to EuroAmerican women. Although male gender and non-EuroAmerican ethnicity were previously thought to be potential buffers against body dissatisfaction, the present study suggests the need to reexamine these assumptions.
{"title":"Compensatory Efforts for Body Dissatisfaction: Some Gender and Ethnic Differences","authors":"L. Benuto, A. Haboush, Sharon Jones-Forrester","doi":"10.1037/e741502011-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741502011-003","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, research has characterized body dissatisfaction as occurring primarily among EuroAmerican women, although conflicting results exist. Using analysis of variance and chi-square analyses, the present study examined gender and ethnic differences in body dissatisfaction and externalizing compensatory behaviors (i.e., dieting, diet pill use, diet shake use) and desire to alter physical appearance via plastic surgery in a diverse sample of undergraduate college students (N = 82). Results indicated that more women than men diet, use diet aids, and endorse a desire for plastic surgery. No gender differences in body satisfaction were found. In terms of ethnic differences, Hispanic Ameri- cans endorsed less body satisfaction than other ethnic groups. No ethnic differences were identified in externalizing compensatory behaviors. These results suggest that body dissatisfaction is not exclusive to EuroAmerican women. Although male gender and non-EuroAmerican ethnicity were previously thought to be potential buffers against body dissatisfaction, the present study suggests the need to reexamine these assumptions.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"5 1","pages":"19-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57938559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ability to think and act quickly and effectively may have some evolutionary benefits, in which immediate response has important consequences for survival. In our modern world, impulsive behavior may even allow some individuals to express desires in a healthy-albeit defiant-manner. Jetting off on an unplanned vacation, going on a shopping spree, or taking a day off work may represent welcome relief in the quotidian life. However, impulsive actions also have consequences, and impulsiveness has been linked to a variety of high-risk behaviors and a number of psychiatric illnesses. Impulsivity is considered an important element of suicidal behaviors, substance abuse, aggression, personality disorders, attention deficit problems, and criminal behavior (Moeller, Barratt, Dougherty, Schmitz, & Swann, 2001). Although impulsivity is directly mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV; APA, 1994) criteria for several disorders, little research has attempted to uncover the role of impulsivity in psychiatric disorders (Moeller et al., 2001).
{"title":"Mindfulness-Based Approaches to Impulsive Behaviors","authors":"K. J. Stratton","doi":"10.1037/e741562011-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741562011-004","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to think and act quickly and effectively may have some evolutionary benefits, in which immediate response has important consequences for survival. In our modern world, impulsive behavior may even allow some individuals to express desires in a healthy-albeit defiant-manner. Jetting off on an unplanned vacation, going on a shopping spree, or taking a day off work may represent welcome relief in the quotidian life. However, impulsive actions also have consequences, and impulsiveness has been linked to a variety of high-risk behaviors and a number of psychiatric illnesses. Impulsivity is considered an important element of suicidal behaviors, substance abuse, aggression, personality disorders, attention deficit problems, and criminal behavior (Moeller, Barratt, Dougherty, Schmitz, & Swann, 2001). Although impulsivity is directly mentioned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV; APA, 1994) criteria for several disorders, little research has attempted to uncover the role of impulsivity in psychiatric disorders (Moeller et al., 2001).","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"49-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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