The purpose of this analysis is to examine the ways in which the paraphilic sexual fantasies of James Joyce were expressed in his relationship with his common-law wife, Nora Barnacle. Although any definitive assertions regarding the inner workings of Joyce's sexual being must be conjectural insofar as the empirical evidence for such claims is nonexistent, it is possible for us to formulate certain conceptualizations owing to the fact that Joyce himself left for posterity a vast compilation of his sexual fantasies in the form of a written correspondence with Nora while he was visiting Dublin and she was in Trieste during the latter half of 1909. Through an examination of these letters and the extraordinary prurience of many of the fantasies contained therein, an attempt will be made to more clearly explicate the origins of Joyce's aberrant sexual predilections and their effects on the manner in which he came to view Nora as a sexual object. The contention of this essay is that Joyce and Nora's correspondence indicates that during the period in which these letters were exchanged, that is, from around 27 October through the end of December 1909, Joyce's sexual impulses were still clearly fixated at levels of libidinal development associated with infantile sexuality, the particular characteristics of which, in his case, were heavily influenced by a ubiquitous anal eroticism. Moreover, it is plausible to infer from his letters to Nora that Joyce was afflicted with unresolved castration anxiety that resulted in the paraphilic conditions most clearly evidenced in the correspondence, namely, fetishism and coprophilia based upon scatological impulses existing within the unconscious.
{"title":"Nora's Filthy Words: Scatology in the Letters of James Joyce","authors":"J. Knowles","doi":"10.1037/e741562011-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741562011-005","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this analysis is to examine the ways in which the paraphilic sexual fantasies of James Joyce were expressed in his relationship with his common-law wife, Nora Barnacle. Although any definitive assertions regarding the inner workings of Joyce's sexual being must be conjectural insofar as the empirical evidence for such claims is nonexistent, it is possible for us to formulate certain conceptualizations owing to the fact that Joyce himself left for posterity a vast compilation of his sexual fantasies in the form of a written correspondence with Nora while he was visiting Dublin and she was in Trieste during the latter half of 1909. Through an examination of these letters and the extraordinary prurience of many of the fantasies contained therein, an attempt will be made to more clearly explicate the origins of Joyce's aberrant sexual predilections and their effects on the manner in which he came to view Nora as a sexual object. The contention of this essay is that Joyce and Nora's correspondence indicates that during the period in which these letters were exchanged, that is, from around 27 October through the end of December 1909, Joyce's sexual impulses were still clearly fixated at levels of libidinal development associated with infantile sexuality, the particular characteristics of which, in his case, were heavily influenced by a ubiquitous anal eroticism. Moreover, it is plausible to infer from his letters to Nora that Joyce was afflicted with unresolved castration anxiety that resulted in the paraphilic conditions most clearly evidenced in the correspondence, namely, fetishism and coprophilia based upon scatological impulses existing within the unconscious.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"91-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite an extensive body of research examining brain-behavior relationships underlying Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), the findings have neither been consistent in terms of the strengths of these relationships nor the underlying mechanisms or processes being studied. This is because APD is comprised of a heterogeneous constellation of symptoms, and includes dimensions of implicit personality characteristics (lacking empathy and egocentricity) and explicit behaviors (impulsivity and poor behavioral control), which in turn are driven by cognitive (poor executive functioning and inhibition) and affective (lack of emotion) deficits. Dinn and Harris (2000) suggest that different manifestations of APD are best explained by deficits in different parts of an interactive network, as opposed to localized areas in the frontal lobe or amygdala. This paper argues that two theories in particular are useful for understanding this neuropathophysiology, and how dysfunction in different areas of the brain accounts for various manifestations of APD: 1) Damasio's (1996) Somatic Marker Hypothesis, and 2) Baron-Cohen's (1998) Social Cognition Model.
{"title":"Integrating the Somatic Marker and Social Cognition Theories to Explain Different Manifestations of Antisocial Personality Disorder","authors":"S. J. Sinclair, D. Gansler","doi":"10.1037/e741562011-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741562011-002","url":null,"abstract":"Despite an extensive body of research examining brain-behavior relationships underlying Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), the findings have neither been consistent in terms of the strengths of these relationships nor the underlying mechanisms or processes being studied. This is because APD is comprised of a heterogeneous constellation of symptoms, and includes dimensions of implicit personality characteristics (lacking empathy and egocentricity) and explicit behaviors (impulsivity and poor behavioral control), which in turn are driven by cognitive (poor executive functioning and inhibition) and affective (lack of emotion) deficits. Dinn and Harris (2000) suggest that different manifestations of APD are best explained by deficits in different parts of an interactive network, as opposed to localized areas in the frontal lobe or amygdala. This paper argues that two theories in particular are useful for understanding this neuropathophysiology, and how dysfunction in different areas of the brain accounts for various manifestations of APD: 1) Damasio's (1996) Somatic Marker Hypothesis, and 2) Baron-Cohen's (1998) Social Cognition Model.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"25-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hindsight bias is a phenomenon in which individuals tend to overestimate the degree of accuracy to which they can recall an event after the fact. This study examined the effect of time delay on hindsight bias. Participants (n = 66) gave numerical responses to test questions (Phase 1) and were later provided with the solutions to these questions (Phase 2), at which time they were asked to recall their original answers. Group 1 received a short time delay of 1 day between Phases 1 and 2, while Group 2 experienced a medium delay (1 week) and Group 3 a long delay (3 weeks). Although non-significant results were obtained, a trend was found toward increased hindsight bias with longer time delay.
{"title":"No Amplification of Hindsight Bias Due to Time Delay","authors":"John W. Denboer","doi":"10.1037/e741562011-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741562011-001","url":null,"abstract":"Hindsight bias is a phenomenon in which individuals tend to overestimate the degree of accuracy to which they can recall an event after the fact. This study examined the effect of time delay on hindsight bias. Participants (n = 66) gave numerical responses to test questions (Phase 1) and were later provided with the solutions to these questions (Phase 2), at which time they were asked to recall their original answers. Group 1 received a short time delay of 1 day between Phases 1 and 2, while Group 2 experienced a medium delay (1 week) and Group 3 a long delay (3 weeks). Although non-significant results were obtained, a trend was found toward increased hindsight bias with longer time delay.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"7-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a new researcher, transferring knowledge of the scientific process into an actual contribution to that process can be difficult. The purpose of this article is to first demonstrate how a deductive vs. inductive approach can be implemented in a program of research, and second to provide insights on using each approach in the science of psychology. Specifically, the histories of Michael A. Hogg's and John A. Bargh's programmatic research will be traced, followed by a critical comparison of each method. Finally, insights on doing programmatic research in psychology will be discussed.
作为一名新的研究人员，将科学过程的知识转化为对该过程的实际贡献可能很困难。本文的目的首先是演示演绎与归纳方法如何在研究项目中实施，其次是提供在心理学科学中使用每种方法的见解。具体来说，我们将追溯Michael a . Hogg和John a . Bargh的纲领性研究的历史，然后对每种方法进行批判性的比较。最后，将讨论在心理学中进行程序化研究的见解。
{"title":"Doing Programmatic Research: Two Case Studies from Social Psychology","authors":"B. Randolph-Seng","doi":"10.1037/e741562011-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741562011-003","url":null,"abstract":"As a new researcher, transferring knowledge of the scientific process into an actual contribution to that process can be difficult. The purpose of this article is to first demonstrate how a deductive vs. inductive approach can be implemented in a program of research, and second to provide insights on using each approach in the science of psychology. Specifically, the histories of Michael A. Hogg's and John A. Bargh's programmatic research will be traced, followed by a critical comparison of each method. Finally, insights on doing programmatic research in psychology will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"73-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The exaggeration of symptoms and malingering are an important aspect of psychological assessment in a forensic setting. This study examined criminality and scores on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) validity scales to investigate the relation between psychopathology and malingering. It was the investigators' hypothesis that severity of the criminal charges would be positively correlated with the Negative Impression (NIM) and Malingering (MAL) index scores on the PAI, showing increased attempts made by patients to portray themselves in a negative light for secondary gain (i.e., reduced sentence, extended period of admission rather than return to jail; to remain out of punitive segregation). As predicted, the results showed a positive correlation between the NIM scale score and the category of crime. Results also showed a positive correlation between the MAL index and crime severity. The results are consistent with the belief that as the severity of the crime increases so does the likelihood of malingering or feigning of symptoms for secondary gain.
{"title":"An Aspect of Mental Illness and Violence: The Relationship between the Severity of Criminal Charges and Psychopathology","authors":"Christina Dell'anno, Andrew A. Shiva","doi":"10.1037/e741572011-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741572011-002","url":null,"abstract":"The exaggeration of symptoms and malingering are an important aspect of psychological assessment in a forensic setting. This study examined criminality and scores on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) validity scales to investigate the relation between psychopathology and malingering. It was the investigators' hypothesis that severity of the criminal charges would be positively correlated with the Negative Impression (NIM) and Malingering (MAL) index scores on the PAI, showing increased attempts made by patients to portray themselves in a negative light for secondary gain (i.e., reduced sentence, extended period of admission rather than return to jail; to remain out of punitive segregation). As predicted, the results showed a positive correlation between the NIM scale score and the category of crime. Results also showed a positive correlation between the MAL index and crime severity. The results are consistent with the belief that as the severity of the crime increases so does the likelihood of malingering or feigning of symptoms for secondary gain.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"45-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Self injury (SI) typically refers to a variety of behaviors associated with self harm without suicidal intent. While there remains a dearth of research on this subject there is emerging evidence to suggest that SI is increasing amongst clinical and non-clinical populations. Studies estimate that 4% of the general population has self-injured (White Kress, 2003; Klonsky, Oltmanns & Turkheimer, 2003); the prevalence among college students is even higher, ranging from 12% (Favazza, 1996) to 35% (Gratz, 2001) of students having had at least one episode of SI. As might be expected, the incidence is higher among clinical populations. In spite of this prevalence, there remains a particular lacuna of research on the phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the extant research on SI and discuss the merits of incorporating SI into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) as a separate diagnosis.
{"title":"Self Injury: Is It a Syndrome?","authors":"Michelle Eisenkraft","doi":"10.1037/e741572011-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741572011-006","url":null,"abstract":"Self injury (SI) typically refers to a variety of behaviors associated with self harm without suicidal intent. While there remains a dearth of research on this subject there is emerging evidence to suggest that SI is increasing amongst clinical and non-clinical populations. Studies estimate that 4% of the general population has self-injured (White Kress, 2003; Klonsky, Oltmanns & Turkheimer, 2003); the prevalence among college students is even higher, ranging from 12% (Favazza, 1996) to 35% (Gratz, 2001) of students having had at least one episode of SI. As might be expected, the incidence is higher among clinical populations. In spite of this prevalence, there remains a particular lacuna of research on the phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the extant research on SI and discuss the merits of incorporating SI into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) as a separate diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"115-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the last three decades, attachment theory has been one of the most influential theories of social-emotional development in modern psychology stimulating a great amount of research in the fields of developmental, clinical and social psychology (Hazan & Diamond, 2000; Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Meyer & Pilkonis, 2001; Mikulincer & Florian, 1999). Its contribution rests in the fact that it has provided a broad and deep understanding of personality processes and human development and interactions in childhood and adulthood. Moreover, it has demonstrated that attachment behavior is a major component of the human behavioral equipment throughout life, and that early experience plays a determinative role in the emergence and organization of secure-base behavior (Posada et al., 1999).
{"title":"Are Childhood Experiences with Parents Linked to Feelings in Romantic Relationships During Adulthood","authors":"Zoe Apostolidou","doi":"10.1037/e741572011-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741572011-003","url":null,"abstract":"During the last three decades, attachment theory has been one of the most influential theories of social-emotional development in modern psychology stimulating a great amount of research in the fields of developmental, clinical and social psychology (Hazan & Diamond, 2000; Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Meyer & Pilkonis, 2001; Mikulincer & Florian, 1999). Its contribution rests in the fact that it has provided a broad and deep understanding of personality processes and human development and interactions in childhood and adulthood. Moreover, it has demonstrated that attachment behavior is a major component of the human behavioral equipment throughout life, and that early experience plays a determinative role in the emergence and organization of secure-base behavior (Posada et al., 1999).","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"63-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Evidence has shown cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to be an efficacious treatment for patients with bulimia nervosa (Wilson, Fairburn, Agras, Walsh, & Kraemer, 2002). Although CBT is an evidenced-based treatment, there are still many issues that remain unanswered. One issue that remains is whether CBT is more effective than other psychotherapies or drug therapies for the treatment of bulimia nervosa (BN). Another issue is the limitations of researchers' understanding of the mechanisms through which CBT works and the patient characteristics that are compatible with this form of treatment. This paper will: 1) briefly explain how CBT conceptualizes BN and give a rough outline of the treatment plan; 2) present studies that investigate CBT in comparison to other treatments and studies that examine patient characteristics that may mediate the outcome of CBT on BN; 3) provide an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these studies and; 4) express the author's opinion of the clinical application of CBT for patients with bulimia nervosa when considering the individual differences of the patients.
{"title":"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Bulimia Nervosa: Is It Better than other Treatments and Who Does It Work for?","authors":"J. Trompeter","doi":"10.1037/e741572011-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741572011-005","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence has shown cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to be an efficacious treatment for patients with bulimia nervosa (Wilson, Fairburn, Agras, Walsh, & Kraemer, 2002). Although CBT is an evidenced-based treatment, there are still many issues that remain unanswered. One issue that remains is whether CBT is more effective than other psychotherapies or drug therapies for the treatment of bulimia nervosa (BN). Another issue is the limitations of researchers' understanding of the mechanisms through which CBT works and the patient characteristics that are compatible with this form of treatment. This paper will: 1) briefly explain how CBT conceptualizes BN and give a rough outline of the treatment plan; 2) present studies that investigate CBT in comparison to other treatments and studies that examine patient characteristics that may mediate the outcome of CBT on BN; 3) provide an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these studies and; 4) express the author's opinion of the clinical application of CBT for patients with bulimia nervosa when considering the individual differences of the patients.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"101-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon have had an ongoing impact, transforming daily habits and attitudes in the United States. At the time of the attacks, social scientists had limited understanding of how people in the United States would think about or react to large-scale acts of terrorism in the US. This study contributes to a growing body of knowledge and theory in this area. We developed and psychometrically evaluated the 25-item Perceptions of Terrorism Questionnaire short-form (PTQ-SF), assessing eight constructs identified by the authors as recurrent themes in the general literature on terrorism (literature that is not specific to the US), including Perceived Threat of Terrorism, Faith in Government, and Fear/Impact of Terrorism. Psychometric evaluation of the PTQ demonstrated that it met acceptable standards for item internal consistency/convergent validity, item discriminant validity, internal consistency reliability, and floor/ceiling effects. Confirmatory factor analysis generally supported item groupings. Results support the PTQ-SF as a promising new measure of perceptions of terrorism.
{"title":"Development and Psychometric Testing of the Perceptions of Terrorism Questionnaire Short-Form (PTQ-SF)","authors":"S. J. Sinclair, A. Locicero","doi":"10.1037/e741572011-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741572011-001","url":null,"abstract":"The September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon have had an ongoing impact, transforming daily habits and attitudes in the United States. At the time of the attacks, social scientists had limited understanding of how people in the United States would think about or react to large-scale acts of terrorism in the US. This study contributes to a growing body of knowledge and theory in this area. We developed and psychometrically evaluated the 25-item Perceptions of Terrorism Questionnaire short-form (PTQ-SF), assessing eight constructs identified by the authors as recurrent themes in the general literature on terrorism (literature that is not specific to the US), including Perceived Threat of Terrorism, Faith in Government, and Fear/Impact of Terrorism. Psychometric evaluation of the PTQ demonstrated that it met acceptable standards for item internal consistency/convergent validity, item discriminant validity, internal consistency reliability, and floor/ceiling effects. Confirmatory factor analysis generally supported item groupings. Results support the PTQ-SF as a promising new measure of perceptions of terrorism.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"7-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Responding to the recent debate concerning evidence-based practice (Norcross, Beutler, & Levant, 2005, pp. 3-9), APA president Ronald F. Levant commissioned a Presidential Task Force with the mandate to establish a consensus that "acknowledge[s] the valid points from all sides of the debate" ("A presidential," 2005, p. 59). As a result, the Task Force (APA, 2006) produced a statement concerning evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) that was approved as APA policy by APA's Council of Representatives in 2005. The policy defines EBPP as the "integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences" (p. 280). In a more extensive report explaining the process and rationale for the policy (APA, 2006), the Task Force explains that "best available research" includes, but is not limited to, randomized clinical (or controlled) trial (RCT) methodology and empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for specific DSM disorders (p. 273). In comparison to narrower systems of evidence-based practice (e.g., an EST monopoly; see Slife, Wiggins, & Graham, 2005), EBPP's inclusion of a diversity of methods and practices better reflects the complexity of psychological treatment. As the Task Force has emphasized, real-world practice is too complex to be informed by the robotic institutionalization of a single type of research, such as the RCT (APA, 2006). Instead, it requires "a decision-making process for integrating multiple streams of research evidence-including but not limited to RCTs-into the intervention process" (p. 273). This process "requires that psychologists recognize the strengths and limitations of evidence obtained from different types of research" (p. 275). I agree wholeheartedly with the need to handle "multiple streams" of evidence, but I wish to take a more critical look at the "decision-making process" the Task Force has in mind. Such an ambitious endeavor would require, it seems, an underlying framework to inform how a diversity of evidence-based methods and practices might be used and evaluated. In this article I demonstrate that the APA policy and report imply such a framework but, curiously, it is neither explicated nor evaluated. This unevaluated framework is committed to a narrow epistemology, and this commitment, I argue, is inconsistent with EBPP's values of justification and inclusiveness.
{"title":"The Unevaluated Framework of APA's Policy on Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP)","authors":"D. Wendt","doi":"10.1037/e741572011-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e741572011-004","url":null,"abstract":"Responding to the recent debate concerning evidence-based practice (Norcross, Beutler, & Levant, 2005, pp. 3-9), APA president Ronald F. Levant commissioned a Presidential Task Force with the mandate to establish a consensus that \"acknowledge[s] the valid points from all sides of the debate\" (\"A presidential,\" 2005, p. 59). As a result, the Task Force (APA, 2006) produced a statement concerning evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) that was approved as APA policy by APA's Council of Representatives in 2005. The policy defines EBPP as the \"integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences\" (p. 280). In a more extensive report explaining the process and rationale for the policy (APA, 2006), the Task Force explains that \"best available research\" includes, but is not limited to, randomized clinical (or controlled) trial (RCT) methodology and empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for specific DSM disorders (p. 273). In comparison to narrower systems of evidence-based practice (e.g., an EST monopoly; see Slife, Wiggins, & Graham, 2005), EBPP's inclusion of a diversity of methods and practices better reflects the complexity of psychological treatment. As the Task Force has emphasized, real-world practice is too complex to be informed by the robotic institutionalization of a single type of research, such as the RCT (APA, 2006). Instead, it requires \"a decision-making process for integrating multiple streams of research evidence-including but not limited to RCTs-into the intervention process\" (p. 273). This process \"requires that psychologists recognize the strengths and limitations of evidence obtained from different types of research\" (p. 275). I agree wholeheartedly with the need to handle \"multiple streams\" of evidence, but I wish to take a more critical look at the \"decision-making process\" the Task Force has in mind. Such an ambitious endeavor would require, it seems, an underlying framework to inform how a diversity of evidence-based methods and practices might be used and evaluated. In this article I demonstrate that the APA policy and report imply such a framework but, curiously, it is neither explicated nor evaluated. This unevaluated framework is committed to a narrow epistemology, and this commitment, I argue, is inconsistent with EBPP's values of justification and inclusiveness.","PeriodicalId":30144,"journal":{"name":"The New School Psychology Bulletin","volume":"12 1","pages":"89-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57939795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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