Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2619-0877.2021.4.6
Liudmila K. Novoseltseva
The political activity of the Serbs of the Habsburg Monarchy was traditionally perceived by scholars in connection with ideas of possible unification of the Serbian people in an independent state. Owing to the active inclusion of a new range of sources in historical research in Russia, it seems possible to reconstruct the reaction of Serbian society in the context of the struggle for national rights within the framework of a multi-ethnic state. The political elite hoped to resolve this issue by means of the reorganisation of the Habsburg Monarchy on the principles of the Compromise of 1867. Discussions about the role and place of the Serbian community in this process became the starting point for the ideological demarcation between the supporters of Vienna and Pest and the segment of the political spectrum that throughout the second half of the nineteenth century kept their very specific features. In fact, only the Serbian National Party of Freethinkers (traditionally called liberal in literature), whose factions were in a constant struggle for influence, was active. In the present study, an attempt is made to reconstruct the political processes among the Serbs of the Habsburg Monarchy on the eve and shortly after the signing of the Compromise of 1867 on the basis of the reports of the Austrian State Police, to assess what factors allowed the liberal party to lead the national movement in a short space of time, and to suggest why the conservative wing failed to compete with it.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2619-0877.2021.4.11
Attila Kolontári
This article examines Feodor Chaliapin’s guest performances in Budapest. The famous singer visited Hungary altogether eight times over ten years, playing the roles of Mephisto (Faust), Basilio (The Barber of Seville), and Don Quixote in the opera, as well as giving individual concerts. His performances were considered the most outstanding events during the opera and theatre season, taking place before full houses, the boxes being filled with representatives of the Hungarian elite, political actors, businessmen, writers, and actors. The Hungarian press followed Сhaliapin everywhere, correspondents tried to inform readers about each and every moment of his stay in Hungary, and he obliged journalists — that problematic group — with great patience and professionalism by never declining an interview. Prestigious critics and musicologists (including Aladár Tóth, Emil Haraszti, and Dezső Szomory) wrote laudatory commentaries on Сhaliapin’s performances on the pages of Hungarian journals and newspapers. They all praised his talent, creative power, amazing bass, and charm as well as his ability to win the hearts of the audience from the very first moment. Hungarian people regarded Сhaliapin not only as the king of the opera, but also as the embodiment of Russia and Russian culture. Сhaliapin used his tournees to Budapest to get acquainted with the Hungarian capital; he visited the most famous sights of the city (he especially loved walking on the banks of the Danube) and he enjoyed spending his time eating out in restaurants and bars while listening to Hungarian gypsy music. Journal articles enable us to reconstruct this somewhat forgotten episode in Russian-Hungarian cultural relations.
本文考察费奥多尔·查利亚平在布达佩斯的客座演出。他在10年间共8次访问匈牙利，在歌剧中扮演墨菲斯托(《浮士德》)、巴西利奥(《塞维利亚的理发师》)、唐吉诃德等角色，并举办了个人音乐会。他的表演被认为是歌剧和戏剧季中最杰出的事件，在满座之前举行，包厢里坐满了匈牙利精英、政治演员、商人、作家和演员的代表。匈牙利媒体到处关注Сhaliapin，记者试图向读者介绍他在匈牙利的每一个时刻，他以极大的耐心和专业精神，从不拒绝采访记者这个有问题的群体。著名的评论家和音乐学家(包括Aladár Tóth, Emil Haraszti和dezszoory)在匈牙利的杂志和报纸上对Сhaliapin的演出发表了赞美的评论。他们都称赞他的才华、创造力、惊人的低音和魅力，以及他从一开始就赢得观众心的能力。匈牙利人认为Сhaliapin不仅是歌剧之王，而且是俄罗斯和俄罗斯文化的化身。Сhaliapin利用他的游客到布达佩斯去熟悉匈牙利首都;他参观了这座城市最著名的景点(他特别喜欢在多瑙河岸边散步)，他喜欢在餐馆和酒吧里吃饭，一边听匈牙利吉普赛音乐。期刊文章使我们能够重建俄罗斯与匈牙利文化关系中这段多少被遗忘的插曲。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2619-0877.2020.3.13
K. Lifanov
This article examines the history of the creation of the “Society of Slovak Language and Literature Lovers” which existed in Buda and Pest from 1834 to 1850, as well as the language of the almanac Zora, which was the first publication that simultaneously printed texts in the Czech language and the Anton Bernolak literary language. The first two issues of this publication (1835, 1836) indicate the beginning of a rapprochement in the language of Catholics and Protestants, as shown by the active inclusion of elements of Central Slovak origin in the texts. At the same time, Michal Godra, the editor of the first two issues, even published language recommendations to the authors, which could be considered a pre-codification of the new Slovak literary language based on the Central Slovak dialect. Comparison of the language used by Protestant and Catholic authors shows that they used different strategies when the language was Slovakised. If the Protestants addressed the Central Slovak dialect directly, although preserving some Czech elements which were lost in Slovak writing, the Catholics mainly followed Bernolak’s codification using — in a number of cases — elements which were virtually absent in his literary language. The linguistic material of the almanac Zora reveals the reasons for Ludovit Št.r’s codification: the reformer based his system exclusively on the Northern idioms of the Central Slovak dialect, ignoring actual language use. Compromise between the Catholics and Protestants was reached in 1852, when the Slovak literary language was enriched by Central Slovak peculiarities characteristic of either Catholics or Protestants. All the elements of Central Slovak origin which were unused by either Protestants or Catholics, but were present in Štúr’s codification, were removed from the literary language.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2619-0877.2021.4.3
M. Kovalev
In this article, the connections of Gyula Moravcsik (1892–1972), a great Hungarian Byzantinist, with Soviet historical science are reconstructed. Chronologically, the article is concerned with the period after World War Two, when Hungary fell into the orbit of Soviet political influence. However, the article outlines the origins of the formation of Moravcsik’s contacts and explains the reasons for his interest in the work of Russian scholars, both of which began during the First World War, and then developed in the 1920s and 1930s. This article shows that politics had a direct impact on the dynamics of Moravcsik’s contacts with Soviet scholars; immediately after the end of Second World War, they were curtailed by ideological campaigns in the USSR and the atmosphere of late Stalinism, and only revived during the Thaw. Using specific examples, the main methods of intellectual interaction between Moravcsik and his colleagues from the USSR are demonstrated. The Hungarian scholar provided them with supporting information, helped them to study foreign historiography, and contributed to the publication of works by Soviet scientists in Hungary, and Hungarian works in the USSR. Moravcsik’s work found many favourable responses in the USSR, and he himself closely followed the Soviet scientific literature and published his works in Russian, in particular in the famous review Vizantiiskii Vremennik. The circle of Soviet scholars with whom Moravcsik established the closest and strongest relations are outlined (including Boris Gorianov, Evgenii Kosminskii, Gennadii Litavrin, Nina Pigulevskaya, and Zinaida Udalʹtsova). It is shown that Moravcsik, even during the Cold War, advocated the development of international scientific relations and promoted the achievements of Russian and Soviet Byzantine studies. Moravcsik has always divided science and politics, and therefore the dramatic turns of the history of the twentieth century could not shake his positive and respectful attitude towards Russian historical science. Despite the fact that not all the possibilities of Moravcsik’s cooperation with Soviet scholars were realised, the results of his contributions should be considered successful.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2619-0877.2020.3.15
Vladimir M. Turok
Vladimir M. Turok (1904–1981)—a Soviet historian and expert in contemporary history of Austria—worked at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1961 to 1981. In his student years, he lived in Vienna and was acquainted with many activists of the Comintern. After returning to the USSR in 1926, he worked at the International Agrarian Institute, where he met with Hungarian political emigrants, including the future Hungarian prime-minister Imre Nagy. In 1973, in Budapest, Turok gave an extensive interview to the fellows of the Institute of Party History (in 1991 renamed the Institute of Political History), Katalin Petrák and Irén Ács-Andrásné, in which he spoke about the Hungarians whom he had had a chance to meet. The Institute’s archive funds contain typewritten transcripts of this interview, among which the text entitled Lajos Magyar et alia stands out separately and represents a draft of an unpublished article. In it, Vladimir Turok shared personal memories of the Hungarian political émigré and prominent Soviet Sinologist Lajos Magyar, and also talked about his work at the International Agrarian Institute, Krestintern (Peasant International), its employees, and the party purges of 1929. The text of the interview-article is adduced without abbreviations, while the spelling and punctuation are brought up to modern standards.
Vladimir M. Turok(1904-1981)，苏联历史学家和奥地利现代史专家，1961年至1981年在俄罗斯科学院斯拉夫研究所工作。学生时代，他住在维也纳，结识了许多共产国际的积极分子。1926年回到苏联后，他在国际农业研究所工作，在那里他会见了匈牙利的政治移民，包括未来的匈牙利总理伊姆雷·纳吉(Imre Nagy)。1973年，图洛克在布达佩斯对党史研究所(1991年更名为政治史研究所)、Katalin Petrák和ir Ács-Andrásné的研究员进行了一次广泛的采访，他在采访中谈到了他有机会见到的匈牙利人。研究所的档案基金中有这次采访的打字笔录，其中题为Lajos Magyar等的文字特别突出，是一篇未发表文章的草稿。在这篇文章中，Vladimir Turok分享了匈牙利政治移民和著名的苏联汉学家Lajos Magyar的个人记忆，还谈到了他在国际农业研究所、农民国际(Krestintern)及其雇员的工作，以及1929年的党内清洗。这篇采访文章的文本没有缩写，而拼写和标点符号都达到了现代标准。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2619-0877.2021.4.7
L. Kirilina
The specific attitude of Slovenian politicians to the introduction of Austro-Hungarian Dualism in 1867 was determined by their understanding of the ways in which the Austrian Monarchy could be transformed, as well as the main provisions of their national-political programme, which had been formulated during the Revolution of 1848–1849. In the mid-1860s, when political life in the empire revived, they sought to adapt their demands to the idea of an Austrian federation that had been put forward by Czech national figures, and they developed programs for the unification of the Slovenian lands based on not natural, but historical law, without redrawing the borders of the provinces. These were the programs of Inner Austria and the Kingdom of Illyria, which did not meet with the support of Slavic politicians. In 1866, shortly before signing of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, many Slovenian liberals returned to the demand for a United Slovenia. The introduction of dualism in the empire caused strong dissatisfaction among Slovenian politicians who sought to form an Austrian federation; their protest was expressed in the national press, in speeches by Slovenian deputies in the Reichsrat, and in the Tabor movement. New realities in the empire, as well as Bismarck's victories in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, pushed Slovenian and Croatian politicians to actively discuss various options for creating a political South-Slavic union. For example, at a meeting in Sisak even the idea of abandoning the Slovenian lands in Cisleithania and concluding a real union between Hungary and an autonomous Slovenia and Croatia was discussed. The rejection of Dualism as a form of political organisation of the empire and the desire to replace it with one or another version of the federation were characteristic of the ideology of most Slovenian politicians until the First World War.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2619-0877.2021.4.15
P. Hanák
This article is devoted to the history of the origin and rise to the peak of popularity of the operetta genre in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. This paper demonstrates that, in contrast to French or English operettas with their pronounced political and satirical orientation, the uncomplicated and frivolous librettos of the operettas staged in Vienna and Budapest were demonstrably apolitical. The plots of four operettas — The Bat and The Gypsy Baron (Johann Strauss), The Merry Widow (Franz Lehar), and The Riviera Girl (Germ. Csárdásfürstin, Imre Kálmán) — and the press responses they produced are considered. These works created the illusion of ease of overcoming social boundaries, included a cascade of sparkling, memorable melodies borrowed from different peoples of the multi-ethnic monarchy, and combined waltz, csárdás, polka, mazurka, and gypsy tunes on the stage, relegating differences to the background and making the audience forget about interethnic contradictions. Sweet love stories with happy endings helped audiences to forget that Europe was burning during the First World War. The operetta genre became part of mass culture, and even if its artistic level and value varied greatly from work to work, it proposed a new common cultural metalanguage and did not cut off the path to high musical culture for the masses, but rather straightened it.
本文致力于研究轻歌剧流派在奥匈帝国的起源和兴起的历史。本文表明，与法国或英国轻歌剧具有明显的政治和讽刺倾向相比，在维也纳和布达佩斯上演的轻歌剧的简单和轻浮的歌词明显是非政治性的。四部轻歌剧——《蝙蝠与吉普赛男爵》(约翰·施特劳斯)、《快乐的寡妇》(弗朗茨·莱哈尔)和《里维埃拉女孩》(泽尔姆。Csárdásfürstin, Imre Kálmán) -并考虑他们产生的媒体反应。这些作品创造了一种轻松克服社会界限的幻觉，包括从多民族君主制的不同民族中借鉴的一连串闪闪闪光的令人难忘的旋律，并将华尔兹，csárdás，波尔卡，玛祖卡和吉普赛曲调结合在舞台上，将差异置于背景中，使观众忘记了种族间的矛盾。甜蜜的爱情故事和幸福的结局让观众忘记了第一次世界大战期间欧洲正在燃烧。轻歌剧体裁成为大众文化的一部分，尽管它的艺术水平和价值因作品而异，但它提出了一种新的共同文化元语言，并没有为大众切断通往高级音乐文化的道路，而是理顺了这条道路。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2619-0877.2020.3.1
A. Vadas
Scholarship traditionally emphasises the destructive nature of wars on landscapes, with the impact of military activities on forests referred to most frequently. Modern weapons and, consequently, modern warfare have undoubtedly had a tremendous impact on landscapes. The American Civil War, the two World Wars and the Viet Nam War all fundamentally changed the landscape of the areas where they were fought. Two distinct problems regarding the impact of pre-modern warfare on forests are discussed in contemporary literature; the deliberate destruction of forests — that is scorched earth tactics — and the different war-related industries. The article approaches the second problem using the example of the western part of the Carpathian Basin in the early modern period. The area in question was affected by a period of war between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire (including the Kingdom of Hungary) that lasted approximately one and a half centuries. During this period (ca. 1540−1690), the Ottomans gradually expanded their power to part of this area. In order to secure the hinterlands on both sides, major fortification works began in the middle of the sixteenth century. According to the scholarship, this had a devastating impact on the forest resources in the area as most of the fortifications were built of wood. The article offers a methodology to study the impact of fortification works on forest resources, which, with some limitations, can be applied to other case study areas as well. The timber requirement of an individual earth and wood fortification can be estimated relatively easily, and by gathering a database on the fortifications in a certain area, drawn from existing scholarly opinion, the most important new sphere of timber consumption can be understood with at least a rough approximation. In this article, I will argue that the Habsburgs’ measures to protect the forests in the Kingdom was most probably not a sign of resource scarcity but in fact shows the beginning of conscious forest management.
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2619-0877.2019.2.1
Peter Benka
Early modern Hungarian society was characterised by the presence of multiple different languages. This was especially true for the kingdom’s urban communities where speakers of various tongues encountered each other in relatively small physical spaces. In this paper, the case of the Upper Hungarian royal free towns is discussed. As a result of the towns’ origins and late medieval development, the communities of burghers, and especially local elites, tended to cultivate their German cultural and linguistic identities. Moreover, in their political imagination, an especially important role was played by the ideals of communal harmony and unity. However, each of the towns was opened to the immigration of new inhabitants, who in many cases were people of non-German origin, and who thus presented potential sources of disharmony. Various measures were therefore developed to address the situation, ranging from the gradual integration of newcomers into the cultural fabric of every community to punitive measures aimed at excluding those ignorant of a specific language from positions of economic or political influence. An important phenomenon occurred with the Reformation with its stress on more prominent use of vernacular language in worship. The mainly indirect impact of larger political developments on the local sociolinguistic situation is also mentioned.
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Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.31168/2619-0877.2019.2.11
A. Plotnikova
The article deals with the calendar bypass rites of the Burgenland Croats of South-Western Hungary in the vicinity of the town of Szombathei and is based on ethnolinguistic field studies conducted in 2019. Special attention is paid to the processes of the interaction between and mutual influence of the coexisting Croatian and Hungarian languages, folklore, and ethnographic traditions. The role of the folk language used is shown, which is in some cases reproduced when recreating the ritual Christmas circumambulation. The researcher focuses on the history of the revival of the “shepherds” Christmas rite in the village of Narda and its surrounding villages - Felsőcsatár and Horvátlővő. Reconstruction of the elements of the Christmas “shepherds” showed that the persons taking part in the ritual who visit the houses in the village as “shepherds” act as “wonderful guests”. They are connecting the spheres of both “their own” and “alien” worlds, and become the object of sacralisation as representatives of some other world, who bring prosperity, success, and good luck to the owners of the house. At present, this archaic aspect of the circumambulation (which is reflected in the attributes of the maskers and the motifs of their songs) is preserved as a symbol, sign, or characteristic feature of the winter rite itself (the shepherd’s performance). The masks representing the characters of biblical history are characteristic (shepherds, angels), which fits into the broader context of the later Slavic tradition. The example of the Christmas rite of “shepherds” shows the linguistic and folklore polyglossia that is typical for this region, where Burgenland’s Croats live in a foreign-language and foreign-culture environment.
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