Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/19075
Cristina Mosenscaia, Laura Mattei
It is lawful for the faithful to decide to no longer attend those who leave the religious community, and the announcement of the resignation to the faithful does not affect the rights of the resigning person SOMMARIO: 1. Il fatto - 2. Il punto in diritto - 3. La decisione - Sulla lesività dell’annuncio - 4. La decisione - Sull’ostracismo che sarebbe derivato dall’annuncio - 5. Conclusioni - Appendice. Abstract: A resigning member who declares that he no longer wishes to be a member of the religious organization but at the same time does not wish to cease his membership of the same confession, is not liable to compensation for psychological and economic damage following the ratification of his resignation and its communication to the local faithful. According to the court, a member's resignation (an associative aspect) corresponds on a confessional level to no longer being considered a member of the confession. Therefore, the damaging nature of the public announcement is excluded. The general principles of law legitimize the actions of the religious organization, which also has constitutional protection in that the internal life of the religious body is regulated by its statutes, as no state interference is admissible. So-called ostracism on the part of members has no legal relevance, since it is rather the free choice of each individual to associate with someone or not, and this right is neither punishable nor harmful. The religious organization that suggests ostracizing behavior does not violate any rights as such teaching falls within the sphere of the lawful. The religious organization that suggests supposedly ostracizing behavior does not violate any legal norms, nor does it harm the interests of those who decides to cease his membership.
信徒决定不再参加那些离开宗教团体的人是合法的，向信徒宣布辞职并不影响辞职者的权利。我是- 2。我将punto in diitto - 3。4.《决定》-苏拉·莱西维登斯·德尔·布告。5.《决定》-《决定》-《决定》-《决定》-《决定》结论-附录。摘要:辞职的信徒声明他不再希望成为该宗教组织的成员，但同时又不希望停止其同一教派的成员资格，在批准其辞职并通知当地信徒后，不承担心理和经济损失赔偿责任。根据法院的说法，一个成员的辞职(联想方面)在忏悔层面上相当于不再被视为忏悔的成员。因此，排除了公告的破坏性。法律的一般原则使宗教组织的行为合法化，宗教组织也受到宪法的保护，因为宗教团体的内部生活由其章程规定，不允许国家干预。成员的所谓排斥没有法律意义，因为这是每个人自由选择与某人交往或不与某人交往，这种权利既不受惩罚也不有害。宗教组织建议排斥行为并不侵犯任何权利，因为这种教导属于合法范围。宗教组织提出所谓的排斥行为不违反任何法律规范，也不损害那些决定停止其成员资格的人的利益。
{"title":"È lecito che i fedeli decidano di non frequentare più chi lascia la comunità religiosa, e l’annuncio delle dimissioni ai fedeli non lede i diritti del dimissionario","authors":"Cristina Mosenscaia, Laura Mattei","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/19075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/19075","url":null,"abstract":"It is lawful for the faithful to decide to no longer attend those who leave the religious community, and the announcement of the resignation to the faithful does not affect the rights of the resigning person \u0000SOMMARIO: 1. Il fatto - 2. Il punto in diritto - 3. La decisione - Sulla lesività dell’annuncio - 4. La decisione - Sull’ostracismo che sarebbe derivato dall’annuncio - 5. Conclusioni - Appendice. \u0000Abstract: A resigning member who declares that he no longer wishes to be a member of the religious organization but at the same time does not wish to cease his membership of the same confession, is not liable to compensation for psychological and economic damage following the ratification of his resignation and its communication to the local faithful. According to the court, a member's resignation (an associative aspect) corresponds on a confessional level to no longer being considered a member of the confession. Therefore, the damaging nature of the public announcement is excluded. The general principles of law legitimize the actions of the religious organization, which also has constitutional protection in that the internal life of the religious body is regulated by its statutes, as no state interference is admissible. So-called ostracism on the part of members has no legal relevance, since it is rather the free choice of each individual to associate with someone or not, and this right is neither punishable nor harmful. The religious organization that suggests ostracizing behavior does not violate any rights as such teaching falls within the sphere of the lawful. The religious organization that suggests supposedly ostracizing behavior does not violate any legal norms, nor does it harm the interests of those who decides to cease his membership.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46581472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/19074
Antonino Mantineo
A leading guide for the new generations of Ecclesiastical and Canon Law scholars, the ones who got questions instead of offering answers ABDTRACT: These brief notes just pretend to suggest some issues concerning a deepened anthology of essays written by an influential scholar, presented and collected by his colleagues of different approaches and generations. It definitely means to underline peculiar and still not completely explored issues in both Ecclesiastical and Canon Law: the liberty of conscience and the importance of religious freedom in defending fundamental human rights, the scientific purpose to investigate and analyse the still ongoing relevance of a renewed "Church" for a changing world. Rinaldo Bertolino's thoughts seem in this sense a gift to the youngest scholars, encouraging them to have more questions than answers.
{"title":"Un Maestro per le giovani generazioni di studiosi di diritto ecclesiastico e di diritto ecclesiale, che si pongono domande più che offrire risposte (a proposito della raccolta di saggi, Lo spirito del diritto ecclesiale. Scritti scelti di R. Bertolino)","authors":"Antonino Mantineo","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/19074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/19074","url":null,"abstract":"A leading guide for the new generations of Ecclesiastical and Canon Law scholars, the ones who got questions instead of offering answers \u0000ABDTRACT: These brief notes just pretend to suggest some issues concerning a deepened anthology of essays written by an influential scholar, presented and collected by his colleagues of different approaches and generations. It definitely means to underline peculiar and still not completely explored issues in both Ecclesiastical and Canon Law: the liberty of conscience and the importance of religious freedom in defending fundamental human rights, the scientific purpose to investigate and analyse the still ongoing relevance of a renewed \"Church\" for a changing world. Rinaldo Bertolino's thoughts seem in this sense a gift to the youngest scholars, encouraging them to have more questions than answers.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44567555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/19071
S. Domianello
1 - Questo incontro mi offre l’opportunità di esprimere qui oggi, anche in qualità di allieva più anziana di una scuola nutrita, il profondo e sincero compiacimento per aver goduto della fortuna di poter attingere ininterrottamente, ormai da più di quarant'anni, a una sorgente tanto preziosa di conoscenza e di riflessione scientifica. Proverò a sfruttare l’occasione di una coincidenza temporale del tutto casuale per evidenziare, in sintesi, uno dei principali meriti che sono stati nel tempo e sono ancora riconosciuti da più parti al professore Salvatore Berlingò e agli scritti raccolti nel volume di cui discutiamo.
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Pub Date : 2022-11-21DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/19072
F. Freni
Integral ecological transition and religious discrimination of migrant women in the Mediterranean SOMMARIO: 1. Ecologia integrale e parità di genere - 2. Flussi migratori nel Mediterraneo e discriminazioni religiose femminili - 3. Interventi europei di collaborazione interculturale nel Mare nostrum - 4. Verso un’unica polis euromediterranea? ABSTRACT: In this essay it is hoped that the current development model will be overcome, because it is highly polluting and unfair from a socio-economic point of view, based as it is on competition and prevarication, the result of male hegemony in decision-making bodies and therefore discriminating for weaker and for women. These, on the other hand, must guide an integral ecological transition, because they are more inclined to the custody of creation and future generations, as well as to the improvement of the general living conditions of society, through sharing and dialogue, rather than with imposition and hard confrontation, as Pope Francis claims, in the encyclical Laudato si'. In particular, the ecological and social degradation caused by the androcentric system has increased the flows of migrants so-called environmental, which cross the Mediterranean Sea undergoing abuse and discrimination including religious ones. Above all, Muslim migrant women are more vulnerable also due to the misogynistic cultural heritage resulting from an erroneous and obsolete interpretation of the Koranic texts. Europe can be more involved in the fight against the negative consequences of climate change and discrimination against migrants, implementing policies inspired by sustainable development and intercultural solidarity, also with a view to fostering the ambitious and suggestive attempt to reach a integrated Euro-Mediterranean area.
地中海地区移民妇女的整体生态转型与宗教歧视2.生态一体化与生态一体化。3.法国地中海移民对宗教女性的歧视。3 .跨文化合作的欧洲干预计划。Verso un 'unica polis euromediterranea?摘要:从社会经济的角度来看，当前的发展模式是高度污染和不公平的，它建立在竞争和推诿的基础上，是男性在决策机构中的霸权，因此歧视弱者和妇女。本文希望克服这种模式。另一方面，这些必须引导整体的生态转型，因为它们更倾向于通过分享和对话来监护受造界和后代，以及改善社会的一般生活条件，而不是像教宗方济各在《愿祢受赞颂》通谕中所说的那样，通过强加和强硬对抗。特别是，以男性为中心的制度造成的生态和社会退化增加了所谓的环境移民的流动，他们越过地中海，受到包括宗教在内的虐待和歧视。最重要的是，穆斯林移民妇女更容易受到伤害，还因为对古兰经文本的错误和过时的解释造成了厌恶女性的文化遗产。欧洲可以更多地参与消除气候变化和歧视移徙者的消极后果的斗争，执行可持续发展和跨文化团结所激发的政策，并促进实现欧洲-地中海一体化地区的雄心勃勃和富有启发意义的努力。
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Pub Date : 2022-11-13DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/19000
Raffaele Granata
SOMMARIO: 1. La crisi della Respublica Christiana e la nascita della Chiesa territoriale di Stato - 2. La politica ecclesiastica della Church of England - 3. Dal Toleration Act del 1689 al sincretismo religioso anglicano - 4. Sinodalità anglicana e corresponsabilità nel governo ecclesiale - 5. Osservazioni conclusive. The discipline of the religious factor in the Church of England: perspectives on constitutional inclusivism ABSTRACT: The Church of England reproduced the characteristics of national churches in which rulers were free to choose the religion to be professed and subjects obliged to observe it. This condition persisted until 1689 when William III of Orange passed an ʹact of tolerationʹ by which a certain religious freedom was fostered, albeit in embryonic form, effectively paving the way for the stabilization of the different sensibilities, theological and ecclesiological, present in the aforementioned ecclesial reality and currently converged in the High Church, Low Church and Broad Church. In this regard, it is worth recalling the positive factors that these components have offered to today's Anglican Church, among which the right of ecclesial reorganization, inclusivism and lay participation in ecclesiastical government undoubtedly stand out. In the latter direction, therefore, must be understood the Synodical Government Measure of 1969 by which a parallel constitutional structure, inspired by the revaluation of the synodal element, through which the ʹequalʹ participation of bishops, presbyters and laity in the potestas gubernandi was ensured in the Church of England, alongside the secular hierarchical chain that reaches from the sovereign down to the faithful, was introduced. Indeed, it is no accident that the Anglican Church "is episcopally led and synodically governed”.
索马利亚：1。克里斯蒂安娜和基耶萨地区危机-2。英国教会政治-3。1689年的《宽容法案》（英语：Dal Toleration Act del 1689 al sincretismo religioso anglicano-4）。英国的汉达利教和教会政府的相应责任-5。Osservazioni结论。英国教会宗教因素的纪律：宪法包容性的视角摘要：英国教会再现了国家教会的特点，在国家教会中，统治者可以自由选择要信奉的宗教，臣民有义务遵守。这种情况一直持续到1689年，奥兰治的威廉三世通过了一项“宽容法案”，通过该法案，某种宗教自由得以培养，尽管处于萌芽状态，有效地为稳定神学和教会学的不同情感铺平了道路，这些情感存在于上述教会现实中，目前聚集在高等教会，低教堂和宽教堂。在这方面，值得回顾的是，这些组成部分为今天的圣公会提供了积极因素，其中教会重组权、包容性和世俗参与教会政府的权利无疑是突出的。因此，在后一个方向上，必须理解1969年的议会政府措施，根据该措施，受议会要素重新评估的启发，建立了一个平行的宪法结构，通过该结构，英格兰教会确保了主教、长老会和俗人平等参与州长职位，与从君主到信徒的世俗等级链一起引入。事实上，圣公会“由主教领导，并由宗教会管辖”并非偶然。
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Pub Date : 2022-11-13DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18999
P. Cavana
SOMMARIO: 1. La nozione di ministro di culto nell’ordinamento italiano - 2. Origini storiche della figura civilistica del ministro di culto - 3. Principi ispiratori dell’attuale normativa sui ministri di culto - 4. La normativa sui ministri di culto: le fonti - 5. Disposizioni restrittive sui ministri di culto - 6. I ministri di culto nel diritto penale - 7. I ministri di culto nella legislazione pattizia - 8. Ministri di culto e giurisdizione confessionale, tra autonomia e tutela dei diritti - 9. Il sostentamento dei ministri di culto - 10. La remunerazione del ministro di culto: natura della prestazione e tutela giurisdizionale - 11. Le molteplici attività socialmente rilevanti dei ministri di culto - 12. Problemi, vecchi e nuovi, e prospettive di riforma - 13. Osservazioni conclusive. The ministers of religion in Italian law ABSTRACT: This contribution analyses the status of ministers of religion in the Italian legal system. It starts from a description of the historical foundations, which lies in Nineteenth-century liberal legislation, and arrives at a synthetic representation of the regulations currently in force in the unilateral State law and in the Concordat and Treaty legislation. The regulatory evolution, which is still in progress, describes the transition from a uniform and homogeneous concept of minister of religion, inspired by the Catholic priest and placed at the basis of a mostly restrictive legislation, to a more articulate and comprehensive one, reflecting the growing confessional pluralism of Italian society and the assertion of the right to religious freedom. This new approach represents the premise for a legislation that increasingly aims at protecting and promoting the status and the manifold activities of ministers of religion, particularly in the context of the strong enhancement of the Welfare State and of the Third sector. Finally, the article focuses on some problematic issues of the current legislation and on the apparent paradox that, in the face of a more favorable State legislation, nowadays the status of the minister of religion, and in particular that of the Catholic priest - who still represents the main reference for Italy’s legislation - is undergoing a strong identity crisis in the ecclesial order, thus posing a series of problems also for society at large.
索马利亚：1。意大利文化小剧院的编号为-2。起源于文化小酒馆的文明形象-3。标准化原则适用于第4节。正常情况下，文化程度很低：字体-5。对文化部长的限制性处理-6。我是一个7岁的小女孩。我是一名8岁的立法部长。宗教和宗教忏悔、自治和指导部长-9。《文化部长宣言》第10条。文化小剧院的重建：自然保护区和宗教保护区-11。文化部长的社会生活-12。Problemi，vecchi e nuovi，e prospective di riforma-13。Osservazioni结论。意大利法律中的宗教部长摘要：本文分析了宗教部长在意大利法律体系中的地位。它从对19世纪自由主义立法的历史基础的描述开始，对单方面国家法以及《协定》和《条约》立法中目前有效的条例进行了综合表述。监管演变仍在进行中，它描述了从一个统一和同质的宗教部长概念向一个更清晰和全面的概念的转变，这一概念受到天主教牧师的启发，并被置于一项主要限制性立法的基础上，反映了意大利社会日益增长的忏悔多元化和对宗教自由权的主张。这一新方法代表了一项立法的前提，该立法日益旨在保护和促进宗教部长的地位和多种活动，特别是在大力加强福利国家和第三部门的背景下。最后，文章重点讨论了当前立法中的一些问题，以及一个明显的悖论，即面对更有利的国家立法，如今宗教部长的地位，尤其是天主教牧师的地位——他仍然是意大利立法的主要参考者——正经历着教会秩序中的强烈身份危机，从而也给整个社会带来了一系列问题。
{"title":"I ministri di culto in Italia","authors":"P. Cavana","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/18999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/18999","url":null,"abstract":"SOMMARIO: 1. La nozione di ministro di culto nell’ordinamento italiano - 2. Origini storiche della figura civilistica del ministro di culto - 3. Principi ispiratori dell’attuale normativa sui ministri di culto - 4. La normativa sui ministri di culto: le fonti - 5. Disposizioni restrittive sui ministri di culto - 6. I ministri di culto nel diritto penale - 7. I ministri di culto nella legislazione pattizia - 8. Ministri di culto e giurisdizione confessionale, tra autonomia e tutela dei diritti - 9. Il sostentamento dei ministri di culto - 10. La remunerazione del ministro di culto: natura della prestazione e tutela giurisdizionale - 11. Le molteplici attività socialmente rilevanti dei ministri di culto - 12. Problemi, vecchi e nuovi, e prospettive di riforma - 13. Osservazioni conclusive. \u0000The ministers of religion in Italian law \u0000ABSTRACT: This contribution analyses the status of ministers of religion in the Italian legal system. It starts from a description of the historical foundations, which lies in Nineteenth-century liberal legislation, and arrives at a synthetic representation of the regulations currently in force in the unilateral State law and in the Concordat and Treaty legislation. The regulatory evolution, which is still in progress, describes the transition from a uniform and homogeneous concept of minister of religion, inspired by the Catholic priest and placed at the basis of a mostly restrictive legislation, to a more articulate and comprehensive one, reflecting the growing confessional pluralism of Italian society and the assertion of the right to religious freedom. This new approach represents the premise for a legislation that increasingly aims at protecting and promoting the status and the manifold activities of ministers of religion, particularly in the context of the strong enhancement of the Welfare State and of the Third sector. Finally, the article focuses on some problematic issues of the current legislation and on the apparent paradox that, in the face of a more favorable State legislation, nowadays the status of the minister of religion, and in particular that of the Catholic priest - who still represents the main reference for Italy’s legislation - is undergoing a strong identity crisis in the ecclesial order, thus posing a series of problems also for society at large.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44660457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-13DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/19001
F. Marti
SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Il contributo in generale dell’Avvocato al processo matrimoniale - 3. Il ruolo dell’Avvocato nella fase pregiudiziale - 4. Il libello quale cardine del Processus brevior - 5. Il ridimensionamento del ruolo del DV nel Processus brevior - 6. La centralità del ruolo dell’Avvocato quale conseguenza anche del ridimensionamento delle attribuzioni del Tribunale - 7. Conclusioni. The Attorney’s contribution for the purposes of Processus brevior ABSTRACT: This paper concerns the centrality of the attorney in the Processus brevior. Because the Processus brevior’s particular structure compresses the ordinary canonical resources granted by the Legislator to the subjects involved in a matrimonial trial, the attorney becomes its principal director. In particular, the Libellus in a Processus brevior is not a canvas as in the ordinary process but becomes a script binding all parties intending to go ahead with this special canonical instrument until the desired sentence declaring the nullity of marriage.
{"title":"Il contributo dell’Avvocato ai fini del Processus brevior","authors":"F. Marti","doi":"10.54103/1971-8543/19001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/19001","url":null,"abstract":"SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. Il contributo in generale dell’Avvocato al processo matrimoniale - 3. Il ruolo dell’Avvocato nella fase pregiudiziale - 4. Il libello quale cardine del Processus brevior - 5. Il ridimensionamento del ruolo del DV nel Processus brevior - 6. La centralità del ruolo dell’Avvocato quale conseguenza anche del ridimensionamento delle attribuzioni del Tribunale - 7. Conclusioni. \u0000The Attorney’s contribution for the purposes of Processus brevior \u0000ABSTRACT: This paper concerns the centrality of the attorney in the Processus brevior. Because the Processus brevior’s particular structure compresses the ordinary canonical resources granted by the Legislator to the subjects involved in a matrimonial trial, the attorney becomes its principal director. In particular, the Libellus in a Processus brevior is not a canvas as in the ordinary process but becomes a script binding all parties intending to go ahead with this special canonical instrument until the desired sentence declaring the nullity of marriage.","PeriodicalId":30314,"journal":{"name":"Stato Chiese e Pluralismo Confessionale","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48742418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-13DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/19002
T.C.S Pagotto
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione - 2. Il Primo emendamento e le garanzie gemelle dell’Establishment Clause e del Free Exercise Clause: una panoramica ricostruttiva - 2.1. I tre principali test utilizzati dalla Corte in sede di judicial review e basati sul Primo emendamento: il Lemon test, l’Endorsement test e il Coercion test - 2.2. La recente sentenza Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist. del 27 luglio 2022: l’abbandono (definitivo) del Lemon test in favore del criterio ermeneutico orientato alla “history and tradition” - 3. Le origini e la mobilitazione politica del motto degli Stati Uniti d’America - 3.1. Il XVIII secolo, la Rivoluzione americana e la diffusione del motto “E Pluribus Unum” - 3.2. Il XIX secolo e la Guerra Civile: la giustapposizione di “In God We Trust” accanto a “E Pluribus Unum” - 3.3. Il XX secolo e la Guerra fredda: “In God We Trust” diventa (l’unico) motto nazionale - 3.4. I diversi usi del motto nazionale lungo il dispiegarsi della storia - 4. Le caratteristiche dell’American civil religion e le sue ambivalenze - 5. Il motto nazionale in alcuni significativi obiter della Corte suprema: il deismo cerimoniale e le sue critiche - 5.1. Il deismo cerimoniale in alcune pronunce della Corte suprema - 5.2. Le riflessioni (preoccupate) della dottrina - 6. Riflessioni conclusive e spunti di comparazione - 6.1. L’uso della storia e della cultura nell’ordinamento italiano: cenni di comparazione sull’insegnamento della religione cattolica e sull’esposizione del crocifisso a scuola - 6.2. L’altro verso dell’American civil religion: ideologia e populismo. The U.S. motto "In God We Trust" in light of the history and tradition “of the First Amendment ABSTRACT: This essay reflects upon the U.S. national motto “In God We Trust” and religious liberty. It describes the birth and the life of the U.S. national motto from an historical and a normative perspective, and in relation with three crucial events that forged the United States’ historical conscience: the American Revolution, the Civil War, and the Cold War. It highlights how the motto has embraced different purposes and meanings, as well as attained varying levels of religiosity. After having introduced the main features of American civil religion, the paper pays attention to the various obiter that the Supreme Court has offered about the constitutionality of this symbol. The conclusions focus on two aspects: a brief comparison with the Italian legal system, which underlines the existing similarities between the “history and tradition” argument fostered by the U.S. Supreme Court and the appeal to the “historical heritage” and the “religious culture” that can be found in the Italian legal and political debates on the display of the crucifix in the classroom and the teaching of the Catholic religion. Secondly, they reflect about the ideological and illiberal turn that the American civil religion may take.
摘要:1。引言- 2。第一修正案和宪法条款和自由条款的双重保障:重建概述- 2.1。法院在司法审查中使用的三种主要基于第一修正案的测试:柠檬测试、内啡肽测试和胁迫测试- 2.2。2022年7月27日肯尼迪诉布雷默顿学校Dist案的判决:放弃(最终)柠檬测试，转而采用“历史与传统”(3)。美利坚合众国座右铭3.1的起源和政治动员。18世纪，美国革命和“e Pluribus Unum”口号的传播——3.2。19世纪和内战:“我们相信上帝”和“e合众合众”的并列。20世纪和冷战:“我们相信上帝”成为(唯一)国家座右铭——3.4。历史上国家座右铭的不同用法- 4。美国公民宗教的特点及其矛盾心理- 5。最高法院某些重要目标的国家座右铭:仪式上的神论及其批评- 5.1。最高法院某些判决中的仪式神论- 5.2。(担忧)学说- 6。结束语和比较点- 6.1。历史和文化在意大利法律秩序中的使用:关于天主教教育和在学校展示十字架的比较说明- 6.2。美国公民宗教的另一种说法是意识形态和民粹主义。美国的座右铭“我们相信上帝”在历史之光和传统中“第一修正案摘要:这是美国国家座右铭“我们相信上帝”和宗教自由的反映。它描述了美国国家座右铭的诞生和生命，它来自一个历史和前瞻性的立法，它与导致美国历史良知的三个关键事件有关:美国革命、内战和冷战。它强调了这句格言是如何随着宗教的变化而产生不同的结果和意义的。在介绍了美国公民宗教的主要特征之后，最高法院提出的关于这一象征的宪法的各种观点引起了人们的注意。“The conclusions focus(:服务比较with The意大利legal system, underlines The之间的现有similarities The“历史和弱视”argument fostered by The U . S .最高法院and The上诉to The“历史遗产”和“文化”that can be招领religious The意大利法律和政治debates on The display of The crucifix in The classroom and The教学of The天主教宗教。其次，他们回想起美国公民宗教可能采取的意识形态和不自由的转变。
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Pub Date : 2022-11-13DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18997
Ryszard Bobrowicz, Johanna Gustafsson Lundberg
SUMMARY: 1. Introduction - 2. The necessary conditions of social negotiation - 3. Nordic Secularism - 4. Organic religious literacy - 5. Translation - 6. Conclusion. ABSTRACT: The refusal to shake hands with a female reporter by a Muslim politician from the Miljöpartiet resulted in a controversy in Sweden. Together with a number of court cases, it revealed a disparity between the established judicial line and the views of the general public. The Swedish controversy received a response from Denmark, where the ruling coalition introduced new citizenship legislation with an obligation to shake hands with the mayor during a naturalization ceremony. These controversies highlighted the rising tensions on multiple levels, between majority and minority, religious freedom and gender equality, law and public opinion. This paper takes a closer look at the role of law as a negotiator and employs the notions of Nordic secularism, organic religious literacy, and the ethos of hospitality towards the untranslatable, in order to answer two questions: where these tensions come from and what are the possible ways of overcoming them.
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Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.54103/1971-8543/18983
Gianfranco Macrì
SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione: tre domande sulla difficile costruzione di una società pluralista. Dalla Costituente ai fatidici anni ’70 - 2. La fase applicativa delle norme costituzionali in materia di libertà religiosa: fra tentennamenti politici, violazioni della legalità costituzionale e complessità sociale - 3. La “governance” nelle relazioni tra sfera pubblica e fenomeno religioso - 4. Il “cantiere Europa”: le possibilità di una democrazia (in crisi) - 5. Conclusioni. It ought to be necessary a new Italian governance for religious freedom ABSTRACT: This work highlights, in a descriptive fashion, some of the critical aspects of the relationships between the State and religious groups in Italy. Concrete legal policy proposals are suggested, within the applicable constitutional framework, taking into account the changed social, cultural and religious context of the country.
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