As further studies are undertaken to improve the capabilities of microelectronics, methods of testing need to be perfected as well. One method of testing, “accelerated aging,” exposes microelectronics to high temperatures and humidities to gather and extrapolate data about their lifespan, to better inform end user expectations and potentially help produce ideas for device improvement. Another microelectronic reliability issue of importance is electromigration. Electromigration can create voids in electronic traces, leading to interrupted circuits or electrical shorts, breaking microelectronics. Electromigration is well understood at larger scales, but as the scale of components approaches less than ten nanometers, current theory becomes less applicable.
{"title":"The Design and Manufacturing of an Environmental Chamber to Test Microelectronic Devices","authors":"W. Graber, Aniket Chowdhury","doi":"10.7771/2158-4052.1571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/2158-4052.1571","url":null,"abstract":"As further studies are undertaken to improve the capabilities of microelectronics, methods of testing need to be perfected as well. One method of testing, “accelerated aging,” exposes microelectronics to high temperatures and humidities to gather and extrapolate data about their lifespan, to better inform end user expectations and potentially help produce ideas for device improvement. Another microelectronic reliability issue of importance is electromigration. Electromigration can create voids in electronic traces, leading to interrupted circuits or electrical shorts, breaking microelectronics. Electromigration is well understood at larger scales, but as the scale of components approaches less than ten nanometers, current theory becomes less applicable.","PeriodicalId":30386,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90415150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Starch- based plastics are biodegradable, compostable compounds made of starch and plasticizers from natural sources. Th eir fabrication involves the starch- plasticizer reaction at 70–100°C followed by cooling and drying. Th e most common drying method is air drying (natural convection), which is eff ective but slow. Th e objective of this work is to study the eff ect of fast drying (forced convection) on the quality of the plastic fi lm. Th is work compares the eff ects of drying conditions and drying rate on warpage, shrinkage rate, and presence of bubbles. Five drying methods are studied: (1) natural convection with uncovered petri dish, (2) natural convection while hanging, (3) forced convection with covered petri dish, (4) forced convection with uncovered petri dish, and (5) hybrid natural and forced convection. A standardized composition of starch- based plastic is prepared. Samples of 20 g of plastic deposited on 10- cm- diameter petri dishes are prepared. Drying and shrinkage rates are determined by recording the mass and diameter at multiple time intervals. A digital microscope is used to observe air bubbles. Th e most favorable drying method was forced convection with a covered petri dish, which displayed a drying rate of 0.765 g/h, no signifi cant shrinkage rate (< 0.00 mm/h), no warping, and almost no bubbles.
{"title":"Processing of Plastic Film from Potato Starch: Effect of Drying Methods","authors":"Kourtney Collier, Samantha Goins, Austin Chirgwin, Isabelle Stanfield","doi":"10.7771/2158-4052.1532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/2158-4052.1532","url":null,"abstract":"Starch- based plastics are biodegradable, compostable compounds made of starch and plasticizers from natural sources. Th eir fabrication involves the starch- plasticizer reaction at 70–100°C followed by cooling and drying. Th e most common drying method is air drying (natural convection), which is eff ective but slow. Th e objective of this work is to study the eff ect of fast drying (forced convection) on the quality of the plastic fi lm. Th is work compares the eff ects of drying conditions and drying rate on warpage, shrinkage rate, and presence of bubbles. Five drying methods are studied: (1) natural convection with uncovered petri dish, (2) natural convection while hanging, (3) forced convection with covered petri dish, (4) forced convection with uncovered petri dish, and (5) hybrid natural and forced convection. A standardized composition of starch- based plastic is prepared. Samples of 20 g of plastic deposited on 10- cm- diameter petri dishes are prepared. Drying and shrinkage rates are determined by recording the mass and diameter at multiple time intervals. A digital microscope is used to observe air bubbles. Th e most favorable drying method was forced convection with a covered petri dish, which displayed a drying rate of 0.765 g/h, no signifi cant shrinkage rate (< 0.00 mm/h), no warping, and almost no bubbles.","PeriodicalId":30386,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84303945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Presence of Microcystin in the Northwest Indiana Watershed","authors":"Breeann Mild","doi":"10.7771/2158-4052.1528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/2158-4052.1528","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30386,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84178103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing Availability and Effectiveness of Pharmacy Spanish Interpreter Services: A Systematic Review","authors":"Ma. Emmanuelle R Domingo","doi":"10.7771/2158-4052.1524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/2158-4052.1524","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30386,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89117641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABET is an organization that accredits college or university programs in STEM and provides quality assurance that a program meets the standards of the field or profession. According to current scholarship, there is concern that ABET accreditation has a negative impact on the transparency of syllabi and student engagement in engineering ethics. This study was designed to understand more about the relationship between ABET accreditation, syllabi design, and engineering ethics by assessing 22 syllabi from an R1 institution’s electrical and computer engineering department. These syllabi were analyzed to understand where they fall in the students’ degree path, learning outcomes, assessment processes, and whether or not they explicitly mentioned ABET. Most notably from this study, 41% of syllabi mentioned ethics, while 23% of syllabi mentioned ABET requirements. Of those that mentioned ABET, two courses were core courses and three were upper-level electives, with only one of the five syllabi mentioning ethics. These findings suggest that when ethics is prioritized in the course, ABET is not made apparent as a goal. When ABET is explicitly mentioned, it is unlikely to see ethics prioritized as well in the course. This is consistent with current scholarship that ethics is treated problematically as an add-on to courses. Future course design should focus on not just technical aspects, but also ethics and transparency around designed course outcomes and assessment. This study’s limitations include a small sample size, and possible selection bias, given that faculty voluntarily chose to participate in this study. Future research involving a larger sample and mixed methods is needed to better understand the relationship between course objectives, ABET, and ethics across engineering.
{"title":"Ethics in Engineering Education: Is ABET Enough?","authors":"Alyssa DeLouise","doi":"10.7771/2158-4052.1555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/2158-4052.1555","url":null,"abstract":"ABET is an organization that accredits college or university programs in STEM and provides quality assurance that a program meets the standards of the field or profession. According to current scholarship, there is concern that ABET accreditation has a negative impact on the transparency of syllabi and student engagement in engineering ethics. This study was designed to understand more about the relationship between ABET accreditation, syllabi design, and engineering ethics by assessing 22 syllabi from an R1 institution’s electrical and computer engineering department. These syllabi were analyzed to understand where they fall in the students’ degree path, learning outcomes, assessment processes, and whether or not they explicitly mentioned ABET. Most notably from this study, 41% of syllabi mentioned ethics, while 23% of syllabi mentioned ABET requirements. Of those that mentioned ABET, two courses were core courses and three were upper-level electives, with only one of the five syllabi mentioning ethics. These findings suggest that when ethics is prioritized in the course, ABET is not made apparent as a goal. When ABET is explicitly mentioned, it is unlikely to see ethics prioritized as well in the course. This is consistent with current scholarship that ethics is treated problematically as an add-on to courses. Future course design should focus on not just technical aspects, but also ethics and transparency around designed course outcomes and assessment. This study’s limitations include a small sample size, and possible selection bias, given that faculty voluntarily chose to participate in this study. Future research involving a larger sample and mixed methods is needed to better understand the relationship between course objectives, ABET, and ethics across engineering.","PeriodicalId":30386,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75137044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to a shift ing global environment and unique personal circumstances, traditional in- person learning experiences that foster cross- cultural interactions and learning, including study abroad programs, have become unavailable to many. In light of this issue, we investigated how a virtual cross- cultural course, such as Global Social Justice in Education (GSJE), could allow undergraduate and graduate students to explore their cultural identities and enhance their intercultural sensitivity. Data for this study was collected via three distinct GSJE refl ections completed by a single cohort of 11 Purdue graduate and undergraduate students who interacted with international participants. Purdue participant refl ections were analyzed and coded for descriptors using an emergent identity framework created for this study. Textual evidence was then gathered from participant refl ections and was used to inform which cultural identities participants refl ected on most oft en in the context of GSJE and how exploration of cultural identities enabled participants to develop their intercultural sensitivity. Overall, the fi ndings of this study suggest that GSJE enabled undergraduate and graduate students to draw personal connections between themselves and diverse others, address personal bias, and gain awareness of diverse perspectives. Investigating Influences on Intercultural Sensitivity Undergraduate and Graduate Students’ Reflections Identities
{"title":"Investigating Influences on Intercultural Sensitivity Through Undergraduate and Graduate Students’ Reflections on Identities","authors":"Daphne Fauber, K. Mueller","doi":"10.7771/2158-4052.1540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/2158-4052.1540","url":null,"abstract":"Due to a shift ing global environment and unique personal circumstances, traditional in- person learning experiences that foster cross- cultural interactions and learning, including study abroad programs, have become unavailable to many. In light of this issue, we investigated how a virtual cross- cultural course, such as Global Social Justice in Education (GSJE), could allow undergraduate and graduate students to explore their cultural identities and enhance their intercultural sensitivity. Data for this study was collected via three distinct GSJE refl ections completed by a single cohort of 11 Purdue graduate and undergraduate students who interacted with international participants. Purdue participant refl ections were analyzed and coded for descriptors using an emergent identity framework created for this study. Textual evidence was then gathered from participant refl ections and was used to inform which cultural identities participants refl ected on most oft en in the context of GSJE and how exploration of cultural identities enabled participants to develop their intercultural sensitivity. Overall, the fi ndings of this study suggest that GSJE enabled undergraduate and graduate students to draw personal connections between themselves and diverse others, address personal bias, and gain awareness of diverse perspectives. Investigating Influences on Intercultural Sensitivity Undergraduate and Graduate Students’ Reflections Identities","PeriodicalId":30386,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86979583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Graphene, an atomically thin carbon sheet, possesses differentiating optical and electrical properties that have led to worldwide exploration into its utility for applications ranging from quantum computing and sensing to optical devices. Regardless of application, sculpting the quantity and distribution of charge within graphene provides a path to enhanced performance. Here, this sculpting is accomplished by draping graphene over a topographically patterned substrate. Draping graphene over a “bumpy” substrate induces patterned strain. It also creates a distribution of touchpoints between graphene and the underlying substrate. Since mechanical strain affects the charge density in graphene as does its contact with another material, the cumulative effect of each induces patterned charge within the 2D material. Practically, this is shown by transferring monolayer graphene onto a silicon wafer, the face of which has been etched to produce pillars in a square lattice spaced at 1 μm. Strain and carrier concentration were then imaged by analyzing changes in the peak positions of graphene’s Raman spectrum, as shown in the figure. Linear “strain stripes” were observed that run in one direction relative to the pillars. Carrier concentration varied only somewhat in response to these strain stripes. It was instead more strongly impacted by “spots’” correlated with contact of the graphene with the patterned substrate. Irrespective of cause, these results affirm that topographic patterning of graphene provides a path to spatially controlling charge, thereby opening alternative pathways for designing devices based upon this material. Research advisor Thomas Beechem writes: “Spatially patterning charge in graphene and other two-dimensional materials creates an entire palette to design optical and electronic devices having functionality not available in normal ‘thick’ materials. Dylan and Jenna’s work explores a path of inducing this patterned charge by laying them over bumpy surfaces.” (a) Silicon was etched to create pillars over which the 2D-solid graphene was draped. By placing graphene over the patterned substrate, the (b) strain and (c) carrier concentration could be spatially varied, although not in a (d) one-to-one fashion as evidenced by overlaying the results. In (d), red hues correspond to the silicon Raman intensity, while the blue and green correspond to the graphene strain and carrier concentration.
{"title":"Sculpting Charge in Graphene Through Patterned Strain","authors":"Dylan J Balter, Jenna Smith","doi":"10.7771/2158-4052.1566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/2158-4052.1566","url":null,"abstract":"Graphene, an atomically thin carbon sheet, possesses differentiating optical and electrical properties that have led to worldwide exploration into its utility for applications ranging from quantum computing and sensing to optical devices. Regardless of application, sculpting the quantity and distribution of charge within graphene provides a path to enhanced performance. Here, this sculpting is accomplished by draping graphene over a topographically patterned substrate. Draping graphene over a “bumpy” substrate induces patterned strain. It also creates a distribution of touchpoints between graphene and the underlying substrate. Since mechanical strain affects the charge density in graphene as does its contact with another material, the cumulative effect of each induces patterned charge within the 2D material. Practically, this is shown by transferring monolayer graphene onto a silicon wafer, the face of which has been etched to produce pillars in a square lattice spaced at 1 μm. Strain and carrier concentration were then imaged by analyzing changes in the peak positions of graphene’s Raman spectrum, as shown in the figure. Linear “strain stripes” were observed that run in one direction relative to the pillars. Carrier concentration varied only somewhat in response to these strain stripes. It was instead more strongly impacted by “spots’” correlated with contact of the graphene with the patterned substrate. Irrespective of cause, these results affirm that topographic patterning of graphene provides a path to spatially controlling charge, thereby opening alternative pathways for designing devices based upon this material. Research advisor Thomas Beechem writes: “Spatially patterning charge in graphene and other two-dimensional materials creates an entire palette to design optical and electronic devices having functionality not available in normal ‘thick’ materials. Dylan and Jenna’s work explores a path of inducing this patterned charge by laying them over bumpy surfaces.” (a) Silicon was etched to create pillars over which the 2D-solid graphene was draped. By placing graphene over the patterned substrate, the (b) strain and (c) carrier concentration could be spatially varied, although not in a (d) one-to-one fashion as evidenced by overlaying the results. In (d), red hues correspond to the silicon Raman intensity, while the blue and green correspond to the graphene strain and carrier concentration.","PeriodicalId":30386,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90103222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adolescent stress exposure increases the likelihood of alcohol misuse and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adulthood; however, it is not clear how genetic and environmental factors interact to increase risk. Th is study examined how adolescent social isolation aff ects adult binge- like ethanol drinking and levels of the stress hormone corticosterone in male and female mice with a genetic predisposition toward high alcohol preference (HAP). Twenty- eight HAP mice were separated into group- housed (GH) and socially isolated (SI) conditions ( n = 13, 13). Binge drinking was assessed using a drinking in the dark (DID) procedure. Blood samples were taken before DID and aft er the 4th (last) day of DID. Overall, adolescent social isolation increased adult binge drinking in a sex- and time- dependent manner. Analysis of Hour 1 intake across the 4 days indicated that SI males drank signifi cantly more than GH males, and this was not the case in females. Th ere was no signifi cant eff ect of housing for Hour 2. On Day 4, aft er 2 hours of consumption, social isolation increased drinking regardless of sex. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels decreased following drinking, but there were no sex or housing group diff erences. Th ere were correlations between CORT levels and drinking, but only for SI females. Th ese fi ndings demonstrate that adolescent social isolation promotes binge- like drinking in both male and female adult mice with a genetic predisposition for high alcohol preference; however, this relationship is time- dependent, and males may be more sensitive than females to social isolation stress. Additionally, corticosterone levels change with regard to binge- drinking and sex.
{"title":"Impact of Adolescent Social Isolation on Adult, Binge-Like Ethanol Consumption and Plasma Corticosterone in High-Alcohol-Preferring Mice","authors":"Eva Cullins","doi":"10.7771/2158-4052.1563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7771/2158-4052.1563","url":null,"abstract":"Adolescent stress exposure increases the likelihood of alcohol misuse and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adulthood; however, it is not clear how genetic and environmental factors interact to increase risk. Th is study examined how adolescent social isolation aff ects adult binge- like ethanol drinking and levels of the stress hormone corticosterone in male and female mice with a genetic predisposition toward high alcohol preference (HAP). Twenty- eight HAP mice were separated into group- housed (GH) and socially isolated (SI) conditions ( n = 13, 13). Binge drinking was assessed using a drinking in the dark (DID) procedure. Blood samples were taken before DID and aft er the 4th (last) day of DID. Overall, adolescent social isolation increased adult binge drinking in a sex- and time- dependent manner. Analysis of Hour 1 intake across the 4 days indicated that SI males drank signifi cantly more than GH males, and this was not the case in females. Th ere was no signifi cant eff ect of housing for Hour 2. On Day 4, aft er 2 hours of consumption, social isolation increased drinking regardless of sex. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels decreased following drinking, but there were no sex or housing group diff erences. Th ere were correlations between CORT levels and drinking, but only for SI females. Th ese fi ndings demonstrate that adolescent social isolation promotes binge- like drinking in both male and female adult mice with a genetic predisposition for high alcohol preference; however, this relationship is time- dependent, and males may be more sensitive than females to social isolation stress. Additionally, corticosterone levels change with regard to binge- drinking and sex.","PeriodicalId":30386,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Purdue Undergraduate Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80587864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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