A small garrison of the British Royal Navy was swallowed up by the superior forces of a much larger nation in just a few hours. This may be the title of a report from the beginning of April 1982. The impact of Operation Rosario on the international arena and the evolution of the conflict was much more complex and had major repercussions on maintaining world peace. Why Argentina chose to invade the Falkland Islands and what caused the "spark" of the conflict to erupt at alarming levels, are questions whose answers you can find in this article. The Battle of Stanley was one of the most unequal armed actions between two states during the 20th century and drew a small group of South Atlantic islands to the attention of the whole world.
{"title":"Operation Rosario and the Escalation of the Anglo-Argentinian Conflict in 1982","authors":"P. Cotîrleț","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/49","url":null,"abstract":"A small garrison of the British Royal Navy was swallowed up by the superior forces of a much larger nation in just a few hours. This may be the title of a report from the beginning of April 1982. The impact of Operation Rosario on the international arena and the evolution of the conflict was much more complex and had major repercussions on maintaining world peace. Why Argentina chose to invade the Falkland Islands and what caused the \"spark\" of the conflict to erupt at alarming levels, are questions whose answers you can find in this article. The Battle of Stanley was one of the most unequal armed actions between two states during the 20th century and drew a small group of South Atlantic islands to the attention of the whole world.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81352160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of ‘stigma’ was introduced into the social sciences by sociologist Erving Goffman in his classic monograph “Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity” (1963). Goffman identified various forms of stigmata, both visible and invisible (“hidden”), examined the process of stigmatization in everyday social interactions, and analyzed the consequences of stigmatization on the identity of individuals. Stigmatization describes the process through which actual or potential negative characteristics are ascribed to a person and thus this person is assigned to certain social groups. At the same time, stigmatization involves the association to the person concerned of the prejudices and stereotypes connected to the assigned devaluating characteristic, as well as an underlying, context-dependent process of differentiation, control and discrimination. Stigmatized individuals and groups experience multiple forms of discrimination and are going through different crises. This paper addresses the stigmatization process, the varied types of stigmata, and the coping strategies most commonly used by those who are stigmatized. The paper also highlights the most important approaches and types of intervention that can be used to combat stigmatization and promote destigmatization.
{"title":"Stigmata and the Process of Stigmatization: Coping Strategies and Approaches to Intervention for Destigmatization","authors":"Simona Rodat","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/54","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of ‘stigma’ was introduced into the social sciences by sociologist Erving Goffman in his classic monograph “Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity” (1963). Goffman identified various forms of stigmata, both visible and invisible (“hidden”), examined the process of stigmatization in everyday social interactions, and analyzed the consequences of stigmatization on the identity of individuals. Stigmatization describes the process through which actual or potential negative characteristics are ascribed to a person and thus this person is assigned to certain social groups. At the same time, stigmatization involves the association to the person concerned of the prejudices and stereotypes connected to the assigned devaluating characteristic, as well as an underlying, context-dependent process of differentiation, control and discrimination. Stigmatized individuals and groups experience multiple forms of discrimination and are going through different crises. This paper addresses the stigmatization process, the varied types of stigmata, and the coping strategies most commonly used by those who are stigmatized. The paper also highlights the most important approaches and types of intervention that can be used to combat stigmatization and promote destigmatization.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81417797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Romanian Civil Code attenuates the principle of binding force of conventions, by regulating contingency, a source of economic imbalance between the services of the parties, which occurs during their execution. The exceptional situation in which the debtor finds himself influences the contractual ensemble, the parties being obliged to renegotiate, in order to adapt the legal relationship to the new circumstances. In the absence of a result, everything will depend on the judge, whose task is is to impose the contractual justice by rightfully dispensing the results of the new factual situation in which the parties find themselves.
{"title":"Hardship in the regulation of the Romanian Civil Code","authors":"Dionisie Afloroaei","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/45","url":null,"abstract":"The Romanian Civil Code attenuates the principle of binding force of conventions, by regulating contingency, a source of economic imbalance between the services of the parties, which occurs during their execution. The exceptional situation in which the debtor finds himself influences the contractual ensemble, the parties being obliged to renegotiate, in order to adapt the legal relationship to the new circumstances. In the absence of a result, everything will depend on the judge, whose task is is to impose the contractual justice by rightfully dispensing the results of the new factual situation in which the parties find themselves.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87205066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Audit risk (Ra) occurs if financial statements belonging to the firm are majorly distorted, in which case an auditor may give a defective opinion on them. This risk depends on the risk of significant distortion (Rds) and on the risk of detection (Rd). The risk of significant distortion (Rds) takes into account the inherent risk (Ri) and the control risk (Rc). The balance of an account or more transactions may have majorly distorted values, with these falling within the scope of the inherent risk. It is in turn structured in general risk and specific risk. The concept of specific risk is apparent from aspects which take into account the practice previously acquired by the auditor and the way in which the auditor is aware of the audit areas. Assessment of the specific inherent risk and control risk shall be carried out in the following.
{"title":"Considerations Relating to Specific Inherent Risk and Control Risk","authors":"Florin Ioan Scortescu","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/58","url":null,"abstract":"Audit risk (Ra) occurs if financial statements belonging to the firm are majorly distorted, in which case an auditor may give a defective opinion on them. This risk depends on the risk of significant distortion (Rds) and on the risk of detection (Rd). The risk of significant distortion (Rds) takes into account the inherent risk (Ri) and the control risk (Rc). The balance of an account or more transactions may have majorly distorted values, with these falling within the scope of the inherent risk. It is in turn structured in general risk and specific risk. The concept of specific risk is apparent from aspects which take into account the practice previously acquired by the auditor and the way in which the auditor is aware of the audit areas. Assessment of the specific inherent risk and control risk shall be carried out in the following.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"40 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83657185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The execution of housing constructions is carried out on the basis of a preliminary, orderly thinking, on the concrete ways of realization, by concentrating the human and material forces, resorting in this sense to a multitude of technical solutions (Taşcă, 2012). All the activities, actions and natural process that take place for the organized, led and carried out transformation of people, of the objects of work with the help of means of labor after obtaining “some products specific to the construction activity: new constructions, current and capital repairs, consolidations, modernizations, construction services, etc. The minimum requirements for housing provide that it consists of rest area, space for food processing, bathroom, access to electricity and drinking water, controlled discharge of wastewater and household waste (Şerbănoiu, 2009).
{"title":"Features of Execution and Financing Housing Construction in Romania","authors":"Radu Tasca","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/59","url":null,"abstract":"The execution of housing constructions is carried out on the basis of a preliminary, orderly thinking, on the concrete ways of realization, by concentrating the human and material forces, resorting in this sense to a multitude of technical solutions (Taşcă, 2012). All the activities, actions and natural process that take place for the organized, led and carried out transformation of people, of the objects of work with the help of means of labor after obtaining “some products specific to the construction activity: new constructions, current and capital repairs, consolidations, modernizations, construction services, etc. The minimum requirements for housing provide that it consists of rest area, space for food processing, bathroom, access to electricity and drinking water, controlled discharge of wastewater and household waste (Şerbănoiu, 2009).","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82360981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept was introduced by Vilfredo F. D. Pareto, a leading representative of the Lausanne School of Economic thought. Ophelimity comes from Greek, meaning something useful, advantageous for people. And in these challenging and bad days, it is a good landmark to refer to. The term is the expression of the ordinal preference-ranking indicator of the utility. That is, the setting of preferences in a certain order and the purchase of the goods/services depending on the intensity and urgency of the needs, now and on short-run. Therefore, using a survey of the literature in the field, we can deduce the tendencies of the human life and social-economic activities on short-run and, even, on medium-run, altogether with the elements of the Maslow Hierarchy Needs. The term utility of goods and services, even ophelimity is necessary towards regaining the basic needs of people and the re-birth of economies and of social life.
这个概念是由Vilfredo F. D. Pareto提出的，他是洛桑经济思想学派的主要代表。Ophelimity来自希腊语，意思是对人们有用、有利的东西。在这些充满挑战和糟糕的日子里，这是一个很好的里程碑。该术语表示的是实用程序的顺序偏好排序指标。也就是说，以一定的顺序设置偏好，并根据当前和短期需求的强度和紧迫性购买商品/服务。因此，通过对该领域文献的调查，我们可以推断出人类生活和社会经济活动在短期甚至中期的趋势，并结合马斯洛层次需求的要素。商品和服务的效用，甚至是效用，对于恢复人们的基本需要和经济和社会生活的重生是必要的。
{"title":"Ofelimità and Its Impact in Economy and Society","authors":"A. Trifu","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/61","url":null,"abstract":"The concept was introduced by Vilfredo F. D. Pareto, a leading representative of the Lausanne School of Economic thought. Ophelimity comes from Greek, meaning something useful, advantageous for people. And in these challenging and bad days, it is a good landmark to refer to. The term is the expression of the ordinal preference-ranking indicator of the utility. That is, the setting of preferences in a certain order and the purchase of the goods/services depending on the intensity and urgency of the needs, now and on short-run. Therefore, using a survey of the literature in the field, we can deduce the tendencies of the human life and social-economic activities on short-run and, even, on medium-run, altogether with the elements of the Maslow Hierarchy Needs. The term utility of goods and services, even ophelimity is necessary towards regaining the basic needs of people and the re-birth of economies and of social life.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82526846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
World War II produced a major shift in global power relations and led to the emergence of bipolarism. The agreements reached by the Allies in Yalta in February 1945 sanctioned the USSR's rule over Eastern Europe. In this context, the takeover of political power and the changes imposed in the economy by the communists in Romania, with the direct help of the USSR was a logical consequence. All the events that took place in Romania between August 23, 1944 and December 31, 1947 were part of the logic of communizing the Romanian society and state on the Soviet model. The communization of Romania followed a path that provided for the invalidation of the liberal, democratic, bourgeois, capitalist model of society and the imposition of another communist, undemocratic, egalitarian, totalitarian model. In order to achieve this goal, measures had been brutally applied to restrict citizens' rights, both politically and in terms of expression or property. In this context, the change of the historical role of the Royal Palace from Cotroceni to the Palace of the Pioneers was part of the propagandistic activity of a totalitarian regime which, in the absence of popular legitimacy, by vote, had to "fabricate" a history to legitimize it in front of the Romanian people.
{"title":"Cotroceni Palace Symbol of the Propaganda of the Communist Regime From Romania in the Years 1948 - 1977","authors":"I. Drăgulin, Romania Muzeul Național Cotroceni","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/50","url":null,"abstract":"World War II produced a major shift in global power relations and led to the emergence of bipolarism. The agreements reached by the Allies in Yalta in February 1945 sanctioned the USSR's rule over Eastern Europe. In this context, the takeover of political power and the changes imposed in the economy by the communists in Romania, with the direct help of the USSR was a logical consequence. All the events that took place in Romania between August 23, 1944 and December 31, 1947 were part of the logic of communizing the Romanian society and state on the Soviet model. The communization of Romania followed a path that provided for the invalidation of the liberal, democratic, bourgeois, capitalist model of society and the imposition of another communist, undemocratic, egalitarian, totalitarian model. In order to achieve this goal, measures had been brutally applied to restrict citizens' rights, both politically and in terms of expression or property. In this context, the change of the historical role of the Royal Palace from Cotroceni to the Palace of the Pioneers was part of the propagandistic activity of a totalitarian regime which, in the absence of popular legitimacy, by vote, had to \"fabricate\" a history to legitimize it in front of the Romanian people.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"28 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86755584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Performance analysis at local public administrative level specific to the key tool through which the well-being of the citizens of a community can be achieved. The correct identification of the working directions of the local authorities will generate added value for the administrative-territorial unit. The aim of the paper is to analyze from a theoretical perspective the performance management of local public administration. The importance of the subject is highlighted in ensuring quality, sustainable and sustainable services at the community level, and this can only be valid if the basic indicators in the analysis of local performance are known.
{"title":"Conceptual Approaches Regarding the Performance of the Local Public Administration","authors":"Alina Terenti","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/60","url":null,"abstract":"Performance analysis at local public administrative level specific to the key tool through which the well-being of the citizens of a community can be achieved. The correct identification of the working directions of the local authorities will generate added value for the administrative-territorial unit. The aim of the paper is to analyze from a theoretical perspective the performance management of local public administration. The importance of the subject is highlighted in ensuring quality, sustainable and sustainable services at the community level, and this can only be valid if the basic indicators in the analysis of local performance are known.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90415225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research and innovation aim to increase the production of crops and animals, increase resistance and adaptation to unsuitable climatic and soil conditions, increase the quality of the resulting products, etc. (biotechnology), integration of socio-economic and cost-benefit analyzes and support of agro-meteorological models.The bioeconomy aims to improve and increase the sustainable use of renewable resources to align with global and local challenges, such as climate change and sustainable development.Even if Romania does not have an implemented strategy based on the bioeconomy, however, it is one of the EU member states with an important role in its development, due to the fact that it develops an important potential in agriculture, forestry, fisheries. Romania must insert the existing value cycles, but also to create new ones that will lead to the realization of high quality products, to the creation of new jobs, higher incomes and, implicitly, to economic growth
{"title":"Research and innovation in Agriculture","authors":"C. Codreanu","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/48","url":null,"abstract":"Research and innovation aim to increase the production of crops and animals, increase resistance and adaptation to unsuitable climatic and soil conditions, increase the quality of the resulting products, etc. (biotechnology), integration of socio-economic and cost-benefit analyzes and support of agro-meteorological models.The bioeconomy aims to improve and increase the sustainable use of renewable resources to align with global and local challenges, such as climate change and sustainable development.Even if Romania does not have an implemented strategy based on the bioeconomy, however, it is one of the EU member states with an important role in its development, due to the fact that it develops an important potential in agriculture, forestry, fisheries. Romania must insert the existing value cycles, but also to create new ones that will lead to the realization of high quality products, to the creation of new jobs, higher incomes and, implicitly, to economic growth","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"150 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77432266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article we discuss the possibilities of employers affected by the SARS-VOC-2 pandemic to cope with the restrictions imposed, not to reduce staff. There is the problem of the state bearing part of the wage costs, in order to avoid rising unemployment and consolidating the labor market. This article is useful for all employers in the private sector.
{"title":"Support Measures for Employees and Employers. Application of the Kurzarbeit Model in Romania","authors":"G. Sandu","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/56","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we discuss the possibilities of employers affected by the SARS-VOC-2 pandemic to cope with the restrictions imposed, not to reduce staff. There is the problem of the state bearing part of the wage costs, in order to avoid rising unemployment and consolidating the labor market. This article is useful for all employers in the private sector.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"389 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83469903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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