The Covid-19 pandemic has forced all economic sectors to reconsider their forms and means of work in order to protect the life and health of their employees. Under these circumstances, telework - used for over two decades in sectors related to information technology - has become a generally applicable solution (with the exception of some areas such as agriculture, construction, services requiring direct activities, etc.). The authorities initially recommended that as many workers as possible should telework and revised the legislation to adapt it to the challenges of today. Then, given the positive results, they introduced various incentives to encourage telework. Lately, there has been a shift towards establishing legal rules making telework a mandatory form of telework in health risk situations. Our paper thus details the status of telework in most European countries.
{"title":"Telework During the Pandemic. Alternative Solution, or Legal Obligation?","authors":"Costel Neculai Dunava","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/71","url":null,"abstract":"The Covid-19 pandemic has forced all economic sectors to reconsider their forms and means of work in order to protect the life and health of their employees. Under these circumstances, telework - used for over two decades in sectors related to information technology - has become a generally applicable solution (with the exception of some areas such as agriculture, construction, services requiring direct activities, etc.). The authorities initially recommended that as many workers as possible should telework and revised the legislation to adapt it to the challenges of today. Then, given the positive results, they introduced various incentives to encourage telework. Lately, there has been a shift towards establishing legal rules making telework a mandatory form of telework in health risk situations. Our paper thus details the status of telework in most European countries.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90300061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Restrictions on the economy stifled by the devastating effects of the COVID-19pandemic have forced private companies to find their economic recovery levers. Survival or even economic growth can also be achieved through government support in the sense of tax cuts, the state bearing part of the wage costs, or by accessing funds that make it possible to reformulate businesses.
{"title":"Possibilities for Survival and Economic Recovery through Fiscal Relaxation in the Pandemic and Post-pandemic Period","authors":"G. Sandu","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/79","url":null,"abstract":"Restrictions on the economy stifled by the devastating effects of the COVID-19pandemic have forced private companies to find their economic recovery levers. Survival or even economic growth can also be achieved through government support in the sense of tax cuts, the state bearing part of the wage costs, or by accessing funds that make it possible to reformulate businesses.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73580516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital technologies are awaited to have an enormous influence on developing countries’ forecasts for economic growth. Digitization will remodel business activities in many directions. Many organizations and services have remained unlocked during COVID-19 by embracing new concrete distancing practices and technology to maintain their business running and their workers secure. The SME sector is essential to economies around the globe. With normality and revival from the pandemic in sight, it is more important than ever for SMEs to highlight from opponents, be as efficient and successful as possible and provide help to the country’s economic recovery. The devices and technology available now can assist to reduce costs, grow effectiveness and grow appearance. By projecting a digital transformation journey and using the first measures to develop a business by inserting in place simple but efficient digitalization devices, SMEs can help future-proof their offering and establish flexibility for years to arrive.
{"title":"The Benefits of Digitization for Small and Medium Enterprises","authors":"C. Codreanu","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/70","url":null,"abstract":"Digital technologies are awaited to have an enormous influence on developing countries’ forecasts for economic growth. Digitization will remodel business activities in many directions. Many organizations and services have remained unlocked during COVID-19 by embracing new concrete distancing practices and technology to maintain their business running and their workers secure. The SME sector is essential to economies around the globe. With normality and revival from the pandemic in sight, it is more important than ever for SMEs to highlight from opponents, be as efficient and successful as possible and provide help to the country’s economic recovery. The devices and technology available now can assist to reduce costs, grow effectiveness and grow appearance. By projecting a digital transformation journey and using the first measures to develop a business by inserting in place simple but efficient digitalization devices, SMEs can help future-proof their offering and establish flexibility for years to arrive.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76661986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A person's image is a fundamental value, provided by both the Civil Code and the fundamental law, whose protection is ensured by maintaining a fair balance between the exercise of the right to be informed and the freedom of expression. Thus, from the point of view of the ECHR’s practice, freedom of expression is not an absolute, inviolable and uncensored right as the freedom of holding an opinion and the freedom of speaking because it must be exercised like any other human rights, within its natural limits so as not to harm in any way the others' right and legitimate interest.
{"title":"Non-patrimonial Rights Defense – The Right to One's Own Image","authors":"Cosmin Ambrosa","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/63","url":null,"abstract":"A person's image is a fundamental value, provided by both the Civil Code and the fundamental law, whose protection is ensured by maintaining a fair balance between the exercise of the right to be informed and the freedom of expression. Thus, from the point of view of the ECHR’s practice, freedom of expression is not an absolute, inviolable and uncensored right as the freedom of holding an opinion and the freedom of speaking because it must be exercised like any other human rights, within its natural limits so as not to harm in any way the others' right and legitimate interest.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74533581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evolution of economic crises highlights their common elements, relatively easy to recognize; but mankind doesn't learn too much from its own history; so, we are able to recognize the futures of economic crises, but the ignorance condemns us to repeat the economic crises. However, there are several goods which are excessively traded before the economic crisis: tulips in 1637, real estate in 2007, and cryptocurrencies in the near future. In terms of research, we used a mixed strategy (deductive, inductive, comparative, historical, and casuistic).
{"title":"The Volatility of Cryptocurrencies in the Age of Digitalization","authors":"R. Lazar","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/76","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of economic crises highlights their common elements, relatively easy to recognize; but mankind doesn't learn too much from its own history; so, we are able to recognize the futures of economic crises, but the ignorance condemns us to repeat the economic crises. However, there are several goods which are excessively traded before the economic crisis: tulips in 1637, real estate in 2007, and cryptocurrencies in the near future. In terms of research, we used a mixed strategy (deductive, inductive, comparative, historical, and casuistic).","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"26 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90424679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Built on the values of freedom and prosperity, democracy and peace, the European Union has created over time a huge constitutional framework, culminating in the Lisbon Treaty, adopted in 2007 and known as the Treaty on European Union. It reflected the will of the then 27 Member States to live together in a cohesive society, guided by the principle of subsidiarity, and to offer neighboring countries the opportunity to join the Union. As regards EU enlargement, the procedure was laid down in principle in Article 49 TEU; for reasons of symmetry, the Treaty introduced Article 50 to cover the possible scenario of a Member State leaving the Union. Although no one expected it, Article 50 TEU was activated by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland following a referendum on the so-called Brexit in the summer of 2016. At the beginning of 2020, after lengthy negotiations, the British - Eurosceptics who had made a discordant note for 43 years in the implementation of common policies - effectively left the EU, hoping for a better life and leaving us to reflect on the "innocence" of a treaty article drafted from too much democracy.
在自由与繁荣、民主与和平的价值观基础上，欧盟长期以来创造了一个庞大的宪法框架，并在2007年通过的《里斯本条约》(Lisbon Treaty)中达到高潮，该条约被称为《欧盟条约》(Treaty on European Union)。它反映了当时27个成员国在辅助性原则指导下在一个有凝聚力的社会中共同生活的意愿，并为邻国提供加入联盟的机会。关于欧盟的扩大，该程序已在第49条TEU中原则上规定;出于对称的原因，该条约引入了第50条，以涵盖一个成员国离开欧盟的可能情况。尽管没有人预料到，但在2016年夏天所谓的英国脱欧公投之后，大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国启动了第50条TEU。2020年初，经过漫长的谈判，英国人——43年来在执行共同政策方面一直发出不和谐声音的欧洲怀疑论者——实际上离开了欧盟，希望过上更好的生活，让我们反思一项由过多民主起草的条约条款的“天真”。
{"title":"Brexit - Between the Ideology of Euroscepticism and the 'Innocence' of the Treaty on European Union","authors":"Cristian Bocancea","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/65","url":null,"abstract":"Built on the values of freedom and prosperity, democracy and peace, the European Union has created over time a huge constitutional framework, culminating in the Lisbon Treaty, adopted in 2007 and known as the Treaty on European Union. It reflected the will of the then 27 Member States to live together in a cohesive society, guided by the principle of subsidiarity, and to offer neighboring countries the opportunity to join the Union. As regards EU enlargement, the procedure was laid down in principle in Article 49 TEU; for reasons of symmetry, the Treaty introduced Article 50 to cover the possible scenario of a Member State leaving the Union. Although no one expected it, Article 50 TEU was activated by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland following a referendum on the so-called Brexit in the summer of 2016. At the beginning of 2020, after lengthy negotiations, the British - Eurosceptics who had made a discordant note for 43 years in the implementation of common policies - effectively left the EU, hoping for a better life and leaving us to reflect on the \"innocence\" of a treaty article drafted from too much democracy.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80631387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to facilitate safe travel during the COVID-19 pandemic, the European Commission has proposed the creation of a Digital Green Certificate. This instrument refers to the 27 EU Member States and the non-EU states which are part of the Schengen Area (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Lichtenstein), but it also includes provisions on the recognition of certificates issued by non-EU states. This paper seeks to analyze this certificate, but also the arguments put forward in support of the idea that it would guarantee freedom of movement within the EU, the fears that it would be a means of discrimination against those who wish to exercise this freedom in the EU space and the risk that this instrument will get stuck in the European “digital bureaucracy” in the absence of clear standards by which digital certificates can be interoperable and unanimously valid in the EU space.
{"title":"The Digital Green Certificate - Guarantee of Free Movement within the EU or Means of Discrimination?","authors":"I. Apetrei","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/64","url":null,"abstract":"In order to facilitate safe travel during the COVID-19 pandemic, the European Commission has proposed the creation of a Digital Green Certificate. This instrument refers to the 27 EU Member States and the non-EU states which are part of the Schengen Area (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Lichtenstein), but it also includes provisions on the recognition of certificates issued by non-EU states. This paper seeks to analyze this certificate, but also the arguments put forward in support of the idea that it would guarantee freedom of movement within the EU, the fears that it would be a means of discrimination against those who wish to exercise this freedom in the EU space and the risk that this instrument will get stuck in the European “digital bureaucracy” in the absence of clear standards by which digital certificates can be interoperable and unanimously valid in the EU space.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"214 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83428467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In search of solutions for durable peace in Europe, the latter part of the 20th century witnessed the emergence of several western-based theories that redefined the relations of national states and the way they related to their territorial subdivisions: functionalism, federalism, neo-functionalism, intergovernmentalism, multi-level governance, etc. In this context, several administrative reforms were carried out in order to stimulate decentralisation and regionalisation. After the fall of communism, the states in Eastern and Central Europe aligned with European Union “fashion” and practices. Taking the same road, Romania has shyly proceeded towards local autonomy, keeping the territorial divisions of its communist past. As far as regionalisation is concerned, it formally adopted the European Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS). However, it did not transform the region into a true governance layer.
{"title":"Political-Legal Debates on Romania’s Administrative-Territorial Reform and Regionalisation","authors":"Ana-Maria Ambrosă","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/62","url":null,"abstract":"In search of solutions for durable peace in Europe, the latter part of the 20th century witnessed the emergence of several western-based theories that redefined the relations of national states and the way they related to their territorial subdivisions: functionalism, federalism, neo-functionalism, intergovernmentalism, multi-level governance, etc. In this context, several administrative reforms were carried out in order to stimulate decentralisation and regionalisation. After the fall of communism, the states in Eastern and Central Europe aligned with European Union “fashion” and practices. Taking the same road, Romania has shyly proceeded towards local autonomy, keeping the territorial divisions of its communist past. As far as regionalisation is concerned, it formally adopted the European Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS). However, it did not transform the region into a true governance layer.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86483193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At present, the administration and management of any type of patrimonial entity be it public or private, can no longer be conceived without accounting, without quality information and obtained in a timely manner. In Romania, OMFP no. 1917/2005 is the normative act that regulates the organization and management of the accounting of public institutions. According to its provisions, the official document presenting the situation of the patrimony under the administration of the state and the administrative-territorial units and the execution of the revenue and expenditure budget is represented by the financial statements, in whose composition are found as an integral part and their annexes, represented accounting policies and explanatory notes. The role of the financial statements is to allow users to have a true and fair view of the public entity's by providing detailed and systematic information on the criteria used to prepare specific financial statements and accounting policies, as well as providing additional information that is not incorporate in the financial statements.
{"title":"Some Aspects of the Annexes to the Financial Statements of Public Institutions in Romania","authors":"G. Florea","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/73","url":null,"abstract":"At present, the administration and management of any type of patrimonial entity be it public or private, can no longer be conceived without accounting, without quality information and obtained in a timely manner. In Romania, OMFP no. 1917/2005 is the normative act that regulates the organization and management of the accounting of public institutions. According to its provisions, the official document presenting the situation of the patrimony under the administration of the state and the administrative-territorial units and the execution of the revenue and expenditure budget is represented by the financial statements, in whose composition are found as an integral part and their annexes, represented accounting policies and explanatory notes. The role of the financial statements is to allow users to have a true and fair view of the public entity's by providing detailed and systematic information on the criteria used to prepare specific financial statements and accounting policies, as well as providing additional information that is not incorporate in the financial statements.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85846561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Integrating both villages and towns, the longest-living territorial unit in the administrative history of the Romanian cultural area has been the county (judeţ), also known as a realm (ţinut– in Medieval Moldova). Proving its usefulness as a unifying matrix after the Union of 1918, the county was the focus of two major administrative reforms in 1929 and 1938. The former created local ministerial directorates which were made up of several counties, by historical regions, and aimed to decentralise public services. The latter – implemented during the dictatorship of Charles II – abolished all counties and replaced them with larger territorial divisions, called realms; they were no longer meant to support decentralisation, but, on the contrary, the King’s authoritarian control over the administration, according to the fascist model.
{"title":"The County and the Realm. Significations and Developments in the History of Romanian Administration","authors":"Teodor Cârnaț, Ana-Maria Ambrosă","doi":"10.18662/upalaw/67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/67","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating both villages and towns, the longest-living territorial unit in the administrative history of the Romanian cultural area has been the county (judeţ), also known as a realm (ţinut– in Medieval Moldova). Proving its usefulness as a unifying matrix after the Union of 1918, the county was the focus of two major administrative reforms in 1929 and 1938. The former created local ministerial directorates which were made up of several counties, by historical regions, and aimed to decentralise public services. The latter – implemented during the dictatorship of Charles II – abolished all counties and replaced them with larger territorial divisions, called realms; they were no longer meant to support decentralisation, but, on the contrary, the King’s authoritarian control over the administration, according to the fascist model.","PeriodicalId":30571,"journal":{"name":"Polis Revista de Stiinte Politice","volume":"75 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72623650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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