Pub Date : 2016-09-12DOI: 10.5604/00441600.1218188
W. Józwiak
The paper contains an analysis of the condition of the national farms owned by natural persons, it draws attention to the characteristics of major new problems that they start to encounter in the current EU financial perspective (2014-2020) or that they will face in the next perspective. Finally, the paper suggests how to tackle these problems.
{"title":"Natural and Climate Threats for Farms of Natural Persons Against Their Income Situation","authors":"W. Józwiak","doi":"10.5604/00441600.1218188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/00441600.1218188","url":null,"abstract":"The paper contains an analysis of the condition of the national farms owned by natural persons, it draws attention to the characteristics of major new problems that they start to encounter in the current EU financial perspective (2014-2020) or that they will face in the next perspective. Finally, the paper suggests how to tackle these problems.","PeriodicalId":305946,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121919995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Through the lens of state-of-the-art text-as-data techniques, this article examines the bilateral investment treaty (BIT) practice of the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The analysis unveils two critical trends. First, GCC states are global champions of investment protection. In terms of protective features, their agreements are at par with the United States or Canada. In contrast to the latter, however, GCC states typically do not accompany their protective commitments with flexibility carve-outs. This has major implications for their investment policy. While GCC investors abroad enjoy unrivaled protection, the GCC states are also more exposed to investment claims than any other region. Second, notwithstanding similarities in their investment policy and partial convergence in treaty design, GCC states have yet to cultivate a uniform practice when it comes to investment treaty-making to speak with one voice in future negotiations with the European Union or the United States.
{"title":"Champions of Protection? A Text-as-Data Analysis of the Bilateral Investment Treaties of GCC Countries","authors":"Wolfgang Alschner, D. Skougarevskiy, Mengyi Wang","doi":"10.5339/IRL.2016.IIT.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5339/IRL.2016.IIT.5","url":null,"abstract":"Through the lens of state-of-the-art text-as-data techniques, this article examines the bilateral investment treaty (BIT) practice of the member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The analysis unveils two critical trends. First, GCC states are global champions of investment protection. In terms of protective features, their agreements are at par with the United States or Canada. In contrast to the latter, however, GCC states typically do not accompany their protective commitments with flexibility carve-outs. This has major implications for their investment policy. While GCC investors abroad enjoy unrivaled protection, the GCC states are also more exposed to investment claims than any other region. Second, notwithstanding similarities in their investment policy and partial convergence in treaty design, GCC states have yet to cultivate a uniform practice when it comes to investment treaty-making to speak with one voice in future negotiations with the European Union or the United States.","PeriodicalId":305946,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131249104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Findings: Diaspora economics is more than a new word for migration economics. It opens a new strand to political economy. Diaspora is perceived to be a well-defined group of migrants and their offspring with a joined cultural identity and ongoing identification with the country or culture of origin. This implies the potential to undermine the nation-state. Diasporas can shape policies in the host countries. Design/methodology/approach: Combine ethnicity, migration and international relations into a new thinking. Provide a typology of diaspora and a thorough evaluation of its role and the roles of the home and host countries. Originality/Value: Provide a new understanding of global human relations.
{"title":"Diaspora Economics: New Perspectives","authors":"A. Constant, K. Zimmermann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2830927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2830927","url":null,"abstract":"Findings: Diaspora economics is more than a new word for migration economics. It opens a new strand to political economy. Diaspora is perceived to be a well-defined group of migrants and their offspring with a joined cultural identity and ongoing identification with the country or culture of origin. This implies the potential to undermine the nation-state. Diasporas can shape policies in the host countries. Design/methodology/approach: Combine ethnicity, migration and international relations into a new thinking. Provide a typology of diaspora and a thorough evaluation of its role and the roles of the home and host countries. Originality/Value: Provide a new understanding of global human relations.","PeriodicalId":305946,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121633761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research explores the deep historical roots and persistent effects of the division of labor in pre-modern societies. It advances the hypothesis, and establishes empirically that population diversity had a positive causal effect on the division of labor. Based on a novel ethnic level dataset combining geocoded ethnographic, linguistic and genetic data, this research exploits the exogenous variation in population diversity generated by historical migratory patterns to causally establish that higher levels of population diversity were conducive to economic specialization and the emergence of trade-related institutions that, in turn, translated into differences in pre-modern comparative development. Additionally, this research provides suggestive evidence that regions historically inhabited by pre-modern societies with higher levels of economic specialization have higher levels of contemporary occupational heterogeneity, economic complexity and development.
{"title":"The Origins and Long-Run Consequences of the Division of Labor","authors":"Emilio Depetris-Chauvín, Ömer Özak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2827328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2827328","url":null,"abstract":"This research explores the deep historical roots and persistent effects of the division of labor in pre-modern societies. It advances the hypothesis, and establishes empirically that population diversity had a positive causal effect on the division of labor. Based on a novel ethnic level dataset combining geocoded ethnographic, linguistic and genetic data, this research exploits the exogenous variation in population diversity generated by historical migratory patterns to causally establish that higher levels of population diversity were conducive to economic specialization and the emergence of trade-related institutions that, in turn, translated into differences in pre-modern comparative development. Additionally, this research provides suggestive evidence that regions historically inhabited by pre-modern societies with higher levels of economic specialization have higher levels of contemporary occupational heterogeneity, economic complexity and development.","PeriodicalId":305946,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"91 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114134630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Once dominant, theology has not played any significant role in mainstream economics discourse for more than a century. Yet, the economics discipline has much to gain by devoting more scholarly attention to theology-informed economics inquiry that is neither the reserve of economists who believe in the divine nor limited to a single religion. Illustrations regarding economic inequality, work, debt, and trade suggest that theological considerations can yield both better positive and normative economic analysis. For the rich and varied questions of economics though, a narrative analogous to the biblical story of the fall of man makes clear that theology cannot be the sole source of economic understanding, but that theological insights can complement our understanding of economics through other means.
{"title":"Homo Economicus as Fallen Man: The Need for Theological Economics","authors":"Robert C. Tatum","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2814426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2814426","url":null,"abstract":"Once dominant, theology has not played any significant role in mainstream economics discourse for more than a century. Yet, the economics discipline has much to gain by devoting more scholarly attention to theology-informed economics inquiry that is neither the reserve of economists who believe in the divine nor limited to a single religion. Illustrations regarding economic inequality, work, debt, and trade suggest that theological considerations can yield both better positive and normative economic analysis. For the rich and varied questions of economics though, a narrative analogous to the biblical story of the fall of man makes clear that theology cannot be the sole source of economic understanding, but that theological insights can complement our understanding of economics through other means.","PeriodicalId":305946,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115867720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United States federal government preempted anti-competitive state and municipal telegraph regulations when the 1866 Post Roads Act was enacted. The act granted a de facto national franchise to build and operate a telegraph system anywhere in the United States to any telegraph company organized within any state. The act also outlawed certain types of contracts that had prohibited other companies from acquiring telegraph right of way access. Rival companies took advantage of the dismantling of local entry barriers to enter the telegraph market and compete with Western Union. I present the first empirical evidence indicating the post-1866 United States telegraph market was contested. The evidence is consistent with the theory that the 1866 Post Roads Act contributed to increasing contestability and consumer welfare.
{"title":"Federal Preemption and Competition in the Post 1866 United States Telegraph Market","authors":"Aaron M. Honsowetz","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2499856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2499856","url":null,"abstract":"The United States federal government preempted anti-competitive state and municipal telegraph regulations when the 1866 Post Roads Act was enacted. The act granted a de facto national franchise to build and operate a telegraph system anywhere in the United States to any telegraph company organized within any state. The act also outlawed certain types of contracts that had prohibited other companies from acquiring telegraph right of way access. Rival companies took advantage of the dismantling of local entry barriers to enter the telegraph market and compete with Western Union. I present the first empirical evidence indicating the post-1866 United States telegraph market was contested. The evidence is consistent with the theory that the 1866 Post Roads Act contributed to increasing contestability and consumer welfare.","PeriodicalId":305946,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"31 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114105178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recreational fishing in Long Island Sound has been thriving since 1998 and the proportion of recreational and sports fishing has steadily increased over two decades. It interrelates with the regional tourism and recreational sectors as well as its integration of sustainable coastal development with the greater economy. Given the significance of recreational fishing in the area’s economy, a generalized demand model is used to examine the demand for recreational fishing in the Long Island Sound. The model provides local policy makers with useful information on the sensitivity of fishing demand to changes in relative prices, and fishing in neighboring areas. Exact welfare variation measures are calculated for changes in price across the study areas. Results suggest that overall angler trips in the study areas are found to be own-price-inelastic, and only angler trips in NJ and RI are sensitive to the own-price change. Findings also suggest the average welfare jump by 9% due to an increase of 10% in the price of study areas.
{"title":"Demand for Recreational Fishing in the Long Island Sound: A Generalized Demand Approach","authors":"Sheng Li, R. Vogel, Nanda K. Viswanathan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2989749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2989749","url":null,"abstract":"Recreational fishing in Long Island Sound has been thriving since 1998 and the proportion of recreational and sports fishing has steadily increased over two decades. It interrelates with the regional tourism and recreational sectors as well as its integration of sustainable coastal development with the greater economy. Given the significance of recreational fishing in the area’s economy, a generalized demand model is used to examine the demand for recreational fishing in the Long Island Sound. The model provides local policy makers with useful information on the sensitivity of fishing demand to changes in relative prices, and fishing in neighboring areas. Exact welfare variation measures are calculated for changes in price across the study areas. Results suggest that overall angler trips in the study areas are found to be own-price-inelastic, and only angler trips in NJ and RI are sensitive to the own-price change. Findings also suggest the average welfare jump by 9% due to an increase of 10% in the price of study areas.","PeriodicalId":305946,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115402454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-15DOI: 10.18601/16578651.N18.03
S. Cecchini
Spanish Abstract: Desde comienzos del siglo xxi, las politicas de proteccion social en America Latina han tenido un importante desarrollo, que ha resultado en la ampliacion de la inversion publica social y la cobertura poblacional de las prestaciones. Muchas de las reformas de las politicas y la formulacion de nuevos programas se relacionan de manera creciente con una vision que promueve la realizacion de los derechos economicos y sociales de todos los ciudadanos y las ciudadanas, y que avanza la agenda de la igualdad que se esta instalando en la region. En este articulo se argumenta a favor de la adopcion de un enfoque de derechos en la proteccion social, tanto por su valor etico y normativo como por su valor instrumental, especialmente en relacion con la superacion de la pobreza y el mejoramiento del bienestar de toda la poblacion. Se hace en particular un llamado a seguir construyendo el Estado de bienestar, no obstante, el complejo escenario economico actual.English Abstract: Since the beginning of the 21st Century, the significant progress of social protection policies in Latin America has resulted in higher social public investment and broader population coverage. Many of the policy reforms and the formulation of new programmes relate in a growing manner to a vision promoting the realization of the economic and social rights of all citizens, which fosters the equality agenda in the region. This article argues in favour of the adoption of the rights based approach to social protection, both for its ethical and normative value as well as for its instrumental value, especially with respect to overcoming poverty and improving the population’s welfare. In particular, it calls for the continuation of efforts to build the welfare state, notwithstanding the current complex economic scenario.
{"title":"Protección Social Con Enfoque De Derechos Para La América Latina Del Siglo XXI (Rights-Based Social Protection for 21st Century Latin America)","authors":"S. Cecchini","doi":"10.18601/16578651.N18.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/16578651.N18.03","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Desde comienzos del siglo xxi, las politicas de proteccion social en America Latina han tenido un importante desarrollo, que ha resultado en la ampliacion de la inversion publica social y la cobertura poblacional de las prestaciones. Muchas de las reformas de las politicas y la formulacion de nuevos programas se relacionan de manera creciente con una vision que promueve la realizacion de los derechos economicos y sociales de todos los ciudadanos y las ciudadanas, y que avanza la agenda de la igualdad que se esta instalando en la region. En este articulo se argumenta a favor de la adopcion de un enfoque de derechos en la proteccion social, tanto por su valor etico y normativo como por su valor instrumental, especialmente en relacion con la superacion de la pobreza y el mejoramiento del bienestar de toda la poblacion. Se hace en particular un llamado a seguir construyendo el Estado de bienestar, no obstante, el complejo escenario economico actual.English Abstract: Since the beginning of the 21st Century, the significant progress of social protection policies in Latin America has resulted in higher social public investment and broader population coverage. Many of the policy reforms and the formulation of new programmes relate in a growing manner to a vision promoting the realization of the economic and social rights of all citizens, which fosters the equality agenda in the region. This article argues in favour of the adoption of the rights based approach to social protection, both for its ethical and normative value as well as for its instrumental value, especially with respect to overcoming poverty and improving the population’s welfare. In particular, it calls for the continuation of efforts to build the welfare state, notwithstanding the current complex economic scenario.","PeriodicalId":305946,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124321386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russia entered the 21st Century with a complicated demographic legacy. The wars, revolutions, repressions and socio-economic shocks of the past century had cost the country tens of millions of lives. If we count all the unborn children and grandchildren, we find that, instead of the current 146 million (including Crimea), the population of the country today could easily be more than three hundred million. While at the beginning of the 20th century Russia had the fourth largest population in the world, equal to the United States, today we rank only ninth, after countries such as Nigeria and Bangladesh. By 2030, we will have been surpassed by Ethiopia, the Philippines and the Congo, but the United States will still remain in the top three. Globally, we are already quite small in number — less than 2% of the world’s population, accounting for less than 2% of the world’s GDP, and representing less than 2% of any market.“Demography is destiny”, said Auguste Comte, the father of modern sociology, back in the 19th century. Many economists note that one of the key engines of the global economy in the second half of the 20th century was population growth. Moreover, it is extremely difficult to ensure economic growth without increases in “demographic capital”. What fate awaits Russia in view of such unambiguous predictions?
{"title":"Capital or Encumbrance: How to Create an Economic Miracle with Russia's Ageing Population","authors":"Andrey Shapenko","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2816955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2816955","url":null,"abstract":"Russia entered the 21st Century with a complicated demographic legacy. The wars, revolutions, repressions and socio-economic shocks of the past century had cost the country tens of millions of lives. If we count all the unborn children and grandchildren, we find that, instead of the current 146 million (including Crimea), the population of the country today could easily be more than three hundred million. While at the beginning of the 20th century Russia had the fourth largest population in the world, equal to the United States, today we rank only ninth, after countries such as Nigeria and Bangladesh. By 2030, we will have been surpassed by Ethiopia, the Philippines and the Congo, but the United States will still remain in the top three. Globally, we are already quite small in number — less than 2% of the world’s population, accounting for less than 2% of the world’s GDP, and representing less than 2% of any market.“Demography is destiny”, said Auguste Comte, the father of modern sociology, back in the 19th century. Many economists note that one of the key engines of the global economy in the second half of the 20th century was population growth. Moreover, it is extremely difficult to ensure economic growth without increases in “demographic capital”. What fate awaits Russia in view of such unambiguous predictions?","PeriodicalId":305946,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114431581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Marcel Mauss's analysis, the gift exists in the context of a homogenous system of values. But in fact, different types of normative systems can inhabit the same social field. This is the case among Hui, the largest Muslim minority group in China, for whom the “freedom” of the gift resides in the giver's capacity to follow the rules underlying gifting, in this case, the rules of sharia. I call this capacity “minjian (unofficial, popular) autonomy.” Hui follow sharia in pursuit of a good life, but their practices are also informed by mainstream Han Chinese gift practices and by the anxieties of the security state. In their gifting practices, Hui thus endeavor to reconcile the demands of Islamic, postsocialist, and gift economies.
{"title":"Sharia, Charity, and Minjian Autonomy in Muslim China: Gift Giving in a Plural World","authors":"M. Erie","doi":"10.1111/AMET.12307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/AMET.12307","url":null,"abstract":"In Marcel Mauss's analysis, the gift exists in the context of a homogenous system of values. But in fact, different types of normative systems can inhabit the same social field. This is the case among Hui, the largest Muslim minority group in China, for whom the “freedom” of the gift resides in the giver's capacity to follow the rules underlying gifting, in this case, the rules of sharia. I call this capacity “minjian (unofficial, popular) autonomy.” Hui follow sharia in pursuit of a good life, but their practices are also informed by mainstream Han Chinese gift practices and by the anxieties of the security state. In their gifting practices, Hui thus endeavor to reconcile the demands of Islamic, postsocialist, and gift economies.","PeriodicalId":305946,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Economic Systems (Sub-Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122056158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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