The aim of article is to introduce to political life of polish emigration in United Kingdom in the years 1945-1990. In this paper I intend to present the history of polish emigres in Great Britain, which were forming Republic in exile - Poland beyond Poland. In the post-war period polish emigres were developing polish political scene basing on principles expressed in the Constitution of 1935. The main entities which shaping the emigration policy were President and the Government in exile, as well as the Parliament's substitute in the form of National Councils. Moreover, pre-war political parties were also important in polish political life in United Kingdom. They shaped the identity of emigration. The main goal of the Republic in exile was realized - centre of power in exile has retained a deposit of legality and continuity of the state. It became a symbol of independent Poland, which lasted despite the fact that the whole world turned away from it.
{"title":"REPUBLIC IN EXILE ͵ POLITICAL LIFE OF POLISH EMIGRATION IN UNITED KINGDOM AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR","authors":"M. Dworski","doi":"10.12775/TSM.2017.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TSM.2017.008","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of article is to introduce to political life of polish emigration in United Kingdom in the years 1945-1990. In this paper I intend to present the history of polish emigres in Great Britain, which were forming Republic in exile - Poland beyond Poland. In the post-war period polish emigres were developing polish political scene basing on principles expressed in the Constitution of 1935. The main entities which shaping the emigration policy were President and the Government in exile, as well as the Parliament's substitute in the form of National Councils. Moreover, pre-war political parties were also important in polish political life in United Kingdom. They shaped the identity of emigration. The main goal of the Republic in exile was realized - centre of power in exile has retained a deposit of legality and continuity of the state. It became a symbol of independent Poland, which lasted despite the fact that the whole world turned away from it.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"1217 1","pages":"101-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77862248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing power of the PRC implies a change in the international and security policy of the country, and even the perception of the international environment by the members of the CPC. The White Paper of Defence , published every two years by the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China aims to explain the ongoing evolution. The present paper studies in depth the Chinese point of view of the potential challenges for security in the region of Asia and the Pacific.
{"title":"CHINA AND ASIAͳPACIFIC REGION IN CHINA’S MILITARY STRATEGY","authors":"Patrycja Rutkowska, Marcin Adamczyk","doi":"10.12775/TSM.2017.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TSM.2017.007","url":null,"abstract":"The growing power of the PRC implies a change in the international and security policy of the country, and even the perception of the international environment by the members of the CPC. The White Paper of Defence , published every two years by the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China aims to explain the ongoing evolution. The present paper studies in depth the Chinese point of view of the potential challenges for security in the region of Asia and the Pacific.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"42 1","pages":"83-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79967517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Articles in Foreign Affairs have always been an informative collection of opinions, which allowed understanding how the U.S., and especially its intellectuals that comment on international relations, perceive other countries and their foreign policies. Then when an international crisis comes, such as the one in Ukraine in 2014 and the subsequent annexation of Crimea, one wonders if the Western analysts might have predicted such outcome. The article analyzes more than three dozen Foreign Affairs publications from 1999 to 2013 and concludes that the authors held rather close-minded views when it comes to foreign policy analysis. They did not present a holistic standpoint, but tried to answer all questions with only a limited number of tools and foci. It is also concluded that combining the realist, liberal internationalist and constructivist attitudes would have allowed for a more comprehensive analysis of the process of creation of Russian foreign policy.
{"title":"DIFFERENT FOCI OF FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS IN „FOREIGN AFFAIRS”: RUSSIAN POLICY TOWARDS THE WEST IN 1999͵2013","authors":"Piotr Walewicz","doi":"10.12775/TSM.2017.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TSM.2017.005","url":null,"abstract":"Articles in Foreign Affairs have always been an informative collection of opinions, which allowed understanding how the U.S., and especially its intellectuals that comment on international relations, perceive other countries and their foreign policies. Then when an international crisis comes, such as the one in Ukraine in 2014 and the subsequent annexation of Crimea, one wonders if the Western analysts might have predicted such outcome. The article analyzes more than three dozen Foreign Affairs publications from 1999 to 2013 and concludes that the authors held rather close-minded views when it comes to foreign policy analysis. They did not present a holistic standpoint, but tried to answer all questions with only a limited number of tools and foci. It is also concluded that combining the realist, liberal internationalist and constructivist attitudes would have allowed for a more comprehensive analysis of the process of creation of Russian foreign policy.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"64 1","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89521216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The annexation of Crimea by Russia in February 2014 and the ongoing conflict in Eastern Ukraine changed the security environment in Europe and led to a new global confrontation between Russia and NATO countries. It has also influenced the priorities and capabilities of the military modernization in Russia. On the military level, the conflict led to the formation of two strong contingents in the Russian army – in Crimea and near the borders with Ukraine. On the economic level, Western and Ukrainian sanctions forced Moscow to cut its budget for the military industrial complex and consider import substitution, which have negative short-term and long-term effects for the Russian army. On the strategic level, the Russian leadership began to perceive the probability of a direct conflict with NATO to be higher than ever since 1991.
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE ON THE MODERNIZATION OF THE RUSSIAN ARMED FORCES SINCE 2014","authors":"V. Mykhailyshyn","doi":"10.12775/TSM.2017.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TSM.2017.004","url":null,"abstract":"The annexation of Crimea by Russia in February 2014 and the ongoing conflict in Eastern Ukraine changed the security environment in Europe and led to a new global confrontation between Russia and NATO countries. It has also influenced the priorities and capabilities of the military modernization in Russia. On the military level, the conflict led to the formation of two strong contingents in the Russian army – in Crimea and near the borders with Ukraine. On the economic level, Western and Ukrainian sanctions forced Moscow to cut its budget for the military industrial complex and consider import substitution, which have negative short-term and long-term effects for the Russian army. On the strategic level, the Russian leadership began to perceive the probability of a direct conflict with NATO to be higher than ever since 1991.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"14 1","pages":"39-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78530845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper covers the issues related to the Polish model of trade secret protection from the angle of harmonizing the European Union regulations stemming from the provisions of the Directive 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure.
{"title":"THE UNIFORMIZATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF TRADE SECRET PROTECTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LAW ͵ THE IMPLICATIONS FOR POLISH LAW. A STUDY OF SELECTED ISSUES","authors":"Monika Bartczak","doi":"10.12775/TSM.2017.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TSM.2017.011","url":null,"abstract":"This paper covers the issues related to the Polish model of trade secret protection from the angle of harmonizing the European Union regulations stemming from the provisions of the Directive 2016/943 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"64 1","pages":"139-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89476582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The American-North Korean conflict on nuclear weapons has been making headlines for a long time. The potential of both countries is unquestionable and has an enormous influence on the entire world. The nuclear dispute between the United States and the DPRK began with the Korean War in 1950s and has been growing since. North Korea has strengthen its nuclear capability and is threatening the United States, the territory of Guam island, and the entire human nation. The regime is the only country which has tested nuclear weapons in the 21 st century. The American government has been raising the sanctions against Pyongyang and China has been trying to invite both sides for negotiations and to ease the worsening tensions on the peninsula. Washington puts a lot of hopes into Beijing being able to handle the threats from North Korea, but Chinese claim they do not have enough leverage to hamper Kim Jong Un’s regime. North Koreans, living under the constant control from the regime and propaganda, are separated from their families and the rest of the world. The Winter Olympics, which will be held by South Korea in February, 2018, gave both Koreas a chance to talk and to participate in the event together again, and maybe it is a possibility for the two sides to negotiate further agreements.
长期以来，美朝在核武器问题上的冲突一直是头条新闻。两国的潜力是毋庸置疑的，对整个世界都有巨大的影响。美国和朝鲜之间的核争端始于20世纪50年代的朝鲜战争，此后一直在加剧。北韩加强了核能力，威胁着美国和关岛领土，威胁着全人类。朝鲜政权是21世纪唯一进行过核武器试验的国家。美国政府一直在提高对平壤的制裁，中国一直在试图邀请双方进行谈判，以缓解朝鲜半岛日益恶化的紧张局势。华盛顿对北京能够应对朝鲜的威胁寄予厚望，但中国声称，他们没有足够的影响力来阻碍金正恩(Kim Jong Un)政权。朝鲜人生活在政权和宣传的持续控制下，与家人和世界其他地方分离。将于2018年2月由韩国主办的冬奥会，给了南北韩再次进行对话和共同参加的机会，双方也有可能就进一步的协议进行协商。
{"title":"The Nuclear Dispute Between the United States and North Korea","authors":"Julia Monika Mysłowska, S. Sosin","doi":"10.12775/TSM.2017.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TSM.2017.006","url":null,"abstract":"The American-North Korean conflict on nuclear weapons has been making headlines for a long time. The potential of both countries is unquestionable and has an enormous influence on the entire world. The nuclear dispute between the United States and the DPRK began with the Korean War in 1950s and has been growing since. North Korea has strengthen its nuclear capability and is threatening the United States, the territory of Guam island, and the entire human nation. The regime is the only country which has tested nuclear weapons in the 21 st century. The American government has been raising the sanctions against Pyongyang and China has been trying to invite both sides for negotiations and to ease the worsening tensions on the peninsula. Washington puts a lot of hopes into Beijing being able to handle the threats from North Korea, but Chinese claim they do not have enough leverage to hamper Kim Jong Un’s regime. North Koreans, living under the constant control from the regime and propaganda, are separated from their families and the rest of the world. The Winter Olympics, which will be held by South Korea in February, 2018, gave both Koreas a chance to talk and to participate in the event together again, and maybe it is a possibility for the two sides to negotiate further agreements.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"78 1","pages":"71-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73668434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poland interests and her policy are strongly determined by her geopolitical conditions. More than 40 years of people democracy under USSR domination brings in whole region civilization and economic backwardness. After 1989 Poland attempts to “catch up” the Old Europe. Initiative of Three Seas is one of such attempt. Increasing relations with central and southern Europe especially in case of diversification of raw materials – like gas – can bring to region an independence from Russian supplies. Three Seas goes back to conception of Intermarium, and redefine her on amended conditions of modern world. In this article the Authors will present short history of conception Intermarium, main assumptions of polish foreign policy and will try to answer the question is this conception is still present in polish foreign policy, even if in changed form of Three Seas.
{"title":"Migration Policy and the Cross-Border Security","authors":"Andrzej Wawrzusiszyn","doi":"10.12775/TSM.2017.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TSM.2017.003","url":null,"abstract":"Poland interests and her policy are strongly determined by her geopolitical conditions. More than 40 years of people democracy under USSR domination brings in whole region civilization and economic backwardness. After 1989 Poland attempts to “catch up” the Old Europe. Initiative of Three Seas is one of such attempt. Increasing relations with central and southern Europe especially in case of diversification of raw materials – like gas – can bring to region an independence from Russian supplies. Three Seas goes back to conception of Intermarium, and redefine her on amended conditions of modern world. In this article the Authors will present short history of conception Intermarium, main assumptions of polish foreign policy and will try to answer the question is this conception is still present in polish foreign policy, even if in changed form of Three Seas.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"542 1","pages":"29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85663275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poland interests and her policy are strongly determined by her geopolitical conditions. More than 40 years of people democracy under USSR domination brings in whole region civilization and economic backwardness. After 1989 Poland attempts to “catch up” the Old Europe. Initiative of Three Seas is one of such attempt. Increasing relations with central and southern Europe especially in case of diversification of raw materials – like gas – can bring to region an independence from Russian supplies. Three Seas goes back to conception of Intermarium, and redefine her on amended conditions of modern world. In this article the Authors will present short history of conception Intermarium, main assumptions of polish foreign policy and will try to answer the question is this conception is still present in polish foreign policy, even if in changed form of Three Seas.
{"title":"Conception of Intermarium in Polish Foreign Policy in XXI Century","authors":"N. Tomaszewska, Adam Starzyk","doi":"10.12775/TSM.2017.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TSM.2017.002","url":null,"abstract":"Poland interests and her policy are strongly determined by her geopolitical conditions. More than 40 years of people democracy under USSR domination brings in whole region civilization and economic backwardness. After 1989 Poland attempts to “catch up” the Old Europe. Initiative of Three Seas is one of such attempt. Increasing relations with central and southern Europe especially in case of diversification of raw materials – like gas – can bring to region an independence from Russian supplies. Three Seas goes back to conception of Intermarium, and redefine her on amended conditions of modern world. In this article the Authors will present short history of conception Intermarium, main assumptions of polish foreign policy and will try to answer the question is this conception is still present in polish foreign policy, even if in changed form of Three Seas.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"15-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87910138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The topic of the work below is the development of fair trade ideas over the years. By analyzing reports, websites, and newspaper reports, I have been able to compare the work of fair trade organizations. The social movement has transformed the activity into fully professional non-governmental organizations. However, the international and international institutions have become increasingly popular. The development of the concept has a significant impact on the quality of life of people in developing countries. Through the promotion of promotional and educational campaigns, the awareness of both consumers and small producers who are able to create their own networks increases. Idea Fair Trade turned out to be hope for the fight against poverty, disproportions in the world. Through trade we are able to support developing countries. The emergence of international organizations allows for the control of these processes, as well as the development of concept and control of activities. The aim of the article is to show the proces of developing and giving the idea of fair trade.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF FAIR TRADE IDEAS","authors":"A. Czarnecka","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2017.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2017.001","url":null,"abstract":"The topic of the work below is the development of fair trade ideas over the years. By analyzing reports, websites, and newspaper reports, I have been able to compare the work of fair trade organizations. The social movement has transformed the activity into fully professional non-governmental organizations. However, the international and international institutions have become increasingly popular. The development of the concept has a significant impact on the quality of life of people in developing countries. Through the promotion of promotional and educational campaigns, the awareness of both consumers and small producers who are able to create their own networks increases. Idea Fair Trade turned out to be hope for the fight against poverty, disproportions in the world. Through trade we are able to support developing countries. The emergence of international organizations allows for the control of these processes, as well as the development of concept and control of activities. The aim of the article is to show the proces of developing and giving the idea of fair trade.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"81 1","pages":"5-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83916450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the following work is to analyse the external threats of economic security of a state. Polish economy was under deepened research, but one on the main advantages of the work are various international comparisons, both with developing countries (mainly East-Central Europe) as well as with highly developed ones. Main caesura includes years 2004-2015 and is dictated by the availability of comparable and complete statistics data, but in many cases longer period references were also done (as long as data allowed it).
{"title":"External financial security of the state","authors":"M. Redo, P. Siemiątkowski","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2017.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2017.100","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the following work is to analyse the external threats of economic security of a state. Polish economy was under deepened research, but one on the main advantages of the work are various international comparisons, both with developing countries (mainly East-Central Europe) as well as with highly developed ones. Main caesura includes years 2004-2015 and is dictated by the availability of comparable and complete statistics data, but in many cases longer period references were also done (as long as data allowed it).","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80128010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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