Knowing that Romanians represent the largest community of immigrants from Italy, the main aim of this paper is to study the status of these immigrants on the Italian labour market. Using statistical tests, random-effects ordered logistic regressions and generalized ridge regression model based on the survey data, the results showed significant differences between the number of males and females for Romanian immigrants in the period 2006-2018. Females have more chances than males to be active and to be employed on the Italian labour market due to their stability in services sector. Young people are more active and have more chances to be employed compared to old ones. The number of Romanian unemployed immigrants from Italy depends on tax rate, on low wage earners, adult participation in learning and harmonized index of consumer price.
{"title":"THE STATUS ON LABOUR MARKET OF THE ROMANIAN IMMIGRANTS FROM ITALY","authors":"M. Simionescu","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2020.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2020.003","url":null,"abstract":"Knowing that Romanians represent the largest community of immigrants from Italy, the main aim of this paper is to study the status of these immigrants on the Italian labour market. Using statistical tests, random-effects ordered logistic regressions and generalized ridge regression model based on the survey data, the results showed significant differences between the number of males and females for Romanian immigrants in the period 2006-2018. Females have more chances than males to be active and to be employed on the Italian labour market due to their stability in services sector. Young people are more active and have more chances to be employed compared to old ones. The number of Romanian unemployed immigrants from Italy depends on tax rate, on low wage earners, adult participation in learning and harmonized index of consumer price.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"90 1","pages":"31-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86611144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article seeks to examine the rigor of civilizational values in modern international law as a crucial factor and how historically different civilizational values have inculcated different approaches to international law. While critiquing the civilizational rhetoric built by European nations in creating Eurocentric international law, this article illuminates how international law has been perceived by China and Russia following their historical complexities as unique states. The results emerging from this paper will demonstrate the diversity in international law in across different countries.
{"title":"TRACING THE CIVILIZATIONAL INFLUENCES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHINESE AND RUSSIAN APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL LAW","authors":"P. Amarasinghe, S. Rajhans","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.001","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to examine the rigor of civilizational values in modern international law as a crucial factor and how historically different civilizational values have inculcated different approaches to international law. While critiquing the civilizational rhetoric built by European nations in creating Eurocentric international law, this article illuminates how international law has been perceived by China and Russia following their historical complexities as unique states. The results emerging from this paper will demonstrate the diversity in international law in across different countries.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"4 1","pages":"5-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78337178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with war, as experienced by human beings. The authors agree that war is materially and psychosocially costly. They present experts’ opinions who professionally examined emotions and attention issues as well as dealt with the problems related to the psychological aspects of war. The main conclusion is that it is impossible to take part in a real war without experiencing strong emotions and incurring high psychological costs associated with participation in war operations. Death, injury, sexual violence, malnutrition, illness and disability are examples of the most dramatic physical consequences, and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety are some of the effects of emotional disorders. War also contributes to disrupting the normal course of family and social life, causing suffering to people, which is very characteristic of the course of hostilities. This paper shows how people, who experienced war, respond to traumas and it presents different views on possible reactions. It also lists the consequences of psychological nature caused by hybrid warfare.
{"title":"HYBRID WAR AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES","authors":"Piotr Pacek, O. Truszczyński","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.002","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with war, as experienced by human beings. The authors agree that war is materially and psychosocially costly. They present experts’ opinions who professionally examined emotions and attention issues as well as dealt with the problems related to the psychological aspects of war. The main conclusion is that it is impossible to take part in a real war without experiencing strong emotions and incurring high psychological costs associated with participation in war operations. Death, injury, sexual violence, malnutrition, illness and disability are examples of the most dramatic physical consequences, and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety are some of the effects of emotional disorders. War also contributes to disrupting the normal course of family and social life, causing suffering to people, which is very characteristic of the course of hostilities. This paper shows how people, who experienced war, respond to traumas and it presents different views on possible reactions. It also lists the consequences of psychological nature caused by hybrid warfare.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80171089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of corruption on the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, from 2012 till 2018. The study attempts to answer the question: “What effect does corruption have upon the volume of foreign direct investment inflow to a country?” Using the statistical data from UNCTAD for foreign direct investment and Corruption Perception Index from Transparency International, for a period of 7 years, 2012-2018, we assess the specific influence of corruption on FDI using GDP as the control variable. A regression model was developed to establish the relationship between FDI and Corruption Perception Index. Co-integrating Regression analysis was carried out using relevant econometric techniques. The model is based on a theoretical approach found in relevant economic literature. The paper findings confirm the majority of modern literature and show a negative significant correlation between the variables analyzed, but at a lower intensity than expected.
{"title":"The assessment of corruption impact on the inflow of foreign direct investment (in the case of Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan).","authors":"T. Zhorzholiani","doi":"10.12775/tis.2019.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2019.012","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of corruption on the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, from 2012 till 2018. The study attempts to answer the question: “What effect does corruption have upon the volume of foreign direct investment inflow to a country?” Using the statistical data from UNCTAD for foreign direct investment and Corruption Perception Index from Transparency International, for a period of 7 years, 2012-2018, we assess the specific influence of corruption on FDI using GDP as the control variable. A regression model was developed to establish the relationship between FDI and Corruption Perception Index. Co-integrating Regression analysis was carried out using relevant econometric techniques. The model is based on a theoretical approach found in relevant economic literature. The paper findings confirm the majority of modern literature and show a negative significant correlation between the variables analyzed, but at a lower intensity than expected.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"181-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87032046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Political communication is a major factor in the democratisation of power relations, since the latter are based on public policy, ensuring a constant interconnection between political actors at all levels. Through political communication, it is possible to overcome the contradictions that complicate the democratisation of society. The article is a critical examination of the present-day communication interaction between the citizens and the government of Ukraine. The term developed here to describe this phenomenon is the communication discord between the citizens and the government provoked by the heterogeneity of interests and goals of society and factors associated with the activity of the government. Communication policy of the government is aimed at involving citizens in the decision-making process while communication activity of the citizens is oriented on the formation of public opinion, the exchange of ideas and arguments and, later on, on the influence on the government and the decision-making process. The distinction of these two communication processes is also facilitated by the tendency of mediatisation of communications in the modern world, related to technical development, the Internet and social media. Models of the communication interaction between the government and society are researched. Recommendations to improve the political communication of Ukraine’s Government are developed.
{"title":"POLITICAL COMMUNICATION DISCORD BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND THE CITIZENS: THE CASE OF UKRAINE","authors":"N. Karpchuk, B. Yuskiv","doi":"10.12775/tis.2019.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2019.010","url":null,"abstract":"Political communication is a major factor in the democratisation of power relations, since the latter are based on public policy, ensuring a constant interconnection between political actors at all levels. Through political communication, it is possible to overcome the contradictions that complicate the democratisation of society. The article is a critical examination of the present-day communication interaction between the citizens and the government of Ukraine. The term developed here to describe this phenomenon is the communication discord between the citizens and the government provoked by the heterogeneity of interests and goals of society and factors associated with the activity of the government. Communication policy of the government is aimed at involving citizens in the decision-making process while communication activity of the citizens is oriented on the formation of public opinion, the exchange of ideas and arguments and, later on, on the influence on the government and the decision-making process. The distinction of these two communication processes is also facilitated by the tendency of mediatisation of communications in the modern world, related to technical development, the Internet and social media. Models of the communication interaction between the government and society are researched. Recommendations to improve the political communication of Ukraine’s Government are developed.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88511051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper addresses the problem of the relation between ressentiment and Islamic terrorism. The analyses of that correspondence are carried out on the basis of reflections of Friedrich Nietzsche, a renowned German scholar and creator of the first theory of ressentiment, and two American researchers – Lauren Langman and Douglas Morris. In the author’s view, the transition from ressentiment to terrorism essentially stem from the mechanism of the revaluation of values and the reaction to its final product, namely compensatory values, that manifest itself in the form of fundamentalism and fanatism.
{"title":"INFERIORITY AND VIOLENCE - ISLAMIST TERRORISM SEEN AGAINST THE RESSENTIMENT THEORY","authors":"E. Posłuszna","doi":"10.12775/tis.2019.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2019.011","url":null,"abstract":"The paper addresses the problem of the relation between ressentiment and Islamic terrorism. The analyses of that correspondence are carried out on the basis of reflections of Friedrich Nietzsche, a renowned German scholar and creator of the first theory of ressentiment, and two American researchers – Lauren Langman and Douglas Morris. In the author’s view, the transition from ressentiment to terrorism essentially stem from the mechanism of the revaluation of values and the reaction to its final product, namely compensatory values, that manifest itself in the form of fundamentalism and fanatism.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75153887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since returning to the post of prime minister in 2012, Abe Shinzō has been promoting Japan’s active posture in maintaining international stability in the Asia-Pacific. Abe’s vision of the new international order in the region has been based on Tokyo’s alliance with Washington, both in the security and economic spheres. Through legalization of Japan’s participation in collective self-defense pacts and revision of the Guidelines for Japan–US Defense Cooperation in 2015, Abe strengthened the Japan–US alliance. In parallel, he promoted Japan’s participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), which however was realized as Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership without the Trump administration’s participation. In addition, Tokyo has been negotiating Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), Japan–China–Republic of Korea Trilateral Free Trade Agreement, and Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific. The article argues that while initially the Japanese prime minister’s regional initiatives were aimed at counterbalancing China’s rise, they gradually started putting more emphasis on engaging China in international cooperation. Applying a neoclassical-realist methodology, this study examines both the international and the domestic determinants of Japan’s shift in approach towards the new international order.
{"title":"From Counterbalancing to Engaging China: Shift in Japan’s Approach towards the New International Order in the Asia-Pacific under the Second Abe Administration","authors":"K. Żakowski","doi":"10.12775/tis.2019.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2019.009","url":null,"abstract":"Since returning to the post of prime minister in 2012, Abe Shinzō has been promoting Japan’s active posture in maintaining international stability in the Asia-Pacific. Abe’s vision of the new international order in the region has been based on Tokyo’s alliance with Washington, both in the security and economic spheres. Through legalization of Japan’s participation in collective self-defense pacts and revision of the Guidelines for Japan–US Defense Cooperation in 2015, Abe strengthened the Japan–US alliance. In parallel, he promoted Japan’s participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), which however was realized as Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership without the Trump administration’s participation. In addition, Tokyo has been negotiating Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), Japan–China–Republic of Korea Trilateral Free Trade Agreement, and Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific. The article argues that while initially the Japanese prime minister’s regional initiatives were aimed at counterbalancing China’s rise, they gradually started putting more emphasis on engaging China in international cooperation. Applying a neoclassical-realist methodology, this study examines both the international and the domestic determinants of Japan’s shift in approach towards the new international order.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"143-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78598550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article attempts to present what seems to be of critical importance to the planet in terms of the influence on the life of all of us, namely the current changes occurring in the Arctic, as well as tries to show how complex the issue is. The main theme is the climate, presented also in a historical perspective. The work will also present the interesting connection between the Arctic and the two Nobel Peace Prize winners: one of the year 2007, namely Albert Arnold "Al" Gore, Jr., and the other of the year 2010 to Liu Xiaobo of China, which brought us international tensions and affected Arctic deliberations as well. In addition, the work endeavors to describe briefly the role of the Arctic Council in responding to the problem and presents the countries vying for the participation in it, including their possible reasons for doing so. Through the example of China, a fairly new country with the permanent observer status in the Arctic Council, the author attempts to present the complexity of international relations and diversified interests of separate countries and organizations, as well as evaluates some potential developments in the Arctic geopolitical sphere.
{"title":"The Arctic: Numerous Interests and Multiple Players","authors":"Roman S. Czarny","doi":"10.12775/tis.2019.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2019.008","url":null,"abstract":"The article attempts to present what seems to be of critical importance to the planet in terms of the influence on the life of all of us, namely the current changes occurring in the Arctic, as well as tries to show how complex the issue is. The main theme is the climate, presented also in a historical perspective. The work will also present the interesting connection between the Arctic and the two Nobel Peace Prize winners: one of the year 2007, namely Albert Arnold \"Al\" Gore, Jr., and the other of the year 2010 to Liu Xiaobo of China, which brought us international tensions and affected Arctic deliberations as well. In addition, the work endeavors to describe briefly the role of the Arctic Council in responding to the problem and presents the countries vying for the participation in it, including their possible reasons for doing so. Through the example of China, a fairly new country with the permanent observer status in the Arctic Council, the author attempts to present the complexity of international relations and diversified interests of separate countries and organizations, as well as evaluates some potential developments in the Arctic geopolitical sphere.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89684465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is difficult to characterize the Russian society as completely active or passive due to the high voter turnout, but simultaneously, a low level of involvement in political life. The research focuses on determining the extent of activity/passivity of the Russian society in the years 2000 – 2012. Results of the analysis revealed a degree of participation of the Russian citizens in the electoral decision-making process and their involvement in political life. It was answered to the question: to what extent Russian legislation allows society to participate in the political life, by estimating a political activity index (W ap(ap) ). Additionally, the political activity correlate index (W ap(k) ) was checked, that enable to correct the obtained result on the basis of legal provisions according to the real dimension of the Russian political activity.
{"title":"Between political apathy and political passivity. The case of modern Russian society","authors":"M. Prokop, Arleta Hrehorowicz","doi":"10.12775/tis.2019.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2019.007","url":null,"abstract":"It is difficult to characterize the Russian society as completely active or passive due to the high voter turnout, but simultaneously, a low level of involvement in political life. The research focuses on determining the extent of activity/passivity of the Russian society in the years 2000 – 2012. Results of the analysis revealed a degree of participation of the Russian citizens in the electoral decision-making process and their involvement in political life. It was answered to the question: to what extent Russian legislation allows society to participate in the political life, by estimating a political activity index (W ap(ap) ). Additionally, the political activity correlate index (W ap(k) ) was checked, that enable to correct the obtained result on the basis of legal provisions according to the real dimension of the Russian political activity.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"21 1","pages":"109-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78672344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The modern challenges of world economy and conditions in which the state exists provide the opportunity to emphasize that competitiveness of national economy in the world market is the key determinant in the state’s prosperity path. The research is focused on the performance of competitiveness of the Irish economy in global rankings (IMD and WEF). The obtained results allow demonstrating not only the rank of Ireland, but also determining the factors of its economic growth and those, which still should be improved. This study became a benchmark for recommendations to Irish economy in ensuring the long-term growth.
{"title":"IRELAND’S COMPETITIVENESS PERFORMANCE: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS","authors":"A. Kordonska","doi":"10.12775/tis.2019.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2019.006","url":null,"abstract":"The modern challenges of world economy and conditions in which the state exists provide the opportunity to emphasize that competitiveness of national economy in the world market is the key determinant in the state’s prosperity path. The research is focused on the performance of competitiveness of the Irish economy in global rankings (IMD and WEF). The obtained results allow demonstrating not only the rank of Ireland, but also determining the factors of its economic growth and those, which still should be improved. This study became a benchmark for recommendations to Irish economy in ensuring the long-term growth.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":"89-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76413455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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