Social influence is not identical in each country or society, since activity of biggest corporations is so diverse. A lot of factors – both on the corporation side, as individual countries regulations – influence it, as well as societies and local communities specification. The aim of this article is to characterize the influence of transnational corporations on local communities safety on the example of Amazon.com corporation. Authors compared instances of two countries, in which this company runs le. Poland and Great Britain. Due to differences in conditions of functioning on these markets (e.g. on the level of economic growth or society), comparison of these two cases can give interesting results. An additional asset is the fact that author was an Amazon employee and he made many absorbing observations about the meaning of working in this corporation for members of local communities. The presence of transnational corporations in local area has a significant impact on local communities safety, because of influence on key needs of local societies members’ in terms of safety. The main thing is employment and salary. Very often huge logistics centres or manufacturing plants become the key employer in the region.
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS ON SOCIETY’S SAFETY BASED ON ACTIVITY OF AMAZON.COM IN POLAND AND GREAT BRITAIN","authors":"Artur Siemiątkowski","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2016.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2016.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Social influence is not identical in each country or society, since activity of biggest corporations is so diverse. A lot of factors – both on the corporation side, as individual countries regulations – influence it, as well as societies and local communities specification. The aim of this article is to characterize the influence of transnational corporations on local communities safety on the example of Amazon.com corporation. Authors compared instances of two countries, in which this company runs le. Poland and Great Britain. Due to differences in conditions of functioning on these markets (e.g. on the level of economic growth or society), comparison of these two cases can give interesting results. An additional asset is the fact that author was an Amazon employee and he made many absorbing observations about the meaning of working in this corporation for members of local communities. The presence of transnational corporations in local area has a significant impact on local communities safety, because of influence on key needs of local societies members’ in terms of safety. The main thing is employment and salary. Very often huge logistics centres or manufacturing plants become the key employer in the region.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"131-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85502220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Migration crisis is currently one of the biggest challenges facing EU states. Te role of this issue in the German socio-political discourse in 2015–2016 is the main focus of the analysis presented in this paper. Among all members of the EU, Germany accepted majority of the migrants as a result of opening the borders in the late summer 2015.
{"title":"Contemporary migration crisis in Europe and its impact on socio-political situation in Germany","authors":"Krzysztof Garczewski","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2016.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2016.011","url":null,"abstract":"Migration crisis is currently one of the biggest challenges facing EU states. Te role of this issue in the German socio-political discourse in 2015–2016 is the main focus of the analysis presented in this paper. Among all members of the EU, Germany accepted majority of the migrants as a result of opening the borders in the late summer 2015.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"45 1","pages":"121-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73755126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Credit rating agencies play an important role in the world due to the fact that rating has become a reliable indicator of the evaluation of a debt investment. A reliable agency that is globally recognised ought to be independent, objective, professional, ethical and substantive. Rating itself constitutes an opinion that concerns the possibility of servicing of payment obligations made by a given entity. It is also frequently defined as an independent and objective evaluation of credit risk of a given entity wishing to contract a debt. Rating is a dynamic category concerning the future, therefore each forecast is surrounded by uncertainty. Ratings of individual agencies may differ considerably. The aim of the article is to discuss the role of international rating as a credibility measure of a state, the role of credit rating agencies, of the rules of rating and of the level of rating for the countries of the European Union, especially given the fact that rating for a country is reflected in its credibility and attractiveness.
{"title":"International rating as a creditworthiness measure of a state","authors":"J. Ciak, Rafał Półkarz","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2016.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2016.010","url":null,"abstract":"Credit rating agencies play an important role in the world due to the fact that rating has become a reliable indicator of the evaluation of a debt investment. A reliable agency that is globally recognised ought to be independent, objective, professional, ethical and substantive. Rating itself constitutes an opinion that concerns the possibility of servicing of payment obligations made by a given entity. It is also frequently defined as an independent and objective evaluation of credit risk of a given entity wishing to contract a debt. Rating is a dynamic category concerning the future, therefore each forecast is surrounded by uncertainty. Ratings of individual agencies may differ considerably. The aim of the article is to discuss the role of international rating as a credibility measure of a state, the role of credit rating agencies, of the rules of rating and of the level of rating for the countries of the European Union, especially given the fact that rating for a country is reflected in its credibility and attractiveness.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"111-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85604482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the last decades, the international flow of investments considerably grew. They increased dynamically until 2008, when the sudden decline occurred, being caused by the global economic crisis. It had a direct bearing on the structure and the proportions of the internal investment position of many countries. The present paper conducts the analysis of the changes in international investment position rating of European Union member states. With that purpose in mind, the statistical method of linear regression by Hellwig was used.
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ON THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT POSITION OF EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES","authors":"P. Siemiątkowski","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2016.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2016.009","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades, the international flow of investments considerably grew. They increased dynamically until 2008, when the sudden decline occurred, being caused by the global economic crisis. It had a direct bearing on the structure and the proportions of the internal investment position of many countries. The present paper conducts the analysis of the changes in international investment position rating of European Union member states. With that purpose in mind, the statistical method of linear regression by Hellwig was used.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"100 1","pages":"103-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81037090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of this paper is to analyze the mutual relationship between the right to strike as well as its frequency and the opposite guaranteed to employers – right to lockout in accordance with labour law regulations of the selected European States. Subsidiary, the author will also focus on the provisions within the Council of Europe (especially the regulations of the revised version of the European Social Charter and the judicial practice of the European Committee of Social Rights) as well as the provisions enacted by European Union institutions. One of the main thesis of the article hereto is the presumption that the lack of the common standard among the States of the Council of Europe causes significant differences regarding the acceptable scope of the right to strike and lockout. Such differences may adversely impact the domestic and international economy and trade relationships as well as are of particular significance in the light of postulate of economic, social and cultural rights protection. The conducted analysis will present the Constitutional guarantees as well as concrete labour law provisions, regarding not only recognition of the rights to strike or lockout, but also the bargaining system as well as practical dimension of the labour rights, such as for instance days not worked and the number of workers involved in industrial action. To genuinely present the aforesaid data, the author will rely mainly on the database of International Labour Organzation (ILO) and European Trade Union Institute (ETUI), selected conclusions of the European Committee of Social Rights and the statement of the chosen representatives of European labour law doctrine. The principal purpose of the article is therefore to attempt to establish an optimal model of future European standard providing an accurate base between rights of workers and interests of employers with the benefit for economy.
{"title":"Mutual relationship between frequency of the right to strike and recognition of the right to lockout within the legal system of selected european states","authors":"Hanna Wiczanowska","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2016.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2016.008","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this paper is to analyze the mutual relationship between the right to strike as well as its frequency and the opposite guaranteed to employers – right to lockout in accordance with labour law regulations of the selected European States. Subsidiary, the author will also focus on the provisions within the Council of Europe (especially the regulations of the revised version of the European Social Charter and the judicial practice of the European Committee of Social Rights) as well as the provisions enacted by European Union institutions. One of the main thesis of the article hereto is the presumption that the lack of the common standard among the States of the Council of Europe causes significant differences regarding the acceptable scope of the right to strike and lockout. Such differences may adversely impact the domestic and international economy and trade relationships as well as are of particular significance in the light of postulate of economic, social and cultural rights protection. The conducted analysis will present the Constitutional guarantees as well as concrete labour law provisions, regarding not only recognition of the rights to strike or lockout, but also the bargaining system as well as practical dimension of the labour rights, such as for instance days not worked and the number of workers involved in industrial action. To genuinely present the aforesaid data, the author will rely mainly on the database of International Labour Organzation (ILO) and European Trade Union Institute (ETUI), selected conclusions of the European Committee of Social Rights and the statement of the chosen representatives of European labour law doctrine. The principal purpose of the article is therefore to attempt to establish an optimal model of future European standard providing an accurate base between rights of workers and interests of employers with the benefit for economy.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"150 1","pages":"87-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78595954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to provide a general insight into the questionable nascence of the international custom in the context of cybersecurity and the most relevant attempt to draft a document regarding the subject matter from the Western perspective, taking into account the lack of any widely accepted international convention regarding the cyber security. Moreover, the paper analyzes legal requirements for finding a state responsible for a cyber attack by means of Article 2 of the ILC’s Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. Specifically, it analyzes legal requirements necessary to attribute a certain conduct to a state. Also, it considers if cyber attacks in general can be treated as the use of force within the meaning of article 2.4 of the UN Charter. Moreover, it examines whether the doctrine of due diligence can be used while accusing a state for a breach of its international obligations.
{"title":"CYBERWARFARE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES","authors":"Konrad Węgliński","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2016.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2016.007","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to provide a general insight into the questionable nascence of the international custom in the context of cybersecurity and the most relevant attempt to draft a document regarding the subject matter from the Western perspective, taking into account the lack of any widely accepted international convention regarding the cyber security. Moreover, the paper analyzes legal requirements for finding a state responsible for a cyber attack by means of Article 2 of the ILC’s Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. Specifically, it analyzes legal requirements necessary to attribute a certain conduct to a state. Also, it considers if cyber attacks in general can be treated as the use of force within the meaning of article 2.4 of the UN Charter. Moreover, it examines whether the doctrine of due diligence can be used while accusing a state for a breach of its international obligations.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"110 1","pages":"79-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87701803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article deals with problem of trade cooperation and Austrian investment activity in Ukraine over the past 25 years. The purpose of the paper was to find the reasons of interest in Ukraine by Austrian government and financial circles. Data for this study was collected from international documents and diplomatic statements of Austria and Ukraine. The study shows that Austrian investment activity in Ukraine has some good perspectives.
{"title":"Trade cooperation and austrian investment activity in Ukraine","authors":"Yevhenii Safarians","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2016.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2016.004","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with problem of trade cooperation and Austrian investment activity in Ukraine over the past 25 years. The purpose of the paper was to find the reasons of interest in Ukraine by Austrian government and financial circles. Data for this study was collected from international documents and diplomatic statements of Austria and Ukraine. The study shows that Austrian investment activity in Ukraine has some good perspectives.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":"43-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80862372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
More and more results of econometric modeling research are showing the relationship between the value of general government deficit and the costs of public debt service. The correlation analysis conducted for the purposes of this work confirms strong negative dependence between the average general government balance (in relation to GDP) and the average yield of 10-year treasury bonds in 15 Western countries within the EU in the 1995–2015 period (sustaining higher deficits of general government are accompanied with higher costs of public debt service over a long period of time). Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the entire research period amounted to –0,78. This dependence increased after the breakout of the financial crisis – within the 2008–2015 period, Pearson’s r = –0,71, whereas during the 1995–2007 period, it was –0,63, which is consistent with the research results pointing out that the condition of public finances affects the decisions of investors in crises greater than in the relatively calm periods.
{"title":"SUSTAINING GOVERNMENT BUDGET DEFICITS AS A CAUSE FOR THE COST OF PUBLIC DEBT SERVICE INCREASE IN WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN THE 1995-2015 PERIOD","authors":"M. Redo","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2016.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2016.005","url":null,"abstract":"More and more results of econometric modeling research are showing the relationship between the value of general government deficit and the costs of public debt service. The correlation analysis conducted for the purposes of this work confirms strong negative dependence between the average general government balance (in relation to GDP) and the average yield of 10-year treasury bonds in 15 Western countries within the EU in the 1995–2015 period (sustaining higher deficits of general government are accompanied with higher costs of public debt service over a long period of time). Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the entire research period amounted to –0,78. This dependence increased after the breakout of the financial crisis – within the 2008–2015 period, Pearson’s r = –0,71, whereas during the 1995–2007 period, it was –0,63, which is consistent with the research results pointing out that the condition of public finances affects the decisions of investors in crises greater than in the relatively calm periods.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":"57-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72703448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This analysis is about condition of the civil society in Russia. The article raises issues specifics of the operation of selected non-governmental organizations in the Russian Federation, which under the Act of 20 July 2012 have been recognized in Russia as „foreign agents”. At the beginning the author outlines the specific functioning of the whole of the third sector in Russia, then to show the changes that brought this Act. The author analyzes the legal status of these organizations and presents the political consequences of this law. The general thesis of the article is that Putin’s policies since 2012 led to the inhibition the development of civil society in Russia.
{"title":"UNCERTAIN DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN RUSSIA","authors":"E. Wojciechowska","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2016.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2016.006","url":null,"abstract":"This analysis is about condition of the civil society in Russia. The article raises issues specifics of the operation of selected non-governmental organizations in the Russian Federation, which under the Act of 20 July 2012 have been recognized in Russia as „foreign agents”. At the beginning the author outlines the specific functioning of the whole of the third sector in Russia, then to show the changes that brought this Act. The author analyzes the legal status of these organizations and presents the political consequences of this law. The general thesis of the article is that Putin’s policies since 2012 led to the inhibition the development of civil society in Russia.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"67-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83419528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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