The last century of Lithuanian history and the resulting dynamics of political and demographic change have radically transformed the role, meaning and forms of interpretation of Polish heritage in Lithuania. The purpose of the article is to observe the main directions of changes taking place within the cultural memory of Poles living in Lithuania – the largest national minority group in Lithuania. The report presents the processes of changing topicality of Polish heritage in Lithuania in three main areas of active cultural memory: history, art and religion. The first area is represented by objects related to Józef Piłsudski, the second one by the Pohulanka Theatre (now the Russian Drama Theatre) in Vilnius and objects related to Adam Mickiewicz, and the third one by objects related to the cult of Divine Mercy. The article analyses official communication of these memory objects (published by the objects’ owners or official managers) as well as memory practices and rituals carried out in these objects and described on social media and in news articles published in Lithuania in 2017–2019. Observing various types of storage media, in this case, some selected objects of cultural heritage and rituals and texts accompanying them, it is possible to notice processes of variability, exchange, erasing, redefining memory and hence the dynamics of changes in the Polish collective identity in modern Lithuania. The analysis of the formal ritualization and communication of these objects has enabled noticing several interesting trends, above all an occurrence of the phenomenon of polylogue of narratives and the process of universalization of Polish heritage in Lithuania and thus Lithuanian and Polish collective memory approaching each other. The following analysis is valuable as a starting point for reflection on the transformation of the ethnic identity of Poles in Lithuania. The article is one of the first attempts to show * Vytautas Magnus University (Vilnius, Lithuania), e-mail: anna.ewa.pilarczyk-palaitis@vdu.lt 2021, No. 1 (14), pp. 5–18 Published online March, 2021 DOI: h p://dx.doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2021.001
立陶宛上个世纪的历史以及由此产生的政治和人口变化的动态从根本上改变了立陶宛对波兰遗产的解释的作用、意义和形式。本文的目的是观察生活在立陶宛的波兰人——立陶宛最大的少数民族群体——文化记忆中发生变化的主要方向。报告从历史、艺术和宗教三个主要活跃文化记忆领域介绍了立陶宛波兰遗产话题性变化的过程。第一个区域由Józef Piłsudski相关的物品代表，第二个区域由维尔纽斯的Pohulanka剧院(现在的俄罗斯戏剧剧院)和与Adam Mickiewicz有关的物品代表，第三个区域由与神圣慈悲崇拜有关的物品代表。本文分析了这些记忆对象的官方传播(由对象的所有者或官方管理者发布)，以及在这些对象中进行的记忆实践和仪式，并在2017-2019年在立陶宛发表的社交媒体和新闻文章中进行了描述。观察各种类型的存储媒介，在这种情况下，一些选定的文化遗产和仪式以及伴随它们的文本，有可能注意到变化，交换，消除，重新定义记忆的过程，从而在现代立陶宛波兰集体身份的变化动态。通过对这些物品的正式仪式化和交流的分析，我们注意到了几个有趣的趋势，首先是立陶宛出现了叙述的多语现象和波兰遗产的普遍化过程，因此立陶宛和波兰的集体记忆相互接近。以下的分析对于反思立陶宛波兰人族群认同的转变具有重要的出发点。这篇文章是第一次尝试展示* Vytautas Magnus University (Vilnius, Lithuania)， e-mail: anna.ewa.pilarczyk-palaitis@vdu.lt 2021, No. 1 (14)， pp. 5-18于2021年3月在线发表DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2021.001
{"title":"BETWEEN REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING - PROCESSES OF CHANGING TOPICALITY OF POLISH HERITAGE IN CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIA","authors":"Anna Pilarczyk-Palaitis","doi":"10.12775/TIS.2021.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2021.001","url":null,"abstract":"The last century of Lithuanian history and the resulting dynamics of political and demographic change have radically transformed the role, meaning and forms of interpretation of Polish heritage in Lithuania. The purpose of the article is to observe the main directions of changes taking place within the cultural memory of Poles living in Lithuania – the largest national minority group in Lithuania. The report presents the processes of changing topicality of Polish heritage in Lithuania in three main areas of active cultural memory: history, art and religion. The first area is represented by objects related to Józef Piłsudski, the second one by the Pohulanka Theatre (now the Russian Drama Theatre) in Vilnius and objects related to Adam Mickiewicz, and the third one by objects related to the cult of Divine Mercy. The article analyses official communication of these memory objects (published by the objects’ owners or official managers) as well as memory practices and rituals carried out in these objects and described on social media and in news articles published in Lithuania in 2017–2019. Observing various types of storage media, in this case, some selected objects of cultural heritage and rituals and texts accompanying them, it is possible to notice processes of variability, exchange, erasing, redefining memory and hence the dynamics of changes in the Polish collective identity in modern Lithuania. The analysis of the formal ritualization and communication of these objects has enabled noticing several interesting trends, above all an occurrence of the phenomenon of polylogue of narratives and the process of universalization of Polish heritage in Lithuania and thus Lithuanian and Polish collective memory approaching each other. The following analysis is valuable as a starting point for reflection on the transformation of the ethnic identity of Poles in Lithuania. The article is one of the first attempts to show * Vytautas Magnus University (Vilnius, Lithuania), e-mail: anna.ewa.pilarczyk-palaitis@vdu.lt 2021, No. 1 (14), pp. 5–18 Published online March, 2021 DOI: h p://dx.doi.org/10.12775/TIS.2021.001","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88659392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the period of democratisation and mediatisation, public diplomacy became a significant part of foreign policies of many states. Today’s governments notice and appreciated its role in coordinating and implementing strategic activities consisting in shaping such an external environment that supports the foreign policy of a given state by understanding, properly informing and influencing global public opinion. A positive image of the state on the international arena strengthens its credibility and voice in the debate on global issues and policies, which in turn enables it to achieve its goals more effectively. Apart from social and economic spheres, public diplomacy activities may also strive to ensure security and stability in a given part of the world. Thus, the aim of this article is to analyse the phenomenon of public diplomacy and its impact on creating international norms of security. A comparative method used herein is aimed at answering the following question: how does Polish and Swedish public diplomacy activities contribute to creating the world’s peace and security. In the article, the perspective of constructivism referring, among others, to the issue of national identity as a causal factor for states’ activities, was used.
{"title":"USING PUBLIC DIPLOMACY FOR CREATING INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY – THE CASE OF POLAND AND SWEDEN","authors":"Rafał Zajęcki, A. Shuliak, Olesya Fesyk","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.012","url":null,"abstract":"In the period of democratisation and mediatisation, public diplomacy became a significant part of foreign policies of many states. Today’s governments notice and appreciated its role in coordinating and implementing strategic activities consisting in shaping such an external environment that supports the foreign policy of a given state by understanding, properly informing and influencing global public opinion. A positive image of the state on the international arena strengthens its credibility and voice in the debate on global issues and policies, which in turn enables it to achieve its goals more effectively. Apart from social and economic spheres, public diplomacy activities may also strive to ensure security and stability in a given part of the world. Thus, the aim of this article is to analyse the phenomenon of public diplomacy and its impact on creating international norms of security. A comparative method used herein is aimed at answering the following question: how does Polish and Swedish public diplomacy activities contribute to creating the world’s peace and security. In the article, the perspective of constructivism referring, among others, to the issue of national identity as a causal factor for states’ activities, was used.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74940380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integration process of Ukraine into the European Union requires fundamental changes in economic, social, and environmental spheres. The provision for any significant changes should be based on a deep investigation. Corporate Social Responsibility is regarded nowadays as a critical factor for the change management process in economic, social, and environmental spheres. In the present paper, an investigation on Corporate Social Responsibility, as perceived in the European Union in general, and in Ukraine in particular, has been made. The article has been based on the comparison of the data between Ukraine and other European Union countries. Challenges for Corporate Social Responsibility development in Ukrainian corporations have been addressed, followed by a set of recommendations to ensure effective fundamental changes in the integration process through CSR activities.
{"title":"CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF INCREASING COUNTRY COMPETITIVENESS","authors":"P. Brin, Mohamad Nehme, G. Polančič","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.010","url":null,"abstract":"The integration process of Ukraine into the European Union requires fundamental changes in economic, social, and environmental spheres. The provision for any significant changes should be based on a deep investigation. Corporate Social Responsibility is regarded nowadays as a critical factor for the change management process in economic, social, and environmental spheres. In the present paper, an investigation on Corporate Social Responsibility, as perceived in the European Union in general, and in Ukraine in particular, has been made. The article has been based on the comparison of the data between Ukraine and other European Union countries. Challenges for Corporate Social Responsibility development in Ukrainian corporations have been addressed, followed by a set of recommendations to ensure effective fundamental changes in the integration process through CSR activities.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76526794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this research is to establish a methodological background for understating the real estate macro dynamics and the role played by architecture in explaining the real estate market value fluctuations. Although various models of the housing market fluctuations have been developed, the fundamental question of what drives the real estate market value is still peculiarly neglected. Housing market value fluctuations can be largely explained by macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market indicators as well as the social, political and cultural situation. After assessing these fundamentals of the real estate market value, other factors may be added such as short-term dynamics and irrational factors, contributing to an instantaneous unpredictability of the real estate market. Nowadays there is a belief in society that housing is an investment opportunity. An assumption can be made about the speculative and irrational nature of the housing market, having impact on the real estate market value. Comparing the housing market to the stock market, the housing market has much higher cost of carry and complicated administration to it; and therefore, the real estate market is highly inefficient. Because of the irrational nature of human behavior, similarly to stock prices, the housing market is driven by expectations. The originality of this research lies in the fact that irrationality of human behavior suggests looking at other sciences, with architecture being a tool to bring those irrationalities into the real estate market. Given that behavioral economics accounts for a significant part of irrationality of market behavior, the hypothesis can be ventured that architecture, as a human interaction in the process, can have its own causal role in fixing real estate market value.
{"title":"MACRO DYNAMICS OF THE REAL ESTATE MARKET VALUE: TEMPORAL EFFECTS","authors":"Tomas Skripkiūnas, V. Navickas","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.009","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research is to establish a methodological background for understating the real estate macro dynamics and the role played by architecture in explaining the real estate market value fluctuations. Although various models of the housing market fluctuations have been developed, the fundamental question of what drives the real estate market value is still peculiarly neglected. Housing market value fluctuations can be largely explained by macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market indicators as well as the social, political and cultural situation. After assessing these fundamentals of the real estate market value, other factors may be added such as short-term dynamics and irrational factors, contributing to an instantaneous unpredictability of the real estate market. Nowadays there is a belief in society that housing is an investment opportunity. An assumption can be made about the speculative and irrational nature of the housing market, having impact on the real estate market value. Comparing the housing market to the stock market, the housing market has much higher cost of carry and complicated administration to it; and therefore, the real estate market is highly inefficient. Because of the irrational nature of human behavior, similarly to stock prices, the housing market is driven by expectations. The originality of this research lies in the fact that irrationality of human behavior suggests looking at other sciences, with architecture being a tool to bring those irrationalities into the real estate market. Given that behavioral economics accounts for a significant part of irrationality of market behavior, the hypothesis can be ventured that architecture, as a human interaction in the process, can have its own causal role in fixing real estate market value.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"40 1","pages":"119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84763958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the comparative analysis of the specifics of the U.S. and U.K. strategies in the Balkans and the post-Soviet area with the definition and explanation of the differences in the political agenda of these two states. The political decisions of the U.S. and U.K. governments were supposed to create a global Euro-Atlantic security system by the enlargement of NATO and the management of the local conflicts. The transition from unipolar moment to multipolar international system determined U.S. withdrawal from liberal internationalism of the 1990s and its return to the containment strategy of political realism after the annexation of Crimea. The Russian geopolitical position was also analysed as important for understanding the current situation in international relations. The paper consists of five parts which include introduction, an analysis of U.S. and U.K. approaches towards the Balkan wars and Russia, escalation of tensions between the West and Russia caused by these events followed by some conclusions.
{"title":"THE U.S. AND U.K. STRATEGIES TOWARDS RUSSIA AND THE BALKANS SINCE 1991","authors":"Denys Ivanov","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.011","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the comparative analysis of the specifics of the U.S. and U.K. strategies in the Balkans and the post-Soviet area with the definition and explanation of the differences in the political agenda of these two states. The political decisions of the U.S. and U.K. governments were supposed to create a global Euro-Atlantic security system by the enlargement of NATO and the management of the local conflicts. The transition from unipolar moment to multipolar international system determined U.S. withdrawal from liberal internationalism of the 1990s and its return to the containment strategy of political realism after the annexation of Crimea. The Russian geopolitical position was also analysed as important for understanding the current situation in international relations. The paper consists of five parts which include introduction, an analysis of U.S. and U.K. approaches towards the Balkan wars and Russia, escalation of tensions between the West and Russia caused by these events followed by some conclusions.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86838493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today a lot of research is devoted to migration issues, primarily because of its scale. Previously, this problem attracted economists, sociologists, lawyers, today it is a focus of attention of political scientists and researchers of international relations. Modern globalization processes are affecting the international labor market, creating free space for the movement of labor around the world. The steadily increasing trend of labor migration is accounts for the need to study it in its social, economic and political aspects. Virtual migration refers to a new form of transnational economic integration that does not require workers to literally move in physical space. The main purposes of the article are to analyze the reasons and background of virtual of highly skilled workers. The positive and negative aspects of robotization on employment of highly qualified persons in the conditions of globalized world are determined. The aim of the study is also to find the opportunities that the globalized information space offers today to attract labor to international exchange and to justify on this basis the expediency of new migration orientations and new types of migration. Considering the global problems of labor migration, we note that the process of migration is the so-called indicator of the population’s response to changes in the life of any society that happen almost every day.
{"title":"DIGITIZATION AND ROBOTIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY AS A KEY DETERMINANT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR MARKET TRANSFORMATION","authors":"R. Stakanov, A. Ukhova","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.007","url":null,"abstract":"Today a lot of research is devoted to migration issues, primarily because of its scale. Previously, this problem attracted economists, sociologists, lawyers, today it is a focus of attention of political scientists and researchers of international relations. Modern globalization processes are affecting the international labor market, creating free space for the movement of labor around the world. The steadily increasing trend of labor migration is accounts for the need to study it in its social, economic and political aspects. Virtual migration refers to a new form of transnational economic integration that does not require workers to literally move in physical space. The main purposes of the article are to analyze the reasons and background of virtual of highly skilled workers. The positive and negative aspects of robotization on employment of highly qualified persons in the conditions of globalized world are determined. The aim of the study is also to find the opportunities that the globalized information space offers today to attract labor to international exchange and to justify on this basis the expediency of new migration orientations and new types of migration. Considering the global problems of labor migration, we note that the process of migration is the so-called indicator of the population’s response to changes in the life of any society that happen almost every day.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82032996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents the phenomena of hasbara, an Israeli method of conducting state’s public diplomacy. For Israel public diplomacy is a part of national effort, perceived as a tool to increase Israel’s status on the international arena and recognition from the international community. Therefore, it is a topic of utmost importance among Israeli society and scholars. The aim is to uncover trends in thoughts and opinions on the studied subject. Qualitative research methods were adopted, including historical, institutional and comparative approaches as suitable methods to describe complexity of such phenomena as hasbara. Research techniques included content analysis and case studies to uncover trends in thoughts and opinions on the presented subject. In this paper an answer to the research question on the conduct of Israeli public diplomacy is provided through deep analysis and synthesis of the author’s findings, with the said findings being presented by confronting them with main assumptions of the prior research on Israeli public diplomacy and posing questions for further research. Israeli public diplomacy is based on the idea of demonstrating that there is much more about Israel than conflict, tension and fighting terror to fight with the preexisting national stereotypes. A major paradigm shift has to be noticed here as it is no longer a discourse on the right of Israel to exist on the international arena (apart from Arab states and Palestinians), but it became a question of what Israel did and continues to do as an existing state to maintain its existence.
{"title":"HASBARA: PUBLIC DIPLOMACY WITH ISRAELI CHARACTERISTICS","authors":"K. Jedrzejewska","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.008","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the phenomena of hasbara, an Israeli method of conducting state’s public diplomacy. For Israel public diplomacy is a part of national effort, perceived as a tool to increase Israel’s status on the international arena and recognition from the international community. Therefore, it is a topic of utmost importance among Israeli society and scholars. The aim is to uncover trends in thoughts and opinions on the studied subject. Qualitative research methods were adopted, including historical, institutional and comparative approaches as suitable methods to describe complexity of such phenomena as hasbara. Research techniques included content analysis and case studies to uncover trends in thoughts and opinions on the presented subject. In this paper an answer to the research question on the conduct of Israeli public diplomacy is provided through deep analysis and synthesis of the author’s findings, with the said findings being presented by confronting them with main assumptions of the prior research on Israeli public diplomacy and posing questions for further research. Israeli public diplomacy is based on the idea of demonstrating that there is much more about Israel than conflict, tension and fighting terror to fight with the preexisting national stereotypes. A major paradigm shift has to be noticed here as it is no longer a discourse on the right of Israel to exist on the international arena (apart from Arab states and Palestinians), but it became a question of what Israel did and continues to do as an existing state to maintain its existence.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"68 1","pages":"105-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84087918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The regional security complex theory scrutinizes the security complexes including the security complex of South Asia grounded on security interdependency among states situated in a geographically coherent group which could be penetrated by the external powers. The formation of the regional security complex of South Asia was shaped by two major factors: 1. The rivalry between India and Pakistan; 2. The dependency of small nations over the regional hegemony of India. However, the massive plan of economic growth and connectivity- BRI introduced by China have changed these dynamics of the complex. The BRI changed the traditional understanding of the regional security complex of South Asia and forced to contemplate China as an internal member of the complex rather considering China as external power. The purpose of the study is to capture these changes and alter the theory to understand the South Asian security complex sophisticatedly by considering the smaller states of South Asia (Sri Lanka and Nepal). The case study method has been employed to derive influences from the BRI, and it is based on a wide range of sources, both primary and secondary. BRI has changed the traditional patterns of security interdependency of the smaller states of South Asia vis-a-vis big brother India while elevating the Chinese ability to redefine, reorganize, reshape, and reconstruct the security patterns of South Asia and establishing Chinese military supremacy in Indian backyard. The traditional security complex theory did not capture these changes and yet, the paper argues that the regional security complex can be understood comprehensively by transporting external powers into a given complex based on the criteria, to be qualified as an internal actor. To validate this claim, the paper will consider the case study of Chinese led BRI projects and the regional complex of South Asia.
{"title":"UNDERSTANDING THE DRAGON’S ENTRY TO SOUTH ASIA: REVISITING THE REGIONAL SECURITY COMPLEX THEORY","authors":"Dilan Prasad Harsha Senanayake","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.006","url":null,"abstract":"The regional security complex theory scrutinizes the security complexes including the security complex of South Asia grounded on security interdependency among states situated in a geographically coherent group which could be penetrated by the external powers. The formation of the regional security complex of South Asia was shaped by two major factors: 1. The rivalry between India and Pakistan; 2. The dependency of small nations over the regional hegemony of India. However, the massive plan of economic growth and connectivity- BRI introduced by China have changed these dynamics of the complex. The BRI changed the traditional understanding of the regional security complex of South Asia and forced to contemplate China as an internal member of the complex rather considering China as external power. The purpose of the study is to capture these changes and alter the theory to understand the South Asian security complex sophisticatedly by considering the smaller states of South Asia (Sri Lanka and Nepal). The case study method has been employed to derive influences from the BRI, and it is based on a wide range of sources, both primary and secondary. BRI has changed the traditional patterns of security interdependency of the smaller states of South Asia vis-a-vis big brother India while elevating the Chinese ability to redefine, reorganize, reshape, and reconstruct the security patterns of South Asia and establishing Chinese military supremacy in Indian backyard. The traditional security complex theory did not capture these changes and yet, the paper argues that the regional security complex can be understood comprehensively by transporting external powers into a given complex based on the criteria, to be qualified as an internal actor. To validate this claim, the paper will consider the case study of Chinese led BRI projects and the regional complex of South Asia.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"16 1","pages":"73-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76081734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to vast evidence material, Russia actively tries to influence the situation in Western societies by creating and aggravating uncertainty with the usage of weaponized information. It can be treated as an important part of Russian application of sharp power in the West. The purpose of the article is to explore the selected exemplifications of Russian activities and create a map of disruptive operations against the Western “hearts and minds”. The main scientific methods used in the study are desk research and content analysis. The employment of these methods is crucial to conduct the study of official Russian documents and identified cases of anti-Western information operations.
{"title":"AGGRAVATING UNCERTAINTY – RUSSIAN INFORMATION WARFARE IN THE WEST","authors":"Ireneusz Ciosek","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.005","url":null,"abstract":"According to vast evidence material, Russia actively tries to influence the situation in Western societies by creating and aggravating uncertainty with the usage of weaponized information. It can be treated as an important part of Russian application of sharp power in the West. The purpose of the article is to explore the selected exemplifications of Russian activities and create a map of disruptive operations against the Western “hearts and minds”. The main scientific methods used in the study are desk research and content analysis. The employment of these methods is crucial to conduct the study of official Russian documents and identified cases of anti-Western information operations.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"125 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88703860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human trafficking is a constant challenge to the security of states and international communities. Despite the official abolition of slavery in many countries in the 20 th century and by the League of Nations in 1926, this problem has not been resolved; nay, it has been intensifying thanks to new communication technologies and means of transport. The aim of this article is to present the issue of trafficking of human beings in Europe in the context of international security and with special attention paid to security in Europe, as well as personal security of victims. The paper offers the definition of human trafficking and reviews international documents concerning human trafficking. Moreover, the purposes of human trafficking, profile of victims and scale of that phenomenon in Europe is described. Finally, the similarities and differences of that dirty business in Europe are compared with other regions of the world. What is also investigated is the profile of this crime and the policy of some European countries facing a modern slavery problem. The paper adduces the latest reports edited by the international organizations specializing in trafficking of human beings from a legal, research-related, theoretical and practical side.
{"title":"HUMAN TRAFFICKING AS A CHALLENGE FOR INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND SECURITY IN EUROPE","authors":"Marta Gębska","doi":"10.12775/tis.2020.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12775/tis.2020.004","url":null,"abstract":"Human trafficking is a constant challenge to the security of states and international communities. Despite the official abolition of slavery in many countries in the 20 th century and by the League of Nations in 1926, this problem has not been resolved; nay, it has been intensifying thanks to new communication technologies and means of transport. The aim of this article is to present the issue of trafficking of human beings in Europe in the context of international security and with special attention paid to security in Europe, as well as personal security of victims. The paper offers the definition of human trafficking and reviews international documents concerning human trafficking. Moreover, the purposes of human trafficking, profile of victims and scale of that phenomenon in Europe is described. Finally, the similarities and differences of that dirty business in Europe are compared with other regions of the world. What is also investigated is the profile of this crime and the policy of some European countries facing a modern slavery problem. The paper adduces the latest reports edited by the international organizations specializing in trafficking of human beings from a legal, research-related, theoretical and practical side.","PeriodicalId":30841,"journal":{"name":"Torun International Studies","volume":"126 1","pages":"41-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77307489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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