Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198824312.003.0007
A. Gamberini
This chapter focuses on political life within the city commune. Although each political group tended to represent itself as ‘the whole’, division in the political body not only existed but was in fact a constituent part of communal experience, where a variety of different social groups and sectors confronted one another in increasingly regulated and disciplined forms. To see how the ideologies of unity came to terms with the theme of plurality means, therefore, investigating phenomena in the context of political culture, such as the organization of assemblies, the decision-making process, and the mediation of councils. In this respect the chapter casts light on the development of new civic values, such as aequalitas, and fresh legal principles, such as quod omnes tangit ab omnibus comprobetur—what affects everybody must be agreed upon by everybody—which succeeded not only in justifying collective decision-making but also in establishing the principle of representation.
{"title":"Between unitas and aequalitas","authors":"A. Gamberini","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198824312.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198824312.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on political life within the city commune. Although each political group tended to represent itself as ‘the whole’, division in the political body not only existed but was in fact a constituent part of communal experience, where a variety of different social groups and sectors confronted one another in increasingly regulated and disciplined forms. To see how the ideologies of unity came to terms with the theme of plurality means, therefore, investigating phenomena in the context of political culture, such as the organization of assemblies, the decision-making process, and the mediation of councils. In this respect the chapter casts light on the development of new civic values, such as aequalitas, and fresh legal principles, such as quod omnes tangit ab omnibus comprobetur—what affects everybody must be agreed upon by everybody—which succeeded not only in justifying collective decision-making but also in establishing the principle of representation.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"05 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124447763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198828891.003.0002
A. Moody
Chapter 1 reconstructs the canon that forms the basis of later writers’ deployment of the art of hunger. It sketches the aesthetic framework of the art of hunger through four of its exemplary texts—Kafka’s “A Hunger Artist,” Knut Hamsun’s Hunger, Melville’s “Bartleby, the Scrivener,” and the poetry of Rimbaud—and locates these foundational writings in the context of their later redeployment by surrealist and “lost generation” writers. Reading these texts and authors both in their own moments and as they have been read by later writers and scholars, it seeks to derive the theory of art that later writers engage with when they redeploy the art of hunger in new contexts.
{"title":"The Modernist Art of Hunger","authors":"A. Moody","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198828891.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828891.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 reconstructs the canon that forms the basis of later writers’ deployment of the art of hunger. It sketches the aesthetic framework of the art of hunger through four of its exemplary texts—Kafka’s “A Hunger Artist,” Knut Hamsun’s Hunger, Melville’s “Bartleby, the Scrivener,” and the poetry of Rimbaud—and locates these foundational writings in the context of their later redeployment by surrealist and “lost generation” writers. Reading these texts and authors both in their own moments and as they have been read by later writers and scholars, it seeks to derive the theory of art that later writers engage with when they redeploy the art of hunger in new contexts.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124088848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190876128.003.0006
Y. Rodgers
Chapter 6 offers new econometric estimates of the impact of the global gag rule on abortion rates. The analysis identifies the policy impact as the difference in abortion rates before and after the 2001 policy reinstatement and the difference between countries with high and low exposure to the policy. Abortion rates are constructed using Demographic and Health Survey data from 51 developing countries. Results from logistic regressions indicate that the global gag rule is associated with a threefold increase in the odds of women getting an abortion in Latin America and the Caribbean, a twofold increase in sub-Saharan Africa, and no net change in the Middle East and Central Asia. Results also indicate no consistent relationship between strict abortion laws and abortion rates. In the majority of developing countries exposed to the global gag rule, the policy failed to achieve its objective of discouraging women from getting an abortion.
{"title":"Impact of the Global Gag Rule","authors":"Y. Rodgers","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190876128.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876128.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 offers new econometric estimates of the impact of the global gag rule on abortion rates. The analysis identifies the policy impact as the difference in abortion rates before and after the 2001 policy reinstatement and the difference between countries with high and low exposure to the policy. Abortion rates are constructed using Demographic and Health Survey data from 51 developing countries. Results from logistic regressions indicate that the global gag rule is associated with a threefold increase in the odds of women getting an abortion in Latin America and the Caribbean, a twofold increase in sub-Saharan Africa, and no net change in the Middle East and Central Asia. Results also indicate no consistent relationship between strict abortion laws and abortion rates. In the majority of developing countries exposed to the global gag rule, the policy failed to achieve its objective of discouraging women from getting an abortion.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127604946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198827023.003.0003
Thomas Brodie
This chapter analyses Catholics’ responses to Germany’s worsening geopolitical position during the crucial period of the war between the beginning of 1942 and spring 1944. Much historiography has traditionally depicted this as a period of rising defeatism in German society, and as a time when many individuals began to distance themselves from the Nazi regime. This chapter contributes to recent critiques of this interpretation, noting how diverse Catholics’ views regarding the war remained in this period. Many continued to hope for and believe in German victory, and increasingly viewed the war through the prism of the Nazi regime’s anti-Semitic ideology. Drawing on a wide range of sources, ranging from the intelligence reports of Gestapo informers to private letters and diaries, this chapter explores Catholic mentalities during this period in greater depth than previously attempted.
{"title":"The War Intensifies, December 1941–June 1944","authors":"Thomas Brodie","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198827023.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827023.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyses Catholics’ responses to Germany’s worsening geopolitical position during the crucial period of the war between the beginning of 1942 and spring 1944. Much historiography has traditionally depicted this as a period of rising defeatism in German society, and as a time when many individuals began to distance themselves from the Nazi regime. This chapter contributes to recent critiques of this interpretation, noting how diverse Catholics’ views regarding the war remained in this period. Many continued to hope for and believe in German victory, and increasingly viewed the war through the prism of the Nazi regime’s anti-Semitic ideology. Drawing on a wide range of sources, ranging from the intelligence reports of Gestapo informers to private letters and diaries, this chapter explores Catholic mentalities during this period in greater depth than previously attempted.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126355546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198800170.003.0003
S. Collini
This chapter examines the range of F. R. Leavis’s historical thinking, from the early work of his Ph.D. through to his post-1945 dealings with the nineteenth century. The chapter argues that, rather than being largely derived from Eliot’s work, Leavis’s thinking drew on older and more conventional strains of historical writing whose framework he never entirely shook off. It emphasizes the extent to which Leavis believed that a proper cultural history would yield an evaluative assessment of the quality of human living in various periods and hence an overall judgement about progress or decline. It shows that the two key periods in Leavis’s scheme were the seventeenth century, understood as the beginnings of the modern world, and the nineteenth century, seen as the triumph of a broadly mechanical and economistic world view that he tended to equate with ‘Utilitarianism’.
{"title":"Scrutinizing the Present Phase of Human History","authors":"S. Collini","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198800170.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800170.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the range of F. R. Leavis’s historical thinking, from the early work of his Ph.D. through to his post-1945 dealings with the nineteenth century. The chapter argues that, rather than being largely derived from Eliot’s work, Leavis’s thinking drew on older and more conventional strains of historical writing whose framework he never entirely shook off. It emphasizes the extent to which Leavis believed that a proper cultural history would yield an evaluative assessment of the quality of human living in various periods and hence an overall judgement about progress or decline. It shows that the two key periods in Leavis’s scheme were the seventeenth century, understood as the beginnings of the modern world, and the nineteenth century, seen as the triumph of a broadly mechanical and economistic world view that he tended to equate with ‘Utilitarianism’.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126206773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190692636.003.0005
I. Woodfield
In the light of the imminent closure of the opera buffa troupe, Da Ponte arranged a collective benefit for the performers: a lighthearted satirical piece entitled L’ape musicale, which featured the most popular music of recent seasons. His campaign to persuade Joseph II to change his mind over the decision to discontinue Italian opera bore fruit in January 1789, following the Russian victory at Ochakiv, following which a lighter public mood was briefly evident in Vienna. Da Ponte could now offer his pasticcio on behalf of the whole troupe as an expression of gratitude for the reprieve they had been granted.
{"title":"Italian Opera Reprieved","authors":"I. Woodfield","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190692636.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190692636.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"In the light of the imminent closure of the opera buffa troupe, Da Ponte arranged a collective benefit for the performers: a lighthearted satirical piece entitled L’ape musicale, which featured the most popular music of recent seasons. His campaign to persuade Joseph II to change his mind over the decision to discontinue Italian opera bore fruit in January 1789, following the Russian victory at Ochakiv, following which a lighter public mood was briefly evident in Vienna. Da Ponte could now offer his pasticcio on behalf of the whole troupe as an expression of gratitude for the reprieve they had been granted.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126211234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190904999.003.0008
L. Hunt
The epilogue pulls together the arguments from the prior chapters by analyzing a scenario involving an informant who engages in “otherwise illegal activity” on behalf of the police. The epilogue then revisits the overlapping conceptions of human dignity that were introduced earlier, reaching the following conclusion: a broadly defined ideal theory of justice in the liberal tradition provides constraints regarding how the state (especially the police) may fulfill its reciprocal duties in society; one of those constraints is a commitment to a conception of persons that includes human dignity. By concluding the book in this way, the goal is to emphasize liberalism’s commitment to a conception of persons that is based upon multiple foundational stances. This helps show how liberal personhood likewise constrains the police’s power from multiple foundational stances. The hope is that, by following this path, there has been something of a retrieval of dignity in policing.
{"title":"Epilogue","authors":"L. Hunt","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190904999.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190904999.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The epilogue pulls together the arguments from the prior chapters by analyzing a scenario involving an informant who engages in “otherwise illegal activity” on behalf of the police. The epilogue then revisits the overlapping conceptions of human dignity that were introduced earlier, reaching the following conclusion: a broadly defined ideal theory of justice in the liberal tradition provides constraints regarding how the state (especially the police) may fulfill its reciprocal duties in society; one of those constraints is a commitment to a conception of persons that includes human dignity. By concluding the book in this way, the goal is to emphasize liberalism’s commitment to a conception of persons that is based upon multiple foundational stances. This helps show how liberal personhood likewise constrains the police’s power from multiple foundational stances. The hope is that, by following this path, there has been something of a retrieval of dignity in policing.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126420454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198733669.003.0001
R. Anjum, S. Mumford
Central to science is a set of norms for the correct, systematic acquisition of empirical knowledge, such as that data should be objective, results repeatable, and that theories should bring predictive success. These norms remain contested, however. Science cannot evaluate its own norms since doing so is a distinctly philosophical enterprise. This tells us that scientism is wrong: the idea that science can answer every question. A question that it cannot answer is what justifies science. We will answer this and other questions philosophically with a focus on the causal sciences. Science and metascience may then achieve a reflective equilibrium.
{"title":"Metascience and Better Science","authors":"R. Anjum, S. Mumford","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198733669.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733669.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Central to science is a set of norms for the correct, systematic acquisition of empirical knowledge, such as that data should be objective, results repeatable, and that theories should bring predictive success. These norms remain contested, however. Science cannot evaluate its own norms since doing so is a distinctly philosophical enterprise. This tells us that scientism is wrong: the idea that science can answer every question. A question that it cannot answer is what justifies science. We will answer this and other questions philosophically with a focus on the causal sciences. Science and metascience may then achieve a reflective equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126425627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198821939.003.0008
S. Thurner, R. Hanel, Peter Klimekl
The chapter contains the most important mathematical forumas that are used throughout the book. This collection should make the book self-contained. The chapter also contains some useful approximations that are used several times in the text.
{"title":"Special Functions and Approximations","authors":"S. Thurner, R. Hanel, Peter Klimekl","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198821939.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198821939.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter contains the most important mathematical forumas that are used throughout the book. This collection should make the book self-contained. The chapter also contains some useful approximations that are used several times in the text.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126450958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780195384567.003.0005
M. Christoforidis
The cosmopolitan northern city of Barcelona played host to Carmen’s Spanish premiere in 1881, starring Célestine Galli-Marié, and although the opera failed to take root at this point, Barcelona’s status as a center of entertainment in a variety of Spanish genres and a keen purveyor of European trends set the stage for Carmen’s return in the late 1880s. This revival led to a proliferation of competing productions in the early 1890s, and a degree of popularity that inspired the composition of a successful parody, the género chico work Carmela (1891), which subverted the local color and melodies of Bizet’s opera for a Hispanic audience and toured Spain and the Americas for several years.
{"title":"Profusion and Parody in Barcelona","authors":"M. Christoforidis","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780195384567.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780195384567.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The cosmopolitan northern city of Barcelona played host to Carmen’s Spanish premiere in 1881, starring Célestine Galli-Marié, and although the opera failed to take root at this point, Barcelona’s status as a center of entertainment in a variety of Spanish genres and a keen purveyor of European trends set the stage for Carmen’s return in the late 1880s. This revival led to a proliferation of competing productions in the early 1890s, and a degree of popularity that inspired the composition of a successful parody, the género chico work Carmela (1891), which subverted the local color and melodies of Bizet’s opera for a Hispanic audience and toured Spain and the Americas for several years.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125246118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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