Environment International最新文献_第10页

Size distribution, sources and chemistry of ultrafine particles at Barcelona-El Prat Airport, Spain 西班牙巴塞罗那-埃尔普拉特机场超细颗粒的粒度分布、来源和化学性质

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109057

S. Ridolfo , X. Querol , A. Karanasiou , A. Rodríguez-Luque , N. Pérez , A. Alastuey , C. Jaén , B.L. van Drooge , M. Pandolfi , M. Pedrero , F. Amato

The rapid expansion of the aviation sector raises concerns about air quality impacts within and around airports. Ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter < 100 nm) are of particular concern due to their potential adverse health effects. In this study, particle number concentrations (PNC), particle number size distribution (PNSD), and other ancillary pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO_X), black carbon (BC), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), ozone (O₃), carbon monoxide (CO) and benzene, as well as organic markers and trace elements (in quasi-UFP) were measured at Barcelona-El Prat Airport (80 m and 250 m from the main taxiway and runway). Comparisons were made with an urban background (UB) location, and source apportionment of PNSD was performed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). PNC inside the airport was nine-fold higher than the UB, and fifteen-fold higher when considering only nucleation mode particles (< 25 nm). Six sources contributing to PNC were identified inside the airport: Taxiing (48.7 %; mode diameter = 17 nm), Industrial/Shipping (7.4 %; mode diameter = 35 nm), Diesel (3.9 %; mode diameter = 64 nm), Regional recirculation (1.1 %; mode diameter = 100 nm), Photonucleation (16.6 %; mode diameter = 13 nm) and Takeoff (18.5 %; mode diameter = 23 nm). Due to the measurement location and prevailing wind patterns, no significant contributions from landings were detected. Chemical analysis of quasi-UFP collected on Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI + ) filters (stages 2 to 6: 17–165 nm) revealed higher concentrations (> 2-fold) of Fe, Al, Cr, Cu, Mo, Mn, Pb, Ti, and Sb at the airport compared to the UB, with Al exhibiting the most pronounced disparity. Generally, PAH levels were low at both sites, although concentrations were higher at the airport relative to the UB. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of UFP within a major European airport, identifying the different sources contributing to PNC and PNSD.

航空业的快速发展引起了人们对机场内和机场周围空气质量影响的关注。超细粒子（UFP，直径为 100 纳米）因其对健康的潜在不利影响而受到特别关注。本研究在巴塞罗那-埃尔普拉特机场（距离主滑行道和跑道分别为 80 米和 250 米）测量了颗粒数浓度 (PNC)、颗粒数粒度分布 (PNSD)、其他辅助污染物，如颗粒物 (PM)、氮氧化物 (NOX)、黑碳 (BC)、二氧化硫 (SO2)、臭氧 (O3)、一氧化碳 (CO) 和苯，以及有机标记物和微量元素（准 UFP）。与城市背景（UB）地点进行了比较，并使用正矩阵因式分解法（PMF）对 PNSD 进行了来源分配。机场内的 PNC 比城市背景（UB）高出 9 倍，如果只考虑成核模式粒子（< 25 nm），则高出 15 倍。在机场内发现了导致 PNC 的六个来源：滑行（48.7%；模式直径 = 17 纳米）、工业/航运（7.4%；模式直径 = 35 纳米）、柴油（3.9%；模式直径 = 64 纳米）、区域再循环（1.1%；模式直径 = 100 纳米）、光核（16.6%；模式直径 = 13 纳米）和起飞（18.5%；模式直径 = 23 纳米）。由于测量地点和盛行风模式的原因，没有检测到着陆产生的重大影响。通过电低压冲击器（ELPI +）过滤器（2 至 6 级：17-165 nm）收集的准 UFP 化学分析显示，机场的铁、铝、铬、铜、钼、锰、铅、钛和锑的浓度比 UB 高（2 倍），其中铝的差异最为明显。总体而言，两个地点的多环芳烃含量都很低，但机场的浓度要高于城市综合体。总之，这项研究提供了对欧洲主要机场内 UFP 的全面了解，确定了导致 PNC 和 PNSD 的不同来源。

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引用次数: 0

Pinpointing sources of pollution using citizen science and hyperlocal low-cost mobile source apportionment 利用公民科学和超本地化低成本移动污染源分摊法精确定位污染源

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109069

Dimitrios Bousiotis , Seny Damayanti , Arunik Baruah , Alessandro Bigi , David C.S. Beddows , Roy M. Harrison , Francis D. Pope

Currently, methodologies for the identification and apportionment of air pollution sources are not widely applied due to their high cost. We present a new approach, combining mobile measurements from multiple sensors collected from the daily walks of citizen scientists, in a high population density area of Birmingham, UK. The methodology successfully pinpoints the different sources affecting the local air quality in the area using only a handful of measurements. It was found that regional sources of pollution were mostly responsible for the PM_2.5 and PM₁ concentrations. In contrast, PM₁₀ was mostly associated with local sources. The total particle number and the lung deposited surface area of PM were almost solely associated with traffic, while black carbon was associated with both the sources from the urban background and local traffic. Our analysis showed that while the effect of the hyperlocal sources, such as emissions from construction works or traffic, do not exceed the distance of a couple of hundred meters, they can influence the health of thousands of people in densely populated areas. Thus, using this novel approach we illustrate the limitations of the present measurement network paradigm and offer an alternative and versatile approach to understanding the hyperlocal factors that affect urban air quality. Mobile monitoring by citizen scientists is shown to have huge potential to enhance spatiotemporal resolution of air quality data without the need of extensive and expensive campaigns.

目前，用于识别和划分空气污染源的方法因成本高昂而未得到广泛应用。我们介绍了一种新方法，该方法结合了公民科学家在英国伯明翰高人口密度地区每天散步时从多个传感器收集到的移动测量数据。该方法仅使用少量测量数据，就成功确定了影响该地区空气质量的不同来源。结果发现，PM2.5 和 PM1 浓度主要由区域污染源造成。相比之下，PM10 主要与本地污染源有关。可吸入颗粒物的总颗粒数和肺沉积表面积几乎完全与交通有关，而黑碳则与城市背景污染源和本地交通有关。我们的分析表明，虽然超本地源（如建筑工程或交通排放）的影响距离不超过几百米，但它们可以影响人口稠密地区成千上万人的健康。因此，我们利用这种新方法说明了目前测量网络范例的局限性，并提供了另一种多用途方法来了解影响城市空气质量的超本地因素。事实证明，公民科学家的移动监测在提高空气质量数据的时空分辨率方面具有巨大潜力，而无需开展广泛而昂贵的活动。

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引用次数: 0

Valley fever under a changing climate in the United States 美国气候变化下的山谷热

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109066

Madelynn H. Howard , Christie M. Sayes , John P. Giesy , Yang Li

<div><div>This review summarizes studies on the relationships between climate change and Valley Fever (VF), also termed Coccidioidomycosis, a potentially fatal upper-respiratory fungal infection caused by the pathogenic fungi, <em>C. immitis</em> or <em>C. posadasii</em>. The intensified onset of climate change has caused frequencies and possibly intensities of natural hazard events like dust storms and drought to increase, which has been correlated with greater prevalence of VF. These events, followed by changes in patterns of precipitation, not only pick up dust and spread it throughout the air, but also boost the growth and spread of <em>Coccidioides</em>. In California alone, cases of VF have increased fivefold from 2001 to 2021, and are expected to continue to increase. From 1999 to 2019, there was an average of 200 deaths per year caused by VF in the United States. The number of deaths caused by VF fluctuates year to year, but because more infections are predicted to occur due to a changing climate, deaths are expected to rise; thus, the rising prevalence of the disease is becoming a larger focus of the scientific community and poses an increased threat to public health. By reviewing recent and past studies on Coccidioidomycosis and its relationships with climate factors, we categorize future impacts of this disease on the United States, and highlight areas that need more study. Factors affecting the incidence of VF, such as modes of dispersal and the optimum environment for <em>Coccidioides</em> growth, that could potentially increase its prevalence as weather patterns change are discussed and how the endemic regions could be affected are assessed. In general, regions of the United States, including California and Arizona, where VF is endemic, are expanding and incidences of VF are increasing in those areas. The surrounding southern states, including Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Texas, are experiencing similar changes. In addition, the entire endemic region of the United States is predicted to spread northward as drought is prolonged and temperatures steadily increase. The findings from the keyword search from eight databases indicate that more studies on VF and its relation to dust and climate are needed especially for endemic states like Nevada that are currently not adequately studied. Overall, results of this survey summarize mechanisms and climate factors that might drive spread of VF and describes trends of incidence of VF in endemic states and predicted likely trends that might occur under a changing climate. Through reviewing recent and past studies of Coccidioidomycosis and its relationships with climate factors, future impacts of this disease have been categorized and speculated on effects it might have on the United States. Better understanding of how climate factors affect VF as well as identifying regions that require more research could inform both environmental managers and medical professionals with the resources needed to

本综述概述了气候变化与山谷热（VF）之间关系的研究，山谷热又称球孢子菌病，是由致病真菌 C. immitis 或 C. posadasii 引起的一种可能致命的上呼吸道真菌感染。气候变化的加剧导致沙尘暴和干旱等自然灾害事件的频率和强度增加，这与 VF 的流行率增加有关。这些事件发生后，降水模式发生变化，不仅会卷起沙尘并在空气中扩散，还会促进球孢子菌的生长和传播。从 2001 年到 2021 年，仅在加利福尼亚州，VF 病例就增加了五倍，而且预计还会继续增加。从 1999 年到 2019 年，美国每年平均有 200 人死于 VF。VF造成的死亡人数每年都有波动，但由于气候的变化，预计会有更多的感染发生，因此死亡人数预计会上升；因此，该疾病流行率的上升正成为科学界更关注的焦点，并对公共健康构成了更大的威胁。通过回顾球孢子菌病最近和过去的研究及其与气候因素的关系，我们对这种疾病未来对美国的影响进行了分类，并强调了需要更多研究的领域。我们讨论了影响球孢子菌病发病率的因素，如传播方式和球孢子菌生长的最佳环境，这些因素可能会随着天气模式的变化而增加球孢子菌病的发病率，并对流行地区可能受到的影响进行了评估。总体而言，美国包括加利福尼亚州和亚利桑那州在内的 VF 流行地区正在扩大，这些地区的 VF 发病率也在增加。包括内华达州、新墨西哥州、犹他州和得克萨斯州在内的南部周边各州也正在经历类似的变化。此外，随着干旱时间的延长和气温的稳步上升，预计美国的整个流行地区将向北蔓延。从八个数据库的关键词搜索中得出的结果表明，需要对 VF 及其与沙尘和气候的关系进行更多的研究，尤其是像内华达州这样的地方病流行州，因为目前对这些州的研究还不够充分。总之，本次调查的结果总结了可能导致 VF 传播的机制和气候因素，描述了 VF 在流行州的发病趋势，并预测了在气候不断变化的情况下可能出现的趋势。通过回顾球孢子菌病最近和过去的研究及其与气候因素的关系，对这种疾病的未来影响进行了分类，并推测了它可能对美国产生的影响。更好地了解气候因素如何影响谷热以及确定需要更多研究的地区，可以为环境管理者和医疗专业人员提供所需的资源，从而做出更准确的预测、设计更好的缓解策略、及时发出警告并保护公众健康。气候变化增加了沙尘暴和干旱等自然灾害事件，导致了谷热的传播。从 2001 年到 2021 年，仅加利福尼亚州的 VF 病例就增加了五倍，对公众健康的威胁日益严重。这篇综述总结了导致 VF 传播的机制，并强调了在不断变化的气候条件下流行州的趋势。它建议对 VF 及其与灰尘和气候的关系开展更多研究，尤其是针对内华达州。确定需要开展更多研究的地区有助于做出更准确的预测、设计更好的缓解策略、及时发出警告并保护公众健康。

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引用次数: 0

Pesticides can be a substantial source of trifluoroacetate (TFA) to water resources 农药可能是水资源中三氟乙酸（TFA）的一个重要来源

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109061

Hanna Joerss , Finnian Freeling , Stefan van Leeuwen , Juliane Hollender , Xingang Liu , Karsten Nödler , Zhanyun Wang , Bochi Yu , Daniel Zahn , Gabriel Sigmund

Through the application of C-CF₃-containing plant protection products (PPP) in agriculture, a substantial quantity of trifluoroacetate (TFA) can be formed and emitted. We here present estimations of TFA formation potentials from PPP across three important economical regions, namely Europe, the United States of America and China. PPP with TFA formation potential vary in type and use profile across those regions, but can be found throughout, with the estimated maximum TFA emissions ranging from 0 to 83 kg/km² per year. Therein, some PPP are only used for specific crops in specific regions, while others are used more widely. The importance of PPP as a TFA source is supported by the field data from a region in Germany, which revealed a significant increase in TFA groundwater concentrations with agriculture compared to other land uses. Substance-specific TFA formation rates and field studies are necessary to characterize the formation of TFA from precursors under environmental conditions and to rank and prioritize PPP of concern for potential (regulatory) action.

通过在农业中应用含 C-CF3 的植保产品 (PPP)，可形成并排放大量的三氟乙酸 (TFA)。我们在此对欧洲、美国和中国这三个重要经济区的植保产品形成反式脂肪酸的潜力进行了估算。具有形成反式脂肪酸潜力的购买力平价在这些地区的类型和使用情况各不相同，但在所有地区都能找到，估计的最大反式脂肪酸排放量从每年 0 到 83 千克/平方公里不等。其中，一些购买力平价仅用于特定地区的特定作物，而其他购买力平价的使用范围则更为广泛。德国一个地区的实地数据证实了购买力平价作为反式脂肪酸来源的重要性，该数据显示，与其他土地用途相比，农业导致地下水中的反式脂肪酸浓度显著增加。有必要对特定物质的反式脂肪酸形成率进行实地研究，以确定反式脂肪酸在环境条件下由前体形成的特点，并对可能采取（监管）行动的相关购买力平价进行排序和优先排序。

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引用次数: 0

Suspect screening candidate exposure biomarkers of acetyl tributyl citrate and acetyl triethyl citrate after human oral administration 人口服后乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯和乙酰柠檬酸三乙酯的候选暴露生物标记物的可疑筛选

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109062

Eu-Kyung Jo , Jinhyun Kwon , Daeho Kang , Junho Jeon , Younglim Kho , Mi-Yeon Shin , Sungkyoon Kim

Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) are widely used as plasticizers, but their metabolites as exposure biomarkers for biomonitoring, as well as approximate human metabolic pathways, are not well understood. This study addresses this knowledge gap by conducting suspect screening to propose specific metabolites in human urine as potential biomarkers of exposure and explore their kinetic profiles. Ten volunteers were administered deuterium labeled ATBC (ATBC-d₃) and seven received ATEC or deuterium labeled ATEC (ATEC-d₃), with urine samples collected over 48 h post-administration. Employing ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-qTOF/MS), six metabolites of ATBC were consistently detected, including (OH)₃-ATBC-d₃, ADBC-d₃, OH-ADBC-d₃, DBC, OH-DBC, and OH-DBA. For ATEC, four metabolites were identified: ADEC-d₃, AMEC-d₃, OH-ADEC-d₃, and DEC. Based on their high detection frequency, relative response, and specificity to their parent compounds, ADBC-d₃ and OH-ADBC-d₃ were identified as promising candidate biomarkers for ATBC exposure, while ADEC-d₃ emerged as a suitable biomarker for ATEC. Estimated urinary elimination half-lives ranged from 1.0 to 9.9 h for ATBC metabolites and 1.6 to 3.0 h for ATEC metabolites. One-compartment kinetic modeling provided preliminary insights into metabolite kinetics. This research advances the understanding of ATBC and ATEC metabolism in humans, providing a foundation for future exposure assessments and toxicological studies. The identified biomarkers and preliminary metabolic profiles offer valuable starting points for biomonitoring and risk assessment of these alternative plasticizers.

柠檬酸乙酰三丁酯（ATBC）和柠檬酸乙酰三乙酯（ATEC）被广泛用作增塑剂，但人们对它们作为生物监测暴露生物标志物的代谢物以及大致的人体代谢途径了解不多。本研究针对这一知识空白，进行了疑似筛选，提出将人体尿液中的特定代谢物作为潜在的暴露生物标记物，并探索其动力学特征。十名志愿者服用了氘标记的 ATBC（ATBC-d3），七名志愿者服用了 ATEC 或氘标记的 ATEC（ATEC-d3），并在服用后 48 小时内收集尿样。采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱联用技术（UPLC-qTOF/MS），持续检测到六种 ATBC 代谢物，包括 (OH)3-ATBC-d3、ADBC-d3、OH-ADBC-d3、DBC、OH-DBC 和 OH-DBA。对于 ATEC，确定了四种代谢物：ADEC-d3、AMEC-d3、OH-ADEC-d3 和 DEC。根据其较高的检测频率、相对反应和对其母体化合物的特异性，ADBC-d3 和 OH-ADBC-d3 被确定为有希望成为 ATBC 暴露的候选生物标记物，而 ADEC-d3 则成为 ATEC 的合适生物标记物。ATBC 代谢物的估计尿消除半衰期为 1.0 至 9.9 小时，ATEC 代谢物的估计尿消除半衰期为 1.6 至 3.0 小时。单室动力学模型提供了代谢物动力学的初步见解。研究表明，与 ATEC 相比，ATBC 可能会发生更多的羟基化反应，但还需要进一步的定量分析来证实这一观察结果。这项研究加深了人们对 ATBC 和 ATEC 在人体内代谢的了解，为今后的暴露评估和毒理学研究奠定了基础。已确定的生物标志物和初步代谢概况为这些替代增塑剂的生物监测和风险评估提供了宝贵的起点。

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引用次数: 0

Munich’s selective diesel vehicle ban and its impact on nitrogen dioxide concentrations: A quasi-experimental study 慕尼黑选择性柴油车禁令及其对二氧化氮浓度的影响：准实验研究

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109067

Anna Leibinger , Eva Rehfuess , Jacob Burns

Background

The current limit on NO₂ concentrations of 40 μg/m³, set by the European Union, has been regularly exceeded in Munich, Germany. This limit will likely be reduced towards the WHO recommended target of 10 μg/m3. Against this backdrop, the city implemented a selective diesel vehicle ban within the existing low-emission zone in February 2023, targeting Euro 4 and older diesel vehicles. Our study investigated the effect of Munich’s selective diesel vehicle ban on NO₂ concentrations, focusing on the half-year period following its implementation.

Methods

Our study utilized a synthetic control approach (primary analysis) and a controlled interrupted time series approach (secondary analysis). These quasi-experimental methodologies create a ‘counterfactual’ no-intervention scenario, enabling comparison between observed and counterfactual scenarios to estimate an intervention effect. We employed historical controls, using routine data from multiple monitoring stations located within and outside the low-emission zone for 2014 to 2022, and considered possible confounders.

Results

NO₂ concentrations within Munich’s low-emission zone showed overall declining trends from August 2014 to July 2023. Effects of the selective diesel vehicle ban were small and wide confidence intervals indicate large uncertainty in the magnitude and direction of the effect. At Landshuter Allee, the average intervention effect was −2.67 μg/m³ (95 %-CI = [-12.72; 7.38]), at Stachus it was −2.74 μg/m³ (95 %-CI = [-9.91; 4.42]), and at Lothstrasse it was −1.03 μg/m³ (95 %-CI = [-7.75; 5.69]). The secondary analysis confirmed these findings, reinforcing uncertainty about the effect of the intervention.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that Munich’s selective diesel vehicle ban had a limited effect on lowering NO₂ concentrations. Possible explanations include the ban’s focus on Euro 4 and older diesel vehicles, many exemptions to the selective ban, and unclear enforcement. This highlights that comprehensive approaches and ongoing, well-designed monitoring and evaluation are crucial for addressing urban air pollution and protecting public health.

背景目前，德国慕尼黑的二氧化氮浓度经常超过欧盟规定的 40 μg/m3 的限值。这一限值很可能会向世界卫生组织建议的 10 μg/m3 目标靠拢。在此背景下，该市于 2023 年 2 月在现有低排放区内实施了有选择性的柴油车禁令，主要针对欧 4 及更旧的柴油车。我们的研究调查了慕尼黑选择性柴油车禁令对二氧化氮浓度的影响，重点关注禁令实施后的半年时间。这些准实验方法创造了一种 "反事实 "的无干预情景，通过比较观察到的情景和反事实情景来估计干预效果。我们采用了历史对照，使用了低排放区内外多个监测站在 2014 年至 2022 年期间的常规数据，并考虑了可能的混杂因素。选择性柴油车禁令的影响较小，较宽的置信区间表明影响的大小和方向存在很大的不确定性。在 Landshuter Allee，平均干预效果为-2.67 μg/m3（95 %-CI = [-12.72; 7.38]）；在 Stachus，平均干预效果为-2.74 μg/m3（95 %-CI = [-9.91; 4.42]）；在 Lothstrasse，平均干预效果为-1.03 μg/m3（95 %-CI = [-7.75; 5.69]）。我们的研究表明，慕尼黑的选择性柴油车禁令对降低二氧化氮浓度的效果有限。可能的原因包括：禁令的重点是欧 4 和更老的柴油车、选择性禁令有许多豁免以及执行不力。这突出表明，全面的方法以及持续、精心设计的监测和评估对于解决城市空气污染和保护公众健康至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

A multidisciplinary perspective on the role of plastic pollution in the triple planetary crisis 从多学科角度看塑料污染在三重地球危机中的作用

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109059

Christian Schmidt , Dana Kühnel , Dušan Materić , Jessica Stubenrauch, Kristin Schubert, Anran Luo, Katrin Wendt-Potthoff, Annika Jahnke

In this perspective paper, we discuss the negative impacts of plastics and associated chemicals on the triple planetary crisis of environmental pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss from a multidisciplinary perspective. Plastics are part of the pollution crisis, threatening ecosystems and human health. They also impact climate change and accelerate biodiversity loss; in this, they aggravate the triple planetary crisis. We analyze the scientific state-of-the-art to identify critical knowledge gaps regarding the life cycle, release, fate, exposure, hazard and governance of plastics and associated chemicals, as well as links to climate change and biodiversity loss. Based on the outcome, we derive key research needs for a comprehensive hazard assessment of plastics and associated chemicals, amongst others, to address the largely missing regulation of plastic additives and in-use plastics. We offer a holistic perspective bridging disciplinary expertise from natural and social sciences to achieve effective plastic governance and risk management of plastics and associated chemicals that protect the Earth, its ecosystems and human health from the plastics crisis.

在这篇视角论文中，我们从多学科角度讨论了塑料及相关化学品对环境污染、气候变化和生物多样性丧失这三重地球危机的负面影响。塑料是污染危机的一部分，威胁着生态系统和人类健康。它们还影响气候变化，加速生物多样性的丧失；因此，它们加剧了三重地球危机。我们对最新科学成果进行了分析，以确定在塑料和相关化学品的生命周期、释放、归宿、暴露、危害和治理以及与气候变化和生物多样性丧失的联系方面存在的关键知识差距。在此基础上，我们提出了对塑料及相关化学品进行全面危害评估的关键研究需求，其中包括解决塑料添加剂和使用中塑料监管缺失的问题。我们从整体角度出发，将自然科学和社会科学的学科专业知识结合起来，实现有效的塑料治理和塑料及相关化学品的风险管理，保护地球、生态系统和人类健康免受塑料危机的影响。

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引用次数: 0

(+) Anatoxin-a elicits differential survival, photolocomotor behavior, and gene expression in two alternative vertebrate models (+)锐毒毒素-a在两种脊椎动物模型中引起不同的生存、光运动行为和基因表达

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International

Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109045

Lea M. Lovin , Laura M. Langan , Kendall R. Scarlett , Raegyn B. Taylor , Sujin Kim , C. Kevin Chambliss , Saurabh Chatterjee , J. Thad Scott , Bryan W. Brooks

Anatoxin-a is a globally occurring, yet understudied, chiral cyanobacterial toxin that threatens public health and the environment. It has led to numerous dog. livestock and bird poisonings and although it has been studied in rodent models, comparatively little research has occurred in aquatic species. To advance a comparative toxicology understanding of this toxin in alternative vertebrate models, developing zebrafish and fathead minnow were exposed to environmentally relevant and elevated levels (13–4400 μg/L) of (+) anatoxin-a to examine potential mortality and sublethal effects, including photolocomotor behavior and gene expression responses. We observed significantly higher mortality (p < 0.05) in fathead minnows exposed to ≥ 1400 μg/L (65 – 83 % survival versus 97 % in controls). Locomotor response profiles for zebrafish typically displayed hypoactivity after exposure to (+) anatoxin-a in both light and dark periods, while hyperactivity of fathead minnows was observed at the lowest treatment level, but only in light conditions. Gene expression in zebrafish was significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated for mbp, which is associated with myelin sheath formation, and elavl3, which is involved in neurogenesis, along with cyp3a65 and gst, two genes related to phase I and II metabolism. However, no significant (p > 0.05) transcriptional changes were observed in the fathead minnow model. These differential responses between commonly employed species employed as alternative vertebrate models in toxicology research and chemicals risk assessments highlight the need for more comparative studies to understand sensitivities and variations in organismal response. Furthermore, we identified higher mortality, refractory behavioral effects, and gene expression in (+) anatoxin-a exposed fish when compared to previously reported (±) anatoxin-a (racemic 50:50 enantiomer mixture) studies, which is frequently used as a surrogate chemical for experimental work. Our findings identify the importance of understanding species and enantiomer specific effects of natural toxins.

Anatoxin-a 是一种威胁公众健康和环境的全球性手性蓝藻毒素，但对其研究不足。尽管已经在啮齿动物模型中对其进行了研究，但对水生物种的研究相对较少。为了在其他脊椎动物模型中推进对这种毒素的比较毒理学认识，我们将发育中的斑马鱼和黑头鲦鱼暴露于与环境相关的高浓度（13-4400 微克/升）(+) 锐毒毒素-a 中，以检测潜在的死亡率和亚致死效应，包括光运动行为和基因表达。我们观察到，暴露于≥ 1400 微克/升的黑头鲦鱼死亡率明显较高（p < 0.05）（存活率为 65 - 83 %，而对照组为 97 %）。使用 ViewPoint Zebrabox，斑马鱼在暴露于 (+) 锐毒毒素-a 后，在光照和黑暗条件下的运动反应曲线通常都表现为低活性，而黑头鲦鱼在最低处理水平下表现为高活性，但仅限于光照条件下。斑马鱼体内与髓鞘形成有关的 mbp 和参与神经发生的 elavl3 基因，以及与 I 期和 II 期新陈代谢有关的 cyp3a65 和 gst 基因的表达均显著下调（p < 0.05）。然而，在黑头鲦鱼模型中没有观察到明显的转录变化。物种之间的这些不同反应凸显了进行更多比较研究以了解生物反应的敏感性和变化的必要性。此外，与之前报道的(±)锐毒毒素-a（外消旋体，50:50 对映异构体混合物）研究相比，我们发现暴露于(+)锐毒毒素-a的鱼类死亡率更高，行为效应和基因表达也更难控制，而(±)锐毒毒素-a经常被用作替代物。我们的研究结果突显了了解天然毒素对物种和对映体特定影响的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

The reciprocal relation between rising longevity and temperature-related mortality risk in older people, Spain 1980–2018 1980-2018 年西班牙老年人寿命延长与温度相关死亡风险之间的相互关系

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109050

Simon J LLOYD , Erich STRIESSNIG , José Manuel ABURTO , Hicham ACHEBAK , Shakoor HAJAT , Raya MUTTARAK , Marcos QUIJAL-ZAMORANO , Constanza VIELMA , Joan BALLESTER

Temperature-related mortality mostly affects older people and is attributable to a combination of factors. We focussed on a key non-temperature factor – rising longevity – and aimed to quantify its reciprocal relation with temperature-related mortality risk in Spain over 1980–2018.

We obtained average annual temperature-attributable deaths among people aged 65y+, by sex and age group, for different temperature ranges (extreme cold, moderate cold, moderate heat, and extreme heat), from a previous study. Combining this with population and mortality data as well as life table information, we used: (i) a counterfactual approach to assess the contribution of rising longevity to changes in the absolute risk of temperature-related mortality, and (ii) decomposition to assess the contribution of changes in temperature-related mortality to changes in longevity and its variation (lifespan inequality).

Rising longevity led to considerable declines in the absolute risk of temperature-related mortality in females and males across the entire temperature range. For extreme heat, it accounted for about a 30% decrease in absolute risk (half of the total decrease over the study period). For moderate and extreme cold, it accounted for about a 20% fall in absolute risk (a quarter of the total fall). In the opposite direction, changing patterns of temperature-related deaths contributed to higher life expectancy (accounting for > 20% of the total rise in both females and males) but also higher lifespan inequality amongst older people. Most of the influence (about 80%) was via moderate cold, but declines in risk at both moderate and extreme heat led to small rises in life expectancy.

Our study points to the benefits of adopting risk-reduction strategies that aim, not only at modifying hazards and reducing exposure, but that also address socially-generated vulnerability among older people. This includes ensuring that lifespans lengthen primarily through increases in years lived in good health.

与气温相关的死亡率主要影响老年人，并可归因于多种因素。我们重点关注一个关键的非气温因素--寿命延长--并旨在量化其与 1980-2018 年期间西班牙与气温相关的死亡风险之间的相互关系。我们从之前的一项研究中获得了不同气温范围（极冷、中度寒冷、中度炎热和极度炎热）下 65 岁以上人群因气温导致的年均死亡人数，并按性别和年龄组进行了分类。结合人口和死亡率数据以及生命表信息，我们采用了以下方法：(i) 采用反事实方法评估寿命延长对温度相关死亡率绝对风险变化的影响，(ii) 采用分解方法评估温度相关死亡率变化对寿命及其变化（寿命不平等）的影响。就极端高温而言，绝对风险下降了约 30%（占研究期间总下降幅度的一半）。在中度和极度寒冷的情况下，绝对风险下降了约 20%（占总降幅的四分之一）。与此相反，与气温有关的死亡模式的变化导致了预期寿命的延长（占女性和男性预期寿命延长总数的 20%），但同时也加剧了老年人寿命的不平等。我们的研究表明，采取降低风险的策略不仅有利于改变危害和减少暴露，还能解决老年人因社会原因造成的脆弱性。这包括确保主要通过增加健康生活年限来延长寿命。

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引用次数: 0

The variation of resistome, mobilome and pathogen in domestic and industrial wastewater treatment systems 生活污水和工业废水处理系统中抗性组、动员组和病原体的变化

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International

Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109051

Jiayu Chen , Zhiguo Su , Feifei Li , Feng Cao , Fuzhong Xiong , Bo Jiang , Yi Xing , Donghui Wen

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), including both domestic and industrial facilities, are key contributors to antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and human pathogens in the environment. However, the characteristics and dissemination mechanisms of ARGs in domestic (SD) and industrial (SI) wastewater treatment systems remain unclear, leading to uncertainties in risk assessment. Based on metagenomic analysis, we observed significant differences in the compositions of resistome (ARGs and metal resistance genes, MRGs), mobilome (mobile genetic elements, MGEs), and bacterial community between SD and SI. SI exhibited lower diversity of ARGs but higher abundance of MRGs compared to SD. The removal efficiency of resistome was lower in the SI than that in the SD. MGEs emerged as the primary driver of ARG dissemination in the WWTPs, followed by the bacterial community. Environmental conditions (physicochemical parameters, heavy metals, and antibiotics) indirectly influenced the variation of resistome. Significantly, environmental conditions and MGEs highly influenced the composition of resistome in the SI, while bacterial community more associated with resistome in the SD. Additionally, we identified 36 human bacterial pathogens as potential hosts of ARGs, MRGs, and MGEs in wastewater samples. This study provides new insights on the dissemination mechanisms and risk assessment of antimicrobial resistance in the different types of WWTPs.

污水处理厂（WWTPs），包括生活和工业设施，是环境中抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）和人类病原体的主要来源。然而，ARGs在生活（SD）和工业（SI）污水处理系统中的特征和传播机制仍不清楚，导致风险评估的不确定性。根据采样收集和元基因组分析，我们观察到，SD 和 SI 的抗性组（ARGs 和金属抗性基因，MRGs）、移动组（移动遗传因子，MGEs）和细菌群落的组成存在显著差异。与 SD 相比，SI 的 ARGs 多样性较低，但 MRGs 的丰度较高。SI中抗性基因组的清除效率低于SD。MGEs是污水处理厂中ARGs传播的主要驱动力，其次是细菌群落。环境条件（理化参数、重金属和抗生素）间接影响了抗药性组的变化。值得注意的是，在污水处理厂中，环境条件和微生物基因组对抗药性组的组成影响很大，而在污水处理厂中，细菌群落与抗药性组的关系更大。此外，我们还发现了 36 种人类细菌病原体可能是废水样本中 ARGs、MRGs 和 MGEs 的宿主。这项研究为不同类型污水处理厂中抗菌素耐药性的传播机制和风险评估提供了新的视角。

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引用次数: 0