Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.47743/aic-2023-1-0019
JOSEPH NGANGOP, YNES KELLY NJAHAN GATCHOU
In Youssouf Amine Elalamy’s Oussama mon amour , the characters’ radicalization and/or terrorist acting out are determined by the negation of body. This is due to a discriminatory organization of society. It consequently maintains characters in marginality and implies feelings of low self-esteem. The body, which is supposed to be the manifestation of the characters’ existence and their relationship to the world, becomes a burden or an opponent they have to get rid of in order to be free. Dying by bomb explosion is made up to fulfil an existential quest. This enables the suicide bomber to scarify his body so as to be free and to take revenge by destroying his victim’s body. Sociocriticism, which aims at analyzing sociality in literary texts, provides a way to interpret the characters’ psychological tribulations as well as their involving in terrorism.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.47743/aic-2023-1-0003
ANDREI VICTOR COJOCARU
Throughout this article, we will use the Tree of Life from Kabbalah to study certain symbolic aspects of the microcosmic and of the macrocosmic representations of corporeality. Thus, we hope to disclose an exciting perspective of reading some passages of The Divine Comedy, as well as a series of nuances of the medieval imaginary. After all, the interpretation and the understanding of the Sephirotic Tree involves the deciphering of the basic formula of existence, because it represents a synthetic and symbolic image of the organizing principle of creation. Along the symbolic analysis of the realms from the famous poem, a strong resemblance will be noticed between the universe presented by Dante and the Tree of Life from Kabbalah. Given that the representation of the sephiroth is particularly suggestive in Dante Alighieri’s masterpiece (starting with the circles of Hell, following with the Purgatory, the nine Heavens and the Empyrean), one of the conjectures of this study is that The Divine Comedy manages to transpose into allegorical verses many principles correlated with an “unwritten Kabbalah”. În cuprinsul acestui articol, vom utiliza Pomul Vieţii din cadrul Kabbalei pentru a studia anumite aspecte simbolice ale reprezentărilor microcosmice şi macrocosmice ale corporalităţii. Astfel, sperăm să evidenţiem o perspectivă incitantă de lectură a unor pasaje ale Divinei Comedii, precum şi o serie de nuanţe ale imaginarului medieval. În fond, interpretarea şi înţelegerea Arborelui Sephirotic presupune decriptarea formulei de bază a existenţei, deoarece el reprezintă o ima gine sintetică şi simbolică a principiului organizator al creaţiei. Pe parcursul analizei simbolice a tărâmurilor celebrului poem, se va observa o puternică asemănare între universul prezentat de Dante şi Copacul Vieţii din Kabbala. Având în vedere că reprezentarea sephirothurilor este conturată deosebit de sugestiv în capodopera lui Dante Alighieri (începând cu cercurile Infernului, continuând cu Purgatoriul, cele nouă Ceruri – şi, în fine, Empireul), una dintre premisele acestui studiu este că Divina Comedie reuşeşte să transpună în versuri alegorice numeroase principii corelate cu o „Kabbala nescrisă”.
{"title":"Trupul uman și corpul simbolic al lumii în Divina Comedie","authors":"ANDREI VICTOR COJOCARU","doi":"10.47743/aic-2023-1-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47743/aic-2023-1-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout this article, we will use the Tree of Life from Kabbalah to study certain symbolic aspects of the microcosmic and of the macrocosmic representations of corporeality. Thus, we hope to disclose an exciting perspective of reading some passages of The Divine Comedy, as well as a series of nuances of the medieval imaginary. After all, the interpretation and the understanding of the Sephirotic Tree involves the deciphering of the basic formula of existence, because it represents a synthetic and symbolic image of the organizing principle of creation. Along the symbolic analysis of the realms from the famous poem, a strong resemblance will be noticed between the universe presented by Dante and the Tree of Life from Kabbalah. Given that the representation of the sephiroth is particularly suggestive in Dante Alighieri’s masterpiece (starting with the circles of Hell, following with the Purgatory, the nine Heavens and the Empyrean), one of the conjectures of this study is that The Divine Comedy manages to transpose into allegorical verses many principles correlated with an “unwritten Kabbalah”. În cuprinsul acestui articol, vom utiliza Pomul Vieţii din cadrul Kabbalei pentru a studia anumite aspecte simbolice ale reprezentărilor microcosmice şi macrocosmice ale corporalităţii. Astfel, sperăm să evidenţiem o perspectivă incitantă de lectură a unor pasaje ale Divinei Comedii, precum şi o serie de nuanţe ale imaginarului medieval. În fond, interpretarea şi înţelegerea Arborelui Sephirotic presupune decriptarea formulei de bază a existenţei, deoarece el reprezintă o ima gine sintetică şi simbolică a principiului organizator al creaţiei. Pe parcursul analizei simbolice a tărâmurilor celebrului poem, se va observa o puternică asemănare între universul prezentat de Dante şi Copacul Vieţii din Kabbala. Având în vedere că reprezentarea sephirothurilor este conturată deosebit de sugestiv în capodopera lui Dante Alighieri (începând cu cercurile Infernului, continuând cu Purgatoriul, cele nouă Ceruri – şi, în fine, Empireul), una dintre premisele acestui studiu este că Divina Comedie reuşeşte să transpună în versuri alegorice numeroase principii corelate cu o „Kabbala nescrisă”.","PeriodicalId":30923,"journal":{"name":"Acta Iassyensia Comparationis","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135653659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.47743/aic-2023-1-0022
CĂTĂLIN CONSTANTINESCU
{"title":"BOOK REVIEWS: Mihaela Ursa (2022). Indisciplina ficţiunii: viaţa de după carte a literaturii. Cluj-Napoca: Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 311 p.","authors":"CĂTĂLIN CONSTANTINESCU","doi":"10.47743/aic-2023-1-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47743/aic-2023-1-0022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30923,"journal":{"name":"Acta Iassyensia Comparationis","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135653679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.47743/aic-2022-2-0001
MARIUS-ADRIAN Hazaparu
Journalistic metadiscourse is the discourse activity used by journalists to com- ment on themselves and their craft and most often it takes the form of a defensive reaction to situations when the journalistic norms, values and practices are subject to interrogation in the public sphere. Faced with problems concerning transparency, credibility, authority and so on, journalists attempt to repair, reshape or redefine both the public perceptions, and their status and legitimacy against criticism. Unlike most studies researching the metadiscourse within editorial and news pieces, the present article analyses the functions of metadiscourse within the literary reportage as hybrid text at the intersection of journalism and literature and in which personal commentary, objective reporting and sources’ views on things blend in. For this purpose, we chose The Emperor (1978), a reportage book written by Polish journalist Ryszard Kapuściński, labelled as one of the greatest reporters of the 20th century. Alongside enthusiastic reviews, the book also stirred many controversies, and its author faced accusation of lacking accuracy in reporting and fictionalizing the story. This made us wanting to know how is metadiscourse used in The Emperor . A content analysis, followed by a discourse analysis revealed that in the aforementioned re- portage book, metadiscourse plays various roles. At the structural level, it fulfils a narrative function; at the auctorial level, it serves as a tool for defining and delinea - ting the reporter’s professional identity, while at public’s level it works as a contact strategy aiming at establishing a connection between the journalist and the reader. Moreover, metadiscourse opens a way for the public to being acquainted with the text production processes, delivering information on the investigation techniques, sources management and editing. Metadiscursul jurnalistic este definit ca activitatea discursivă prin care jurnaliştii vorbesc despre ei înşişi şi despre propria profesie şi, cel mai frecvent, ia forma
{"title":"Jurnalism despre jurnalism: funcții ale metadiscursului în reportajul literar. Ryszard Kapuściński și Împăratul (1978)","authors":"MARIUS-ADRIAN Hazaparu","doi":"10.47743/aic-2022-2-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47743/aic-2022-2-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Journalistic metadiscourse is the discourse activity used by journalists to com- ment on themselves and their craft and most often it takes the form of a defensive reaction to situations when the journalistic norms, values and practices are subject to interrogation in the public sphere. Faced with problems concerning transparency, credibility, authority and so on, journalists attempt to repair, reshape or redefine both the public perceptions, and their status and legitimacy against criticism. Unlike most studies researching the metadiscourse within editorial and news pieces, the present article analyses the functions of metadiscourse within the literary reportage as hybrid text at the intersection of journalism and literature and in which personal commentary, objective reporting and sources’ views on things blend in. For this purpose, we chose The Emperor (1978), a reportage book written by Polish journalist Ryszard Kapuściński, labelled as one of the greatest reporters of the 20th century. Alongside enthusiastic reviews, the book also stirred many controversies, and its author faced accusation of lacking accuracy in reporting and fictionalizing the story. This made us wanting to know how is metadiscourse used in The Emperor . A content analysis, followed by a discourse analysis revealed that in the aforementioned re- portage book, metadiscourse plays various roles. At the structural level, it fulfils a narrative function; at the auctorial level, it serves as a tool for defining and delinea - ting the reporter’s professional identity, while at public’s level it works as a contact strategy aiming at establishing a connection between the journalist and the reader. Moreover, metadiscourse opens a way for the public to being acquainted with the text production processes, delivering information on the investigation techniques, sources management and editing. Metadiscursul jurnalistic este definit ca activitatea discursivă prin care jurnaliştii vorbesc despre ei înşişi şi despre propria profesie şi, cel mai frecvent, ia forma","PeriodicalId":30923,"journal":{"name":"Acta Iassyensia Comparationis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70888480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.47743/aic-2022-2-0002
Ewa A. Łukaszyk
The article is an attempt at answering the question how and why the individuals born in social contexts in which strong tradi-tions of literacy are absent come to nurture literary aspirations. The answer is based on the autobiographical essay A Writer’s People by the Nobel prize winner born in Trinidad, V. S. Naipaul. He nar-rates the circumstances of his discovery of literature, in strong connection with the literary activity of his contemporary living on a nearby island, Derek Walcott, as well as his own father. Naipaul’s further musings on the conditions of success and failure in lite - rature lead him to analyse the milieus in which he was involved in England, as well as various minor and major texts of Indian and universal literature. As a conclusion, he points out at the gap between the pioneering and the derived, secondary texts written as an imitation of someone else’s work. Also, the link between the original writing and the private, deeply felt realities is accentuated.
{"title":"Books of the Beginnings. The Emergence of the Idea of Literature in V. S. Naipaul’s A Writer’s People","authors":"Ewa A. Łukaszyk","doi":"10.47743/aic-2022-2-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47743/aic-2022-2-0002","url":null,"abstract":"The article is an attempt at answering the question how and why the individuals born in social contexts in which strong tradi-tions of literacy are absent come to nurture literary aspirations. The answer is based on the autobiographical essay A Writer’s People by the Nobel prize winner born in Trinidad, V. S. Naipaul. He nar-rates the circumstances of his discovery of literature, in strong connection with the literary activity of his contemporary living on a nearby island, Derek Walcott, as well as his own father. Naipaul’s further musings on the conditions of success and failure in lite - rature lead him to analyse the milieus in which he was involved in England, as well as various minor and major texts of Indian and universal literature. As a conclusion, he points out at the gap between the pioneering and the derived, secondary texts written as an imitation of someone else’s work. Also, the link between the original writing and the private, deeply felt realities is accentuated.","PeriodicalId":30923,"journal":{"name":"Acta Iassyensia Comparationis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70888554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.47743/aic-2022-2-0003
Mihaela Mudure
Starting from a very summative discussion about the metadiscourse of the historical novel, Joan Kelly’s and Joan Scott’s contribution to the appearance and the evolution of women’s history, this article’s author constructs a comparison among three women who authored historical novels: Sarah Dunant, Rodica Ojog-Braşoveanu, and Ileana Vulpescu. The problem is whether the Romanian and the international historical novel presents some markers typical of feminine authorship. The answer is negative, even if the lesson offered to the female writers by women’s history, as a research area, is not deprived of consequences. The existence of some feminine authorial markers would presume the existence of a feminine essence which is still, eternally recognizable, and impossible to grasp by those of other genders. Rather, there is a certain positionality, a taste for female characters with a strong personality, some preferences, tendencies towards a presentation of history as women’s history, as well. Sarah Dunant tends to reconstruct the past according to the present taste for political correctness, for the marginalized groups, be they prostitutes or individuals with disabilities. On the other hand, OjogBraşoveanu and Ileana Vulpescu combine women’s history with the tropes of the nationalist discourse. Pornind de la o discuţie foarte sumativă despre metadiscursul romanului istoric şi despre apariţia şi evoluţia noţiunii de istorie a femeilor dezvoltată de Joan Kelly şi Joan Scott, autoarea articolului construieşte o comparaţie între scriitoarele Sarah Dunant, Rodica Ojog-Braşoveanu şi Ileana Vulpescu, ca autoare de romane istorice. Problema este dacă romanul istoric românesc şi cel internaţional prezintă nişte mărci tipice auctorialităţii feminine. Răspunsul este negativ chiar dacă lecţia oferită scriitoarelor de către istoria femeilor, ca domeniu de cercetare, nu e lipsită de consecinţe. Existenţa unor mărci auctoriale feminine ar presupune existenţa unei esenţe feminine imuabile, etern recognoscibile şi imposibil de accesat celor de alt gen. Există mai degrabă o anume poziţionalitate, un gust pentru personaje feminine cu o puternică personalitate, nişte preferinţe, tendinţe spre o prezentare a istoriei şi din perspectiva femeii. Sarah Dunant tinde a reconstrui trecutul conform gustului contemporan pentru corectitudinea politică, pentru grupurile marginalizate – fie ele prostituate sau persoane cu dizabilităţi. În schimb, Ojog-Braşoveanu şi Ileana Vulpescu combină istoria femeilor cu tropii discursului naţionalist.
本文从对历史小说元话语、琼·凯利和琼·斯科特对女性历史的出现和演变的贡献的总结性讨论开始，构建了莎拉·杜南、罗迪卡·奥乔格·布劳·奥维亚努和伊莱安娜·沃佩斯库这三位历史小说女性作家的比较。问题是罗马尼亚和国际历史小说是否呈现出一些典型的女性作者特征。答案是否定的，即使作为一个研究领域的妇女史给女作家提供的教训没有被剥夺后果。一些女性作家标记的存在将假定存在一种女性本质，这种本质仍然是，永远可识别的，并且不可能被其他性别的人所掌握。更确切地说，有一定的定位，对具有强烈个性的女性角色的品味，一些偏好，倾向于将历史呈现为女性的历史。萨拉·杜南倾向于根据当下对政治正确的品味来重建过去，为了边缘群体，不管他们是妓女还是残疾人。另一方面，ojogbra oveanu和Ileana Vulpescu将女性历史与民族主义话语的比喻结合起来。Pornind de la o讨论ţie foarte sumativădespre metadiscursul romanului istoricş我despre apariţiaş我evoluţia没有ţiunii de istorie femeilor dezvoltatăde凯莉ş我琼•斯科特autoarea articolului construieşte o comparaţie intre scriitoarele莎拉•杜兰特Rodica Ojog-Braşoveanuş我罗丝Vulpescu, ca autoare de romane istorice。problem ma este dacei romanl历史浪漫主义 nesc 细胞internaţional prezinti ni mritci tipice auctorialităţii女性化。泌尿系泌尿系泌尿系阴性，泌尿系泌尿系阴性，泌尿系阴性，泌尿系阴性，泌尿系阴性，泌尿系阴性，泌尿系阴性，泌尿系阴性，泌尿系阴性。Existenţa unor。萨拉·杜南(Sarah Dunant)重建了一种文化上的一致性，即当代的、正确的、政治的、被边缘化的、被边缘化的、被忽视的、被忽视的、被忽视的、被忽视的、被忽视的、被忽视的、被忽视的、被忽视的、被忽视的、被忽视的。În schimb, ojog - brailoveanu Ileana Vulpescu combinoria femilor cu tropii discursului naţionalist。
{"title":"Condeiul feminin şi romanul istoric","authors":"Mihaela Mudure","doi":"10.47743/aic-2022-2-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47743/aic-2022-2-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Starting from a very summative discussion about the metadiscourse of the historical novel, Joan Kelly’s and Joan Scott’s contribution to the appearance and the evolution of women’s history, this article’s author constructs a comparison among three women who authored historical novels: Sarah Dunant, Rodica Ojog-Braşoveanu, and Ileana Vulpescu. The problem is whether the Romanian and the international historical novel presents some markers typical of feminine authorship. The answer is negative, even if the lesson offered to the female writers by women’s history, as a research area, is not deprived of consequences. The existence of some feminine authorial markers would presume the existence of a feminine essence which is still, eternally recognizable, and impossible to grasp by those of other genders. Rather, there is a certain positionality, a taste for female characters with a strong personality, some preferences, tendencies towards a presentation of history as women’s history, as well. Sarah Dunant tends to reconstruct the past according to the present taste for political correctness, for the marginalized groups, be they prostitutes or individuals with disabilities. On the other hand, OjogBraşoveanu and Ileana Vulpescu combine women’s history with the tropes of the nationalist discourse. Pornind de la o discuţie foarte sumativă despre metadiscursul romanului istoric şi despre apariţia şi evoluţia noţiunii de istorie a femeilor dezvoltată de Joan Kelly şi Joan Scott, autoarea articolului construieşte o comparaţie între scriitoarele Sarah Dunant, Rodica Ojog-Braşoveanu şi Ileana Vulpescu, ca autoare de romane istorice. Problema este dacă romanul istoric românesc şi cel internaţional prezintă nişte mărci tipice auctorialităţii feminine. Răspunsul este negativ chiar dacă lecţia oferită scriitoarelor de către istoria femeilor, ca domeniu de cercetare, nu e lipsită de consecinţe. Existenţa unor mărci auctoriale feminine ar presupune existenţa unei esenţe feminine imuabile, etern recognoscibile şi imposibil de accesat celor de alt gen. Există mai degrabă o anume poziţionalitate, un gust pentru personaje feminine cu o puternică personalitate, nişte preferinţe, tendinţe spre o prezentare a istoriei şi din perspectiva femeii. Sarah Dunant tinde a reconstrui trecutul conform gustului contemporan pentru corectitudinea politică, pentru grupurile marginalizate – fie ele prostituate sau persoane cu dizabilităţi. În schimb, Ojog-Braşoveanu şi Ileana Vulpescu combină istoria femeilor cu tropii discursului naţionalist.","PeriodicalId":30923,"journal":{"name":"Acta Iassyensia Comparationis","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70888658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.47743/aic-2023-1-0010
GIULIA SCIALPI
Con questa premessa, l’articolo si propone di analizzare l’inadegua - tezza dell’osservatore maschile su due diversi piani: quello storico, che riguarda la crisi della mascolinità generata dalla seconda ondata di fem-minismo degli anni Settanta, e quello teorico-concettuale, che riguarda lo scacco della rappresentazione del femminile messo in luce dalla critica femminista verso il sistema di pensiero, l’immaginario, il linguaggio e l’or-dine simbolico occidentale. A questo proposito, l’analisi si servirà di alcuni concetti tratti
{"title":"Tra «male gaze» e incapacità di vedere. Una lettura del racconto Il seno nudo di Italo Calvino","authors":"GIULIA SCIALPI","doi":"10.47743/aic-2023-1-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47743/aic-2023-1-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Con questa premessa, l’articolo si propone di analizzare l’inadegua - tezza dell’osservatore maschile su due diversi piani: quello storico, che riguarda la crisi della mascolinità generata dalla seconda ondata di fem-minismo degli anni Settanta, e quello teorico-concettuale, che riguarda lo scacco della rappresentazione del femminile messo in luce dalla critica femminista verso il sistema di pensiero, l’immaginario, il linguaggio e l’or-dine simbolico occidentale. A questo proposito, l’analisi si servirà di alcuni concetti tratti","PeriodicalId":30923,"journal":{"name":"Acta Iassyensia Comparationis","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135653675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.47743/aic-2023-1-0011
LILIÁN ILLADES AGUIAR
Manuel Payno was a multifaceted character as the whole of his work. During his life, he worked as a civil servant, military officer, congressman, journalist, diplomat, teacher and writer. His most notable novel is The Bandits from Río Frío. A Naturalistic and Humorous Novel of Customs, Crimes and Horrors, which has been acclaimed by literary critics as the most renowned work of social customs in 19th century Mexican literature. The text portrays the daily life of the different sectors that made up Mexican society in the decades immediately following the country’s independence, when its separation from the Spanish monarchy was sealed. In the time span covered by the work, the insecurity on the roads, banditry, assault, robbery, kidnapping, smuggling, institutional corruption, and the disparity between the opulence of a minority and the misery of the majority emerge as distinctive features of the new country. The numerous calamities that afflicted the newly established nation are depicted throughout the extensive narrative, where blood and its multiple treatment are the primary focus of the present text. The bandits who operated in the area of Río Frío, an obligatory stop on the national road that connected Mexi co and Puebla through the stagecoach system, stand out for their infamous bloodshed. Manuel Payno fue un personaje polifacético como el conjunto de su obra. En el transcurso de su vida se desempeñó como funcionario, militar, diputado, periodista, diplomático, maestro y literato. Su novela más notable es Los Bandidos de Río Frío. Novela Naturalista, Humorística, de Costumbres, de Crímenes y de Horrores y ha sido distinguida por la crítica literaria como la más célebre obra costumbrista de la literatura mexicana del siglo XIX. El texto retrata la vida cotidiana de los diferentes sectores que componían a la sociedad mexicana en las décadas inmediatas a la independencia del país, al sellarse su separación de la monarquía española. En el espacio temporal que abarca la obra sobresalen como rasgos distintivos del nuevo país la inseguridad en los caminos, el bandidaje, el asalto, el robo, el secuestro, el contrabando, la corrupción institucional, la opulencia de una minoría en contraste con la miseria de la mayoría. El conjunto de males que aquejaban al nuevo país fluye en el cauce de la vasta narración, en donde la sangre y su múltiple tratamiento son el objeto de atención del presente texto; destacan en su infausto derramamiento los bandidos que operaban en la zona de Río Frío, alto obligado en el camino nacional que conectaba a México y Puebla a través del sistema de diligencias.
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