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ANALYSIS OF THE EU CYBERSECURITY ACT UNDER THE THEORY OF NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM 新自由主义制度主义理论下的欧盟网络安全法案分析
Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.9
Safrida Alivia Sri Ananda, I. Putranti, A. Dir
Wannacry Ransomware epidemics have attacked several high-profile companies in European Union creating an EU-wide cybersecurity crisis in the digital economy and social order. In response, European Union established an appropriate regulation in cybercrime namely The Cybersecurity Act. The Act as an international regime does not only gives a permanent mandate that strengthens European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA) but also establishes The EU Cybersecurity Certification Scheme in order to increase cybersecurity and build cyber resilience in the European Union Digital Single Market. This paper investigates how does the Cybersecurity Act as a business law in maintaining cybersecurity aspect on the European Union Digital Single Market through the theory of neoliberal institutionalism as a framework of thinking. After a series of conduction of literature reviews, this research argues that The Cybersecurity Act would be an appropriate regulation in dealing with the cybersecurity crisis in the digitalized market order. The standardization in The EU Cybersecurity Certification Scheme regulated by The Cybersecurity Act would improve cybersecurity and build cyber resilience in the European Union Digital Single Market.
勒索软件(Wannacry Ransomware)的流行袭击了欧盟的几家知名公司,在数字经济和社会秩序方面引发了一场全欧盟范围的网络安全危机。为此,欧盟制定了相应的网络犯罪法规,即《网络安全法》。作为一项国际制度,该法案不仅赋予了加强欧盟网络和信息安全局(ENISA)的永久授权,而且还建立了欧盟网络安全认证计划,以提高欧盟数字单一市场的网络安全和建立网络弹性。本文以新自由主义制度主义理论为思维框架,探讨了《网络安全法》作为商业法在维护欧盟数字单一市场网络安全方面的作用。经过一系列的文献综述,本研究认为《网络安全法》将是应对数字化市场秩序下网络安全危机的合适法规。《网络安全法》规定的欧盟网络安全认证计划的标准化将改善欧盟数字单一市场的网络安全并建立网络弹性。
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引用次数: 0
PERSEROAN PERORANGAN PASCA UU CIPTA KERJA:PERUBAHAN PARADIGMA PERSEROAN TERBATAS SEBAGAI ASOSIASI MODAL 工作建模法案后的个人审查:作为资本协会的最低范式变化
Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.2
D. Kasih
The study aimed to analyze the concept of a Limited Liability Company after the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, especially concerning the concept of capital association paradigm. This normative legal research uses a statutory, conceptual and comparative approach. The results shows that after the enactment of the Job Creation Law, there is a new form of legal entity, namely an Private Company which is specifically for MSE actors with the aim of facilitating business development for MSE actors by being able to form a legal entity with only one person as the founder/shareholder. This has indicated a change in the paradigm of Limited Liability Companies as a capital association. It is in the form of expansion of the concept of a Limited Liability Company where the establishment of a Private Company for MSEs was founded by 1 (one) person. This is nothing new considering Article 7 paragraph 5 and paragraph (7) of the Company Law that a company can be established only by one shareholder as in the establishment of BUMN and BUMD which is also regulated in the BUMN Law and PP. 45 of 2005 which allows the shares of Persero to be wholly owned by the state.
本研究旨在分析关于创造就业的2020年第11号法律颁布后有限责任公司的概念,特别是关于资本关联范式的概念。这项规范性法律研究采用了成文法、概念性和比较性的方法。结果表明,在《创造就业法》颁布后,出现了一种新的法人实体形式,即私人公司,这是专门为微商行为者设计的,目的是通过能够形成只有一个人作为创始人/股东的法人实体来促进微商行为者的业务发展。这表明有限责任公司作为一种资本协会的范式发生了变化。它的形式是有限责任公司概念的扩展,其中为中小企业设立的私人公司是由1(1)人创立的。考虑到《公司法》第7条第5款和第(7)款规定,公司只能由一名股东成立,这一点并不新鲜,正如《公司法》和《公司法》中规定的那样,《公司法》和2005年第45条规定,Persero的股份可以由国家全资拥有。
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引用次数: 12
RASIO LEGIS PENGATURAN BATAS MINIMAL USIA PERKAWINAN MENURUT UNDANG UNDANG NOMOR 16 TAHUN 2019 TENTANG PERUBAHAN ATAS UNDANG UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 1974 TENTANG PERKAWINAN 最低绩效口粮2019年16年前使用的最低绩效,1974年1年前使用
Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.7
Rachmi Sulistyarini
In its verdict, the Constitutional Court with the decision Number 22/PUU-XV/2017 ordered the legislators within a maximum period of 3 years since the decision to make changes to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This paper analyses the legal ratio of regulating the marriage minimum age according to Law number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law 1 of 1974 concerning marriage. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the regulation legis ration of the minimum age for marriage according to Indonesian Marriage Law. This legal research uses a philosophical, legislation, and conceptual approach. The results shows that the legal ratio of regulating the minimum age for marriage according to Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage is the recognition of children’s rights, guarantees, protection and fair laws and equal treatment of the law so there is no discrimination.
根据第22/PUU-XV/2017号决定,宪法法院在判决书中命令立法者在自决定修改1974年关于婚姻的第1号法以来的最长3年内作出修改。本文分析了根据《1974年第1号婚姻法修正案》(2019年第16号法)规定结婚最低年龄的法律比例。本文的目的是分析印尼《婚姻法》对最低结婚年龄的规定立法。这项法律研究采用了哲学、立法和概念的方法。结果表明,根据关于修订1974年关于婚姻的第1号法律的2019年第16号法律规定最低结婚年龄的法律比例是对儿童权利、保障、保护和公平法律的承认以及法律的平等对待,因此不存在歧视。
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引用次数: 1
REKONSEPTUALISASI PRINSIP KEDAULATAN NEGARA DALAM PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA DI INDONESIA: LESSON FROM COVID-19 印度尼西亚灾难主权原则重新概念化:COVID-19的LESSON
Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.5
N. Puspita
In its application, the state’s primary responsibility principle is often challenged by the ability and the willingness of a country in overcoming various disasters that are massive such as the Covid-19 pandemic. This paper analyzes the importance of reconceptualizing of the state sovereignty principle in disaster management especially in Indonesia by learning from the Covid-19 response. This is a normative juridical research. This results shows that a state sovereignty in disaster conditions should be understood as a form of state responsibility to protect its people by welcoming an international cooperation in the form of humanitarian assistance when such a country is unable or unwilling to overcome. The condition of a strong or a weak government can be the most important benchmark for determining the acceptance of international assistance. This of course, can be a recommendation for the Indonesian government to stop the polemic of receiving or seeking international assistance related to the legal implications of establishing the status of a national disaster in Indonesia.
在应用中,国家的首要责任原则往往受到一个国家在克服新冠肺炎大流行等大规模灾难方面的能力和意愿的挑战。本文通过学习新冠肺炎应对措施,分析了重新界定国家主权原则在灾害管理中的重要性,尤其是在印度尼西亚。这是一项规范性的司法研究。这一结果表明,在灾难条件下的国家主权应被理解为一种国家责任,即在国家无法或不愿克服时,通过欢迎人道主义援助形式的国际合作来保护其人民。一个强大或软弱的政府的状况可能是决定接受国际援助的最重要基准。当然,这可以建议印尼政府停止接受或寻求与确定印尼国家灾难地位的法律影响有关的国际援助的争论。
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引用次数: 0
CORRELATION FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, CUSTOMERS AND EMPLOYEES PER LABOUR LAW 根据劳动法联系金融机构、客户和雇员
Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.3
Suwinto Johan, A. Ariawan
This study aims to determine the accountability of financial institutions to employees who have been negligent in providing services to customers and examines the triangular relationship between financial institutions, employees, and customers. This normative juridical research is combined with empirical data. The results indicate that if the negligence of an employee is per the standard operating procedures (SOP) set by the authorities in the financial institution, the financial institution must be responsible for the loss of the customer. This responsibility is based on Articles 1365, 1366, and 1367 of the Civil Code. If the employee’s negligence is not according to the SOP, then the employee must be personally responsible. A single legal event may result in different ways of settling in the relationship of these three parties.
本研究旨在确定金融机构对在为客户提供服务方面存在疏忽的员工的责任,并检验金融机构、员工和客户之间的三角关系。这一规范性的法律研究与实证数据相结合。结果表明,如果员工的疏忽是根据金融机构当局制定的标准操作程序(SOP),金融机构必须对客户的损失负责。这项责任基于《民法典》第1365、1366和1367条。如果员工的疏忽不符合SOP,那么员工必须承担个人责任。同一法律事件可能导致这三方关系的不同解决方式。
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引用次数: 0
MISREPRESENTATION SEBAGAI FRAUD DALAM PERKARA KONTRAK ASURANSI YANG DILAKUKAN PENANGGUNG 合同中的虚假陈述欺诈
Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.4
Mulhadi Mulhadi, Dedi Harianto
Insurance companies in Indonesia are currently trapped in the stigma of seeking the highest premiums. Many agents do not work according to standards and do not explain in detail the insured party’s rights and obligations. This study aims to determine the meaning of misrepresentation and forms of misrepresentation made by the insurer in an insurance contract case based on court decisions. This normative juridical approach uses content analysis method. The results showed that the insurer failed to provide correct information about the importance of medical check-ups about life insurance, failed to explain the relationship between honesty in disclosing material circumstances with the risk of cancellation of the policy or the consequences of an insurance claim being rejected, failed to present the correct information to policyholders and gives the impression that insurance claims can be made easily, only with a photocopy of the receipt for payment of hospital fees, and the failed to present correct information that the policy can only be closed to other people if the prospective insured has a birth certificate and cannot be replaced by a statement only.
印尼的保险公司目前陷入了追求最高保费的耻辱之中。许多代理人没有按照标准工作,也没有详细解释被保险人的权利和义务。本研究旨在确定虚假陈述的含义以及保险人在保险合同案件中根据法院判决做出的虚假陈述的形式。这种规范的司法方法采用内容分析法。结果表明,保险人未能提供关于人寿保险体检重要性的正确信息,未能解释披露重大情况的诚实与保单取消风险或保险索赔被驳回的后果之间的关系,未能向投保人提供正确的信息,给人的印象是只需一份支付医院费用的收据复印件就可以很容易地提出保险索赔,以及未能提供正确信息,即只有在潜在被保险人有出生证明且不能仅用声明代替的情况下,保单才能对其他人关闭。
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引用次数: 0
ALTERNATIF DESAIN PENYELENGGARAAN PEMILIHAN UMUM PASCA PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI 宪法法院裁决后选举的替代方案
Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.10
Ahmad Siboy
The decision for the implementation of the concurrent general election to elect members of the People’s Representative Council, the Regional Representatives Council, the Regional People’s Representative Council, and the President and Vice President on the same day has caused many problems at the regulatory and technical levels so that it makes the general election undemocratic, ineffective, and inefficient. Therefore, it needs to be re-examined the meaning and alternative implementation designs of the more proper concurrent general election. This juridical-normative research uses conceptual, statutory, historical and case study approach. The results indicated that general elections must be held concurrently. There are many models of separating the implementation of concurrent general elections which are constitutional such as the separation based on the division of local and national general elections, the separation based on the regional level, and the separation based on qualifications of branches of power. With these various designs that have been offered, the implementation of the general elections will no longer be carried out within one day. Eventually, it makes the entire election process and the election dispute settlement process run according to the election principles mandated by the constitution.
实行人民代表议会议员、地区代表议会议员、地区人民代表议会议员、主席、副主席同日选举的决定,在监管和技术层面造成了许多问题,使普选不民主、无效、低效。因此,有必要重新审视更合适的并行大选的意义和替代实施设计。这项法律规范研究使用概念、法规、历史和案例研究方法。结果表明,大选必须同时举行。同时举行的普选实行分离的宪政模式有:以地方和全国普选划分为基础的分离、以地区为基础的分离、以权力部门资格为基础的分离。有了这些不同的设计,普选的实施将不再在一天内进行。最终,它使整个选举过程和选举争端解决过程按照宪法规定的选举原则进行。
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引用次数: 1
CRIMINAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF STATE OFFICIALS COMMITTING POLITICAL CORRUPTION IN INDONESIA 印尼国家官员政治腐败的刑事责任
Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.8
Y. Yuliana, M. Prasetyo
Political corruption is a form of violation of people’s human rights and is a worrying phenomenon because it is dominated by state officials who have superior positions. This article aims to find out how the reality of law enforcement against corruption is carried out by state officials and how the criminal responsibility of state officials who commit political corruption in Indonesia. This article uses a normative juridical method. The results shows that law enforcement against state officials who commit political corruption has not been carried out optimally. The low demands of prosecutors followed by judges’ verdicts against state officials who commit corruption are the cause of the difficulty of eradicating this crime. The imposition of a maximum criminal threat or life imprisonment for perpetrators of political corruption is something that should be done to create a deterrent effect for the perpetrators or the public who see it. In this case, law enforcement officers must have the courage, integrity, and high morale to be indiscriminate in eradicating political crimes in Indonesia.
政治腐败是侵犯人民人权的一种形式,是一种令人担忧的现象,因为它由地位优越的国家官员主导。本文旨在了解印尼国家官员如何执行反腐败执法的现实,以及国家官员在政治腐败中的刑事责任。本文采用规范的司法方法。结果表明,对犯有政治腐败行为的国家官员的执法并没有得到最佳实施。检察官的要求很低,法官对犯有腐败罪的国家官员作出判决,这是根除这一罪行困难的原因。对政治腐败的肇事者施加最高刑事威胁或终身监禁,是为了对肇事者或看到腐败的公众产生威慑作用。在这种情况下,执法人员必须有勇气、正直和高昂的士气,在印度尼西亚不分青红皂白地根除政治犯罪。
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引用次数: 1
RASIONALISASI PENGADILAN AGRARIA DI INDONESIA SEBAGAI SOLUSI PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA AGRARIA BERKEADILAN 印尼农业区位的合理化与产业区位的解决
Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.1
Imam Koeswahyono, D. Maharani
The realization of justice in the land sector is a constitutional mandate as stated in article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia. However, until now there have been many violations and agrarian conflicts that have occurred which is said to be extraordinary because in them there are structural conflicts and are related to the economic capabilities of certain groups. In order to realize a fair judicial mechanism in overcoming agrarian conflicts, a special institution is needed. This research initiats the Agrarian Court as a special court that has the authority to examine, hear, and decide on agrarian conflicts. The establishment of the Agrarian Court is solely aimed at realizing justice, legal certainty, and benefits in resolving agrarian conflicts and as an independent law enforcement institution. The method used in this study is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach.
1945年《印度尼西亚宪法》第33条规定,在土地部门实现正义是一项宪法任务。然而,到目前为止,已经发生了许多侵犯和土地冲突,据说这是非同寻常的,因为其中存在结构性冲突,而且与某些群体的经济能力有关。为了在克服土地冲突方面实现公平的司法机制,需要一个特殊的机构。这项研究开创了土地法院作为一个有权审查、审理和裁决土地冲突的特别法庭的先河。设立土地法院的唯一目的是在解决土地冲突方面实现正义、法律确定性和利益,并作为一个独立的执法机构。本研究中使用的方法是具有法定和概念方法的规范司法方法。
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引用次数: 3
ASAS PERSONALITAS KEISLAMAN DALAM PENETAPAN ASAL-USUL ANAK LUAR KAWIN KE PENGADILAN NEGERI 在确定非婚生子女的起源到地方法院时,伊斯兰教的人格原则
Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2022.01501.6
Hartini Hartini
This research aims to analyze the choice of Muslims in choosing the District Court for filing cases of acknowledgment or ratification of illegitimate children against their biological father; examine the qualification of cases used in determining the civil relation between illegitimate children and their biological father; and examine the legal implications for Muslims who obtained a court ruling from the district court regarding the relationship of an illegitimate child to his biological father. This research is categorized as legal normative research that uses the Decision of District Courts as an analysis material. The results of the research show that based Islamic personality principle, the application for civil relation of an illegitimate child to the district Court is not entirely wrong as there is still an opportunity for broad interpretation of the post-Constitutional Court Decision when it is associated with population administrations. The cases that were proposed to the district courts were qualified as a child recognition child legitimacy cases. And this decision implies that there will be differences due to the law and and there is the potential to violate Islamic law, especially regarding the rights of illegitimate children to their fathers.
本研究旨在分析穆斯林在选择地区法院提起对其生父承认或批准非婚生子女的案件时的选择;审查非婚生子女与其生父民事关系认定案件的适用条件;并研究从地区法院获得关于私生子与其生父关系的法院裁决的穆斯林的法律含义。本研究属于以地方法院判决为分析材料的法律规范性研究。研究结果表明,基于伊斯兰人格原则,私生子民事关系向地方法院的申请并非完全错误,因为当与人口管理有关时,仍有机会对后宪法法院判决进行广泛解释。向地区法院提出的案件均符合儿童承认儿童合法性案件的条件。这一决定意味着,由于法律的原因会有差异,而且有可能违反伊斯兰法律,特别是关于私生子对父亲的权利。
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引用次数: 0
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