Should the writing construct be assessed through handwriting or keyboarding? As the only major language entirely without a syllabary or alphabet, the Chinese writing system is unique among modern languages, thus the question of writing proficiency is complicated by character recall. Most of the testing research comparing text entry methods has been conducted in English and has found that keyboarding and handwriting can be used interchangeably. This paper reports the outcome of a study comparing the results of handwritten and typed versions of the Chinese ACTFL Writing Proficiency Test (WPT). L2 Chinese students (n = 25) with Intermediate to Superior speaking skills were randomly divided into two groups and took both WPT versions in a counterbalanced design. Keyboarding resulted in significantly higher test scores [repeated measures ANOVA F(1, 23) = 62.7, p < .001, effect size partial eta squared = .73]. Keyboarding was on average 1.69 ACTFL sublevels higher than handwriting. Finally, this paper will discuss the writing construct in Chinese along with pedagogical implications around curricular decisions on teaching and assessing handwriting vs. keyboarding.
{"title":"Does text entry method make a difference on Chinese writing test scores?","authors":"D. Bourgerie, Troy L. Cox, Steven L. Riep","doi":"10.1075/csl.22012.bou","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/csl.22012.bou","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Should the writing construct be assessed through handwriting or keyboarding? As the only major language entirely\u0000 without a syllabary or alphabet, the Chinese writing system is unique among modern languages, thus the question of writing\u0000 proficiency is complicated by character recall. Most of the testing research comparing text entry methods has been conducted in\u0000 English and has found that keyboarding and handwriting can be used interchangeably. This paper reports the outcome of a study\u0000 comparing the results of handwritten and typed versions of the Chinese ACTFL Writing Proficiency Test (WPT). L2 Chinese students\u0000 (n = 25) with Intermediate to Superior speaking skills were randomly divided into two groups and took both\u0000 WPT versions in a counterbalanced design. Keyboarding resulted in significantly higher test scores [repeated measures ANOVA\u0000 F(1, 23) = 62.7, p < .001, effect size partial eta squared = .73]. Keyboarding was on\u0000 average 1.69 ACTFL sublevels higher than handwriting. Finally, this paper will discuss the writing construct in Chinese along\u0000 with pedagogical implications around curricular decisions on teaching and assessing handwriting vs. keyboarding.","PeriodicalId":31271,"journal":{"name":"Tai Wan Jiao Yu She Hui Xue Yan Jiu","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86783237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.53106/181856492023020029001
楊智景 楊智景
日治時期殖民者施行的理蕃政策是基於對原住民族進行馴化而成立，它具有近似宗教性的使命感。政策和馴化過程，皆企圖抹除原住民族的傳統生活文化與思維，重新建構符合殖民統治需求的認同和自我詮釋。其結果將導致原住民族在潛移默化中接受殖民者對其自身的觀看和定義，甚而內化成原住民族的自身認同，這同時也是原住民族挪用殖民者建構的原住民族知識與形象而進行自民族再現的過程。本文藉由日治時期《理蕃 友》中原住民族菁英的文字敘事，觀察具有「國語」讀寫、理解能力的原住民族菁英在成為理蕃政策的代行者之餘，呈現的自我描繪及自民族詮釋，並嘗試將之與殖民話語進行對照，進而說明原住民的自民族再現與殊方觀看之間的落差。再者，本文並探討原住民族口傳傳統神話的文字再現，作為一種原住民族菁英宣示部落認同之策略的可能性。 Colonizers aimed to cultivate the “barbaric” aborigines through an aboriginal policy, which resembled a religious mission of domestication. This mission was intended to tame the aborigines and involved a constant process of taming supported by a governing system. The goal was to infiltrate or even substitute the traditional culture and central thoughts of the aboriginal society. Furthermore, it aimed to reconstruct an ideal self-recognition that conformed to colonial dominion. As a result, the aborigines who embraced the colonizers’ perspectives underwent an inner transformation, eventually internalizing the colonizers’ point of view as their own self-identification. In light of these dynamics, tribal representation emerged when the aboriginal elites redirected the colonizers’ perspectives on aboriginal cognitions and figures. This essay aims to closely examine the writing of aboriginal elites in The Ribann no tomo, analyzing their viewpoints on aborigines and tribal compositions. It then proceeds to further discuss how aboriginal scholars constructed their own understanding of tribes and their associated images.
日治时期殖民者施行的理蕃政策是基于对原住民族进行驯化而成立，它具有近似宗教性的使命感。政策和驯化过程，皆企图抹除原住民族的传统生活文化与思维，重新建构符合殖民统治需求的认同和自我诠释。其结果将导致原住民族在潜移默化中接受殖民者对其自身的观看和定义，甚而内化成原住民族的自身认同，这同时也是原住民族挪用殖民者建构的原住民族知识与形象而进行自民族再现的过程。本文借由日治时期《理蕃 友》中原住民族菁英的文字叙事，观察具有「国语」读写、理解能力的原住民族菁英在成为理蕃政策的代行者之余，呈现的自我描绘及自民族诠释，并尝试将之与殖民话语进行对照，进而说明原住民的自民族再现与殊方观看之间的落差。再者，本文并探讨原住民族口传传统神话的文字再现，作为一种原住民族菁英宣示部落认同之策略的可能性。 Colonizers aimed to cultivate the “barbaric” aborigines through an aboriginal policy, which resembled a religious mission of domestication. This mission was intended to tame the aborigines and involved a constant process of taming supported by a governing system. The goal was to infiltrate or even substitute the traditional culture and central thoughts of the aboriginal society.Furthermore, it aimed to reconstruct an ideal self-recognition that conformed to colonial dominion. As a result, the aborigines who embraced the colonizers’ perspectives underwent an inner transformation, eventually internalizing the colonizers’ point of view as their own self-identification. In light of these dynamics, tribal representation emerged when the aboriginal elites redirected the colonizers’ perspectives on aboriginal cognitions and figures.This essay aims to closely examine the writing of aboriginal elites in The Ribann no tomo, analyzing their viewpoints on aborigines and tribal compositions. It then proceeds to further discuss how aboriginal scholars constructed their own understanding of tribes and their associated images.
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Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.53106/181856492023020029002
王惠珍 王惠珍
龍瑛宗（1911-1999）為新竹地區戰前知名的客籍日語作家，戰後初期因政權更迭、跨語等因素，輟筆未能繼續創作。但他並未放棄對文學的興趣，仍積極與省籍藝文人士維繫良好的社交網絡。為了重拾創作，龍瑛宗韜光養晦努力學習中文，期待能夠重返戰後臺灣文壇。他因地緣、客籍身分的關係與新竹地區藝文人士吳濁流（新竹縣）、鄭世璠（新竹市）往來密切，本論文將利用相關文獻史料、照片、書信、作品等，重新拼貼他們實際的往來情況，釐清他們如何因職場和媒體報刊雜誌的關係，跨時代、跨國境維繫翰墨之緣和以畫會友，建構這個社會群體的文化記憶，希望藉此勾勒出戰前世代的藝文活動型態與人際網絡。 LUNG YING-TSUNG (1911-1999) was a well-known Hakka-Japanese writer in Hsinchu before the Second World War. However, in the early postwar period, he ceased writing due to various factors such as the change of government and official language, which hindered his ability to continue his work. Nevertheless, he maintained his interest in literature and maintained strong social connections with Taiwanese artists and writers. LUNG YING-TSUNG kept a low profile, studying Chinese in anticipation of resuming his creative work and rejoining the Taiwanese literary scene after the war. LUNG YING-TSUNG had close tie with literary figures in the Hsinchu area, such as (WU CHO-LIU [Hsinchu County] and CHENG SHIH-FAN [Hsinchu City]), due to his local connections and Hakka background. This paper aims to reconstruct their shared history using relevant documents, historical materials, photographs, letters and work to seek to clarify how they maintained their friendships through calligraphy and painting across generations and borders, particularly in relation to their workplace and media magazines. The gold is to construct a collective cultural memory of this society and shed light on the artistic and cultural activities as well as interpersonal networks of the Japanese-speaking generation before the war.
龙瑛宗（1911-1999）为新竹地区战前知名的客籍日语作家，战后初期因政权更迭、跨语等因素，辍笔未能继续创作。但他并未放弃对文学的兴趣，仍积极与省籍艺文人士维系良好的社交网络。为了重拾创作，龙瑛宗韬光养晦努力学习中文，期待能够重返战后台湾文坛。他因地缘、客籍身分的关系与新竹地区艺文人士吴浊流（新竹县）、郑世璠（新竹市）往来密切，本论文将利用相关文献史料、照片、书信、作品等，重新拼贴他们实际的往来情况，厘清他们如何因职场和媒体报刊杂志的关系，跨时代、跨国境维系翰墨之缘和以画会友，建构这个社会群体的文化记忆，希望借此勾勒出战前世代的艺文活动型态与人际网络。 LUNG YING-TSUNG (1911-1999) was a well-known Hakka-Japanese writer in Hsinchu before the Second World War. However, in the early postwar period, he ceased writing due to various factors such as the change of government and official language, which hindered his ability to continue his work. Nevertheless, he maintained his interest in literature and maintained strong social connections with Taiwanese artists and writers. LUNG YING-TSUNG kept a low profile, studying Chinese in anticipation of resuming his creative work and rejoining the Taiwanese literary scene after the war. LUNG YING-TSUNG had close tie with literary figures in the Hsinchu area, such as (WU CHO-LIU [Hsinchu County] and CHENG SHIH-FAN [Hsinchu City]), due to his local connections and Hakka background. This paper aims to reconstruct their shared history using relevant documents, historical materials, photographs, letters and work to seek to clarify how they maintained their friendships through calligraphy and painting across generations and borders, particularly in relation to their workplace and media magazines. The gold is to construct a collective cultural memory of this society and shed light on the artistic and cultural activities as well as interpersonal networks of the Japanese-speaking generation before the war.
{"title":"龍瑛宗與新竹地區藝文人士的社群網絡研究","authors":"王惠珍 王惠珍","doi":"10.53106/181856492023020029002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53106/181856492023020029002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 龍瑛宗（1911-1999）為新竹地區戰前知名的客籍日語作家，戰後初期因政權更迭、跨語等因素，輟筆未能繼續創作。但他並未放棄對文學的興趣，仍積極與省籍藝文人士維繫良好的社交網絡。為了重拾創作，龍瑛宗韜光養晦努力學習中文，期待能夠重返戰後臺灣文壇。他因地緣、客籍身分的關係與新竹地區藝文人士吳濁流（新竹縣）、鄭世璠（新竹市）往來密切，本論文將利用相關文獻史料、照片、書信、作品等，重新拼貼他們實際的往來情況，釐清他們如何因職場和媒體報刊雜誌的關係，跨時代、跨國境維繫翰墨之緣和以畫會友，建構這個社會群體的文化記憶，希望藉此勾勒出戰前世代的藝文活動型態與人際網絡。\u0000 LUNG YING-TSUNG (1911-1999) was a well-known Hakka-Japanese writer in Hsinchu before the Second World War. However, in the early postwar period, he ceased writing due to various factors such as the change of government and official language, which hindered his ability to continue his work. Nevertheless, he maintained his interest in literature and maintained strong social connections with Taiwanese artists and writers. LUNG YING-TSUNG kept a low profile, studying Chinese in anticipation of resuming his creative work and rejoining the Taiwanese literary scene after the war.\u0000 LUNG YING-TSUNG had close tie with literary figures in the Hsinchu area, such as (WU CHO-LIU [Hsinchu County] and CHENG SHIH-FAN [Hsinchu City]), due to his local connections and Hakka background. This paper aims to reconstruct their shared history using relevant documents, historical materials, photographs, letters and work to seek to clarify how they maintained their friendships through calligraphy and painting across generations and borders, particularly in relation to their workplace and media magazines. The gold is to construct a collective cultural memory of this society and shed light on the artistic and cultural activities as well as interpersonal networks of the Japanese-speaking generation before the war.\u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":31271,"journal":{"name":"Tai Wan Jiao Yu She Hui Xue Yan Jiu","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91375108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.53106/181856492023020029003
廖紹凱 廖紹凱
賴香吟在2017年出版的《翻譯者》被視為是「青春時期的結案報告」嘗試呈現不同的社會與政治事件中的「個人」，然而本文認為貫穿《翻譯者》的是身為「寫作者」的「女性敘述者」的失語困境。因而，本文將從「自反寫作」與失語困境兩個面向切入，討論賴香吟的小說《翻譯者》幾篇小說以及未收錄的〈時手紙〉。本文認為在後設小說的技藝下，賴香吟置疑寫作者身份、寫作（物）與寫作意義之間的關係，導致身為寫作者的「失語困境」以及的自我價值危機。其中，透過女性與寫作者雙重的身份，而以女性經驗打破女性與土地皆為男性拯救之對象的模式。本文將進一步指出，賴香吟小說在高度自反性的策略下，小說中的女性寫作者角色對雙重身份的自反思考，凸顯女性寫作者在差異的經驗與真實之間的掙扎，重新定義了「作者」、「經驗」與「文學性」概念，而呈現出某種敘事美學。 The Translator (Lai Hsiang-yin, 2017) is considered the culmination of adolescence. Lai Hsiang-yin attempts to depict the concept of “individual” in various societies and political contexts. However, this paper argues that the aphasia dilemma of the “female narrator” as “the writer” permeates the entire narrative of The Translator. Therefore, this paper aims to examine several novels in The Translator (Lai Hsiang-yin, 2017) and “Time Letter”（時手紙）from the perspectives of “reflexive writing” and the aphasia dilemma. Through Lai Hsiang-yin’s metafictional work, it is believed that she questions the relationship between writer’s identity, the act of writing itself, and the meaning of writing, leading to an aphasia dilemma for the writer and a crisis of self-worth. By assuming the dual identity of the female and the writer, Lai Hsiang-yi breaks away from traditional patterns where females and their land are solely saved by males. Moreover, through the strategic use of reflexivity, the character of the female writer in Lai Hsiang-yin novel reflects upon her own dual identity, emphasizing the struggles of the female writer between different experiences and reality. At the same time, this redefines the idea of “writer”, “experience” and “literariness”, representing a distinct narrative aesthetic.
赖香吟在2017年出版的《翻译者》被视为是「青春时期的结案报告」尝试呈现不同的社会与政治事件中的「个人」，然而本文认为贯穿《翻译者》的是身为「写作者」的「女性叙述者」的失语困境。因而，本文将从「自反写作」与失语困境两个面向切入，讨论赖香吟的小说《翻译者》几篇小说以及未收录的〈时手纸〉。本文认为在后设小说的技艺下，赖香吟置疑写作者身份、写作（物）与写作意义之间的关系，导致身为写作者的「失语困境」以及的自我价值危机。其中，透过女性与写作者双重的身份，而以女性经验打破女性与土地皆为男性拯救之对象的模式。本文将进一步指出，赖香吟小说在高度自反性的策略下，小说中的女性写作者角色对双重身份的自反思考，凸显女性写作者在差异的经验与真实之间的挣扎，重新定义了「作者」、「经验」与「文学性」概念，而呈现出某种叙事美学。 The Translator (Lai Hsiang-yin, 2017) is considered the culmination of adolescence. Lai Hsiang-yin attempts to depict the concept of “individual” in various societies and political contexts. However, this paper argues that the aphasia dilemma of the “female narrator” as “the writer” permeates the entire narrative of The Translator. Therefore, this paper aims to examine several novels in The Translator (Lai Hsiang-yin, 2017) and “Time Letter”（时手纸）from the perspectives of “reflexive writing” and the aphasia dilemma. Through Lai Hsiang-yin’s metafictional work, it is believed that she questions the relationship between writer’s identity, the act of writing itself, and the meaning of writing, leading to an aphasia dilemma for the writer and a crisis of self-worth. By assuming the dual identity of the female and the writer, Lai Hsiang-yi breaks away from traditional patterns where females and their land are solely saved by males. Moreover, through the strategic use of reflexivity, the character of the female writer in Lai Hsiang-yin novel reflects upon her own dual identity, emphasizing the struggles of the female writer between different experiences and reality. At the same time, this redefines the idea of “writer”, “experience” and “literariness”, representing a distinct narrative aesthetic.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.53106/295861272022120001003
葉崇揚 葉崇揚, 古允文 古允文
本文目的在於以英國為例，嘗試著說明社會政策治理邏輯的改變如何影響其福利服務輸送體系，進而影響社會工作專業發展，藉此說明社會工作專業發展是如何鑲嵌於特定的國家文化、歷史脈絡和政治經濟脈絡中。在方法上，我們採取歷史追蹤分析方法。本文研究結果發現如下，在戰後福利國家的黃金年代，在以社會行政為基礎的科層治理形塑社會工作的專業主義上，社會工作者對於社會服務使用者的需求評估和處遇擬定都受限於科層體系的規範，也就是那些進入社會工作和社會服務體系的公民的社會權是被專業科層體系和法律所規範。在1980年代之後，西方福利國家立基於新自由主義，而使其治理模式轉往以管理主義以強調效率和選擇等價值，也影響社會工作轉向以管理主義為基礎，在論述上，強調透過個案管理、賦權和使能等概念以強化和正當化對於效率和個人責任的重視。但是，同時，新管理主義在過度強調效率和個人責任的情況下，反而削弱了社會工作者和接受服務者的自主性。2000年之後，社會投資政策理念興起，使得社會政策治理邏輯改以新公共治理為主，不再強調最佳模式，而必須反映了治理客體的現實，因此強調共同生產和網絡治理，且社會工作者可在其中扮演服務協調與創新的角色，而使得未來社會工作教育可能會進一步強調夥伴關係和社會創新等等價值與概念。我們認為本文也提出一些未來研究的可能性，認為未來可以更進一步強化社會政策與社會工作之間的連結，並將台灣的社會工作專業體系置於國際比較的脈絡中。This article aims to identify linkages between social policy and social work. Over the past few decades in Taiwan, social workers and social work educators have emerged as formal professions. However, the relationship between social policy and social work is often ignored, particularly how social work (education) is developed and shaped by social policy. This is because in the process of professionalization and specialization, social policy and social work are treated independently, and the linkage between them goes unacknowledged. Social work studies often focus on micro-level social work practices and methods, and social work is rarely seen as a type of policy model or regime at the institutional level. As a result, social work is often regarded as single undifferentiated policy model, with social work systems and education presented as identical across the world. However, a growing number of comparative studies have identified significant cross-national variations in national social work systems due to idiosyncratic historical, cultural and political economic contexts. This raises the need for additional research on comparative social work systems. In this study, we argue that the key to studying the linkage between social policy and social work is using models of governance to analyze and understand how social work systems are developed and understood. Models of social policy governance influence how social work is practiced and how social work curricula are designed. The remainder of this study is structured as follows: Section two focuses on how hierarchical governance and new public management shapes social policy and social work systems. Section three examines the impact of new public governance on social investment for social work systems. Finally, section four summarises the influence of various models of social policy governance on the development of social work systems, and propose issues for future research. We identify three stages of welfare state development. In the Golden Age of the welfare state, the logic of social administration underpins the model of social policy governance and broader hierarchical governance. The rights and obligations of welfare benefits as well as social work practices were legislatively regulated, along with the relationship between social workers and their clients, resulting in the professionalization of socia
{"title":"社會政策與社會工作專業之間的連結：以英國為例","authors":"葉崇揚 葉崇揚, 古允文 古允文","doi":"10.53106/295861272022120001003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53106/295861272022120001003","url":null,"abstract":"本文目的在於以英國為例，嘗試著說明社會政策治理邏輯的改變如何影響其福利服務輸送體系，進而影響社會工作專業發展，藉此說明社會工作專業發展是如何鑲嵌於特定的國家文化、歷史脈絡和政治經濟脈絡中。在方法上，我們採取歷史追蹤分析方法。本文研究結果發現如下，在戰後福利國家的黃金年代，在以社會行政為基礎的科層治理形塑社會工作的專業主義上，社會工作者對於社會服務使用者的需求評估和處遇擬定都受限於科層體系的規範，也就是那些進入社會工作和社會服務體系的公民的社會權是被專業科層體系和法律所規範。在1980年代之後，西方福利國家立基於新自由主義，而使其治理模式轉往以管理主義以強調效率和選擇等價值，也影響社會工作轉向以管理主義為基礎，在論述上，強調透過個案管理、賦權和使能等概念以強化和正當化對於效率和個人責任的重視。但是，同時，新管理主義在過度強調效率和個人責任的情況下，反而削弱了社會工作者和接受服務者的自主性。2000年之後，社會投資政策理念興起，使得社會政策治理邏輯改以新公共治理為主，不再強調最佳模式，而必須反映了治理客體的現實，因此強調共同生產和網絡治理，且社會工作者可在其中扮演服務協調與創新的角色，而使得未來社會工作教育可能會進一步強調夥伴關係和社會創新等等價值與概念。我們認為本文也提出一些未來研究的可能性，認為未來可以更進一步強化社會政策與社會工作之間的連結，並將台灣的社會工作專業體系置於國際比較的脈絡中。This article aims to identify linkages between social policy and social work. Over the past few decades in Taiwan, social workers and social work educators have emerged as formal professions. However, the relationship between social policy and social work is often ignored, particularly how social work (education) is developed and shaped by social policy. This is because in the process of professionalization and specialization, social policy and social work are treated independently, and the linkage between them goes unacknowledged. Social work studies often focus on micro-level social work practices and methods, and social work is rarely seen as a type of policy model or regime at the institutional level. As a result, social work is often regarded as single undifferentiated policy model, with social work systems and education presented as identical across the world. However, a growing number of comparative studies have identified significant cross-national variations in national social work systems due to idiosyncratic historical, cultural and political economic contexts. This raises the need for additional research on comparative social work systems. In this study, we argue that the key to studying the linkage between social policy and social work is using models of governance to analyze and understand how social work systems are developed and understood. Models of social policy governance influence how social work is practiced and how social work curricula are designed. The remainder of this study is structured as follows: Section two focuses on how hierarchical governance and new public management shapes social policy and social work systems. Section three examines the impact of new public governance on social investment for social work systems. Finally, section four summarises the influence of various models of social policy governance on the development of social work systems, and propose issues for future research. We identify three stages of welfare state development. In the Golden Age of the welfare state, the logic of social administration underpins the model of social policy governance and broader hierarchical governance. The rights and obligations of welfare benefits as well as social work practices were legislatively regulated, along with the relationship between social workers and their clients, resulting in the professionalization of socia","PeriodicalId":31271,"journal":{"name":"Tai Wan Jiao Yu She Hui Xue Yan Jiu","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88251657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.53106/295861272022120001001
賴定佾 賴定佾, 吳文欽 吳文欽, 呂建德 呂建德
傳統觀點認為，因為選舉競爭促使民主國家領導人採取社會政策以爭取公民政治支持，所以民主國家比獨裁國家具有更多福利支出。然而，由於獨裁國家沒有選舉、或其選舉並不自由和／或不公平，因此本文的研究問題是：獨裁者與其盟友之間的權力分布如何影響福利支出？本文基於晚近發展的權力分享理論，討論權力分享結構對於威權國家福利支出的影響。當權力個人化統治程度較低，獨裁者面臨被其他精英取代的風險。我們認為，獨裁者藉由福利政策向公民分配資源，換取公民政治支持。當權力更集中於獨裁者，增加權力個人化統治將減少福利支出。我們使用1961年至2006年90個獨裁國家時間序列橫斷面資料檢驗我們論點。我們發現，總福利支出隨著獨裁者權力個人化統治的增加而減少。這種影響在不同模型設定中皆相當穩健。此一發現有助於理解獨裁國家權力個人化統治與福利支出間的聯繫。本文貢獻在於指出福利支出不僅由文獻認為的政權領導人需要公眾支持所決定，在獨裁國家中也是由其統治聯盟內部權力分布所決定。Conventional wisdom posits that democracies have more social welfare expenditure than dictatorships because electoral competition induces democratic leaders to adopt social policies in exchange for ordinary citizens’ political support. However, as elections are absent, unfree, and/or unfair in autocracies, the research question in this paper is: How does the distribution of power between dictators and their allies influence welfare spending? This paper discusses the power-sharing structure’s impact on welfare spending based on the theory of power-sharing in authoritarian regimes. When power is less personalized, dictators face the risk of being replaced by other elites. We argue that dictators allocate resources to citizens through welfare policies in exchange for their political support. Increasing personalism rules will reduce welfare spending when power is concentrated on dictators. We test our arguments using time-series cross-sectional data for 90 dictatorships from 1961 to 2006. We find that total welfare spending decreases as the personalization of power of the dictator increases. This effect is robust to different model specifications. This finding helps us to understand the connection between the personalization of power and welfare spending in dictatorships. This paper contributes to the literature by showing that welfare spending is determined by regime leaders’ need for public support as the conventional wisdom suggests, and by the power dynamics within their ruling coalitions in dictatorships.
传统观点认为，因为选举竞争促使民主国家领导人采取社会政策以争取公民政治支持，所以民主国家比独裁国家具有更多福利支出。然而，由于独裁国家没有选举、或其选举并不自由和／或不公平，因此本文的研究问题是：独裁者与其盟友之间的权力分布如何影响福利支出？本文基于晚近发展的权力分享理论，讨论权力分享结构对于威权国家福利支出的影响。当权力个人化统治程度较低，独裁者面临被其他精英取代的风险。我们认为，独裁者借由福利政策向公民分配资源，换取公民政治支持。当权力更集中于独裁者，增加权力个人化统治将减少福利支出。我们使用1961年至2006年90个独裁国家时间序列横断面资料检验我们论点。我们发现，总福利支出随著独裁者权力个人化统治的增加而减少。这种影响在不同模型设定中皆相当稳健。此一发现有助于理解独裁国家权力个人化统治与福利支出间的联系。本文贡献在于指出福利支出不仅由文献认为的政权领导人需要公众支持所决定，在独裁国家中也是由其统治联盟内部权力分布所决定。Conventional wisdom posits that democracies have more social welfare expenditure than dictatorships because electoral competition induces democratic leaders to adopt social policies in exchange for ordinary citizens’ political support. However, as elections are absent, unfree, and/or unfair in autocracies, the research question in this paper is: How does the distribution of power between dictators and their allies influence welfare spending? This paper discusses the power-sharing structure’s impact on welfare spending based on the theory of power-sharing in authoritarian regimes. When power is less personalized, dictators face the risk of being replaced by other elites. We argue that dictators allocate resources to citizens through welfare policies in exchange for their political support. Increasing personalism rules will reduce welfare spending when power is concentrated on dictators. We test our arguments using time-series cross-sectional data for 90 dictatorships from 1961 to 2006. We find that total welfare spending decreases as the personalization of power of the dictator increases. This effect is robust to different model specifications. This finding helps us to understand the connection between the personalization of power and welfare spending in dictatorships. This paper contributes to the literature by showing that welfare spending is determined by regime leaders’ need for public support as the conventional wisdom suggests, and by the power dynamics within their ruling coalitions in dictatorships.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.53106/295861272022120001002
潘淑滿 潘淑滿, 鄭期緯 鄭期緯, 黃筱芸 黃筱芸, 楊榮宗 楊榮宗
研究目的泛華裔女性移民跨境遷移，依然受到傳統家族主義影響，在家庭與工作中擺盪與尋求平衡。本研究探討來自不同國家、不同移民類型、在家庭生命週期不同階段的泛華裔女性移民，移居澳洲後，面對家庭－工作衝突的因應及其家庭性別權力關係。 研究方法透過深度訪談法，在澳洲墨爾本訪問20位，來自台灣、香港、中國已婚女性移民，並運用主題分析法進行資料分析。 研究結果受訪者的家庭－工作共容及其策略運用，受到家庭生命週期階段及傳統與澳洲文化交織影響，透過「三角」、「四角」協商，歸納三種「階段」因應模式，而次文化團體存在「同中存異」現象。次文化團體同樣受到傳統文化影響家庭－工作共容策略，而「面子文化」與「家族主義」對於中國受訪者的「婚姻關係」與「做生意」有較多影響。澳洲是多元文化國家，教育與勞動制度設計仍未考量移民家庭需要，反而強化移民家庭內部的性別不平等。泛華裔女性移民的家庭－工作共容策略，在不同家庭生命週期階段，受到傳統家庭主義與性別文化交織影響個人到家族內外系統的協商，形成三種動態的階段因應模式。 研究建議本研究結果不僅具時代意義，亦可提供多元文化社會、移民政策、家庭社會工作實務的參考。Research Purpose: Chinese female immigrants, influenced by traditional Confucian familism, are often found to juggle between work and family, trying to seek a balance during the processes of migration and settlement. The purpose of this research was to explore the coping strategies for family-work conflict and the gender-family power relationship among Chinese female immigrants who are from different places, migrated under different types of Visa, and were in the different stages of the family life. Method: This research adopted qualitative design, using thematic analysis method. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with married, female immigrants from Taiwan (6 people), Hong Kong (5 people), and China (9 people) in Melbourne, Australia. Each in-depth interview took about 1.5 to 2 hours. The in-depth interview outline included: (1) participants’ migration status and post-migration life experiences; (2) post-migration work experiences, reconciliation of work and family life, and negotiating with the family; (3) the role of informal support system plays in work and family arrangements. Participants are aged between 37 and 62 years old, and the majority (16 people) holds a bachelor’s degree or higher qualifications. They came to Australia under various types of immigration visa, including, skilled immigrants (7 people), investment immigrants (4 people), spouses of international marriage (4 people), and international students (5 people). This research complies with research ethics and had been approved by a university research ethics committee (approval numbers 201705HS024). Results: The family life cycle of female immigrants in this research can be divided into four stages, including childless adults, post-migration childbearing, preschool-age children, and school-age children. For participants who never had a child, it’s evident that they didn’t experience conflict between work and family, and their work experiences were impacted by their individual social capital. Participants who had a child right after migration experienced greater challenges in work and family conflict due to lack of preparedness and adjustment. For participants who had preschool-age children at the time of migration, the majority chose to leave the job and focused on childcare. Some participants who had school-age children re-entered the workplace; however they still took childcare and household duties into consideration. is research found that reconciliation of work and family is subject t
研究目的泛华裔女性移民跨境迁移，依然受到传统家族主义影响，在家庭与工作中摆荡与寻求平衡。本研究探讨来自不同国家、不同移民类型、在家庭生命周期不同阶段的泛华裔女性移民，移居澳洲后，面对家庭-工作冲突的因应及其家庭性别权力关系。 研究方法透过深度访谈法，在澳洲墨尔本访问20位，来自台湾、香港、中国已婚女性移民，并运用主题分析法进行资料分析。 研究结果受访者的家庭-工作共容及其策略运用，受到家庭生命周期阶段及传统与澳洲文化交织影响，透过「三角」、「四角」协商，归纳三种「阶段」因应模式，而次文化团体存在「同中存异」现象。次文化团体同样受到传统文化影响家庭-工作共容策略，而「面子文化」与「家族主义」对于中国受访者的「婚姻关系」与「做生意」有较多影响。澳洲是多元文化国家，教育与劳动制度设计仍未考量移民家庭需要，反而强化移民家庭内部的性别不平等。泛华裔女性移民的家庭-工作共容策略，在不同家庭生命周期阶段，受到传统家庭主义与性别文化交织影响个人到家族内外系统的协商，形成三种动态的阶段因应模式。 研究建议本研究结果不仅具时代意义，亦可提供多元文化社会、移民政策、家庭社会工作实务的参考。Research Purpose: Chinese female immigrants, influenced by traditional Confucian familism, are often found to juggle between work and family, trying to seek a balance during the processes of migration and settlement. The purpose of this research was to explore the coping strategies for family-work conflict and the gender-family power relationship among Chinese female immigrants who are from different places, migrated under different types of Visa, and were in the different stages of the family life. Method: This research adopted qualitative design, using thematic analysis method. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with married, female immigrants from Taiwan (6 people), Hong Kong (5 people), and China (9 people) in Melbourne, Australia. Each in-depth interview took about 1.5 to 2 hours. The in-depth interview outline included: (1) participants’ migration status and post-migration life experiences; (2) post-migration work experiences, reconciliation of work and family life, and negotiating with the family; (3) the role of informal support system plays in work and family arrangements. Participants are aged between 37 and 62 years old, and the majority (16 people) holds a bachelor’s degree or higher qualifications. They came to Australia under various types of immigration visa, including, skilled immigrants (7 people), investment immigrants (4 people), spouses of international marriage (4 people), and international students (5 people). This research complies with research ethics and had been approved by a university research ethics committee (approval numbers 201705HS024). Results: The family life cycle of female immigrants in this research can be divided into four stages, including childless adults, post-migration childbearing, preschool-age children, and school-age children. For participants who never had a child, it’s evident that they didn’t experience conflict between work and family, and their work experiences were impacted by their individual social capital. Participants who had a child right after migration experienced greater challenges in work and family conflict due to lack of preparedness and adjustment. For participants who had preschool-age children at the time of migration, the majority chose to leave the job and focused on childcare. Some participants who had school-age children re-entered the workplace; however they still took childcare and household duties into consideration. is research found that reconciliation of work and family is subject t
{"title":"跨境遷移下的家庭與工作共容：以澳洲泛華裔女性移民為例","authors":"潘淑滿 潘淑滿, 鄭期緯 鄭期緯, 黃筱芸 黃筱芸, 楊榮宗 楊榮宗","doi":"10.53106/295861272022120001002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53106/295861272022120001002","url":null,"abstract":"研究目的泛華裔女性移民跨境遷移，依然受到傳統家族主義影響，在家庭與工作中擺盪與尋求平衡。本研究探討來自不同國家、不同移民類型、在家庭生命週期不同階段的泛華裔女性移民，移居澳洲後，面對家庭－工作衝突的因應及其家庭性別權力關係。 研究方法透過深度訪談法，在澳洲墨爾本訪問20位，來自台灣、香港、中國已婚女性移民，並運用主題分析法進行資料分析。 研究結果受訪者的家庭－工作共容及其策略運用，受到家庭生命週期階段及傳統與澳洲文化交織影響，透過「三角」、「四角」協商，歸納三種「階段」因應模式，而次文化團體存在「同中存異」現象。次文化團體同樣受到傳統文化影響家庭－工作共容策略，而「面子文化」與「家族主義」對於中國受訪者的「婚姻關係」與「做生意」有較多影響。澳洲是多元文化國家，教育與勞動制度設計仍未考量移民家庭需要，反而強化移民家庭內部的性別不平等。泛華裔女性移民的家庭－工作共容策略，在不同家庭生命週期階段，受到傳統家庭主義與性別文化交織影響個人到家族內外系統的協商，形成三種動態的階段因應模式。 研究建議本研究結果不僅具時代意義，亦可提供多元文化社會、移民政策、家庭社會工作實務的參考。Research Purpose: Chinese female immigrants, influenced by traditional Confucian familism, are often found to juggle between work and family, trying to seek a balance during the processes of migration and settlement. The purpose of this research was to explore the coping strategies for family-work conflict and the gender-family power relationship among Chinese female immigrants who are from different places, migrated under different types of Visa, and were in the different stages of the family life. Method: This research adopted qualitative design, using thematic analysis method. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with married, female immigrants from Taiwan (6 people), Hong Kong (5 people), and China (9 people) in Melbourne, Australia. Each in-depth interview took about 1.5 to 2 hours. The in-depth interview outline included: (1) participants’ migration status and post-migration life experiences; (2) post-migration work experiences, reconciliation of work and family life, and negotiating with the family; (3) the role of informal support system plays in work and family arrangements. Participants are aged between 37 and 62 years old, and the majority (16 people) holds a bachelor’s degree or higher qualifications. They came to Australia under various types of immigration visa, including, skilled immigrants (7 people), investment immigrants (4 people), spouses of international marriage (4 people), and international students (5 people). This research complies with research ethics and had been approved by a university research ethics committee (approval numbers 201705HS024). Results: The family life cycle of female immigrants in this research can be divided into four stages, including childless adults, post-migration childbearing, preschool-age children, and school-age children. For participants who never had a child, it’s evident that they didn’t experience conflict between work and family, and their work experiences were impacted by their individual social capital. Participants who had a child right after migration experienced greater challenges in work and family conflict due to lack of preparedness and adjustment. For participants who had preschool-age children at the time of migration, the majority chose to leave the job and focused on childcare. Some participants who had school-age children re-entered the workplace; however they still took childcare and household duties into consideration. is research found that reconciliation of work and family is subject t","PeriodicalId":31271,"journal":{"name":"Tai Wan Jiao Yu She Hui Xue Yan Jiu","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88626149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Lee & Soufflet (2022): Aktuelle Themen aus Gesellschaft, Politik und Technik: Kommunikatives Chinesisch für die Mittelstufe","authors":"Zhuo Jing-Schmidt","doi":"10.1075/csl.00027.jin","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/csl.00027.jin","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31271,"journal":{"name":"Tai Wan Jiao Yu She Hui Xue Yan Jiu","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84832913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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