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Development and Validation of a Short-Form Inventory to Identify Personality Types: The Personality Identity Estimator (PIE) 人格类型短量表的开发与验证:人格认同估计器(PIE)
Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.5539/jel.v12n4p1
G. Conti
The use of personality inventories has been limited because of their cost and the length. To overcome these limitations, this study created the Personality Identity Estimator (PIE), an easy-to-use inventory to estimate personality types that can be used at no cost. PIE is a categorical inventory containing 12 items with 3 items for each of the 4 personality-type dimensions in Jungian theory. A sample of 1,104 was used to create PIE. Validity was established through multivariate analyses using data from the administration of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to 553 of the sample. Reliability was established by test-retest. Consequently, PIE is a new short-form instrument to estimate personality type following Jung’s concept of personality types. PIE can be completed quickly, is easy to score and interpret, and can be used for self-assessment of personality types. PIE can be used to address individual differences, to increase self-awareness, and as an interactive instructional tool. Thus, PIE is a new valid and reliable tool that can be used in both instructional and research settings confidently and at no charge. Permission is granted to use the Personality Identity Estimator in practice and research. A printable copy of PIE is appended.
人格量表的使用由于其成本和长度而受到限制。为了克服这些限制,本研究创建了人格认同评估器(PIE),这是一个易于使用的评估人格类型的清单,可以免费使用。PIE是一个分类清单,包含12个项目,荣格理论中的4个人格类型维度各有3个项目。我们使用1104个样本来创建PIE。通过对553个样本使用迈尔斯-布里格斯类型指标的数据进行多变量分析,建立了效度。通过重测建立信度。因此,PIE是继荣格人格类型概念之后的一种新的短小的人格类型估计工具。PIE可以快速完成,易于评分和解释,并可用于人格类型的自我评估。PIE可以用来解决个体差异,提高自我意识,并作为一种交互式教学工具。因此,PIE是一种新的有效和可靠的工具,可以在教学和研究环境中自信地使用,而且不收费。允许在实践和研究中使用人格认同估计器。附上一份可列印的个人资料资料副本。
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引用次数: 0
Postmodernism in Visual Arts Lesson and Its Reflections on Students 视觉艺术课中的后现代主义及其对学生的思考
Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.5539/jel.v12n4p70
Ismail Tetikci, Gonca Erim, Kevser Baykan
Postmodernism emerged as a movement that opposed the dominant views of modernism in the field of art. Postmodernism, which originated in architecture and gradually influenced many areas of art, is discussed in this study with a focus on painting and visual arts education. In high school programs in Turkey, it is important for students to be able to examine the past, embrace the present, the era, and the postmodern way of thinking. When the relevant literature was reviewed, it was determined that there is no research on how postmodernism is used in art education in terms of student learning outcomes. The aim of this research is to determine how high school visual arts teachers incorporate the postmodernism movement into their teaching and to identify any changes in students’ interest levels in the course. In this study, a qualitative research method was used, specifically the case study design. The sample of the study consisted of four visual arts teachers who work in one central and three district schools in Yalova province. Two semi-structured interview forms and document analysis were used as data collection tools. The findings were analyzed using thematic analysis. According to the research findings, it was determined that the participating teachers conveyed the artistic and intellectual structure of postmodernism to students through various teaching methods during the lesson process. However, they were unable to achieve all the learning outcomes related to postmodernism. The study also revealed that students demonstrated changes in the methods they preferred to employ in their artwork after learning about postmodernism and being exposed to examples of postmodern art. Moreover, students provided both positive and negative critiques, reflecting their aesthetic perspectives on postmodern artworks. This research is considered important in terms of serving as an example for teachers and contributing to the literature.
后现代主义作为一种反对现代主义在艺术领域占主导地位的观点的运动而出现。后现代主义起源于建筑,并逐渐影响到艺术的许多领域,在本研究中重点讨论了绘画和视觉艺术教育。在土耳其的高中课程中,重要的是让学生能够审视过去,拥抱现在,时代和后现代的思维方式。在回顾相关文献时,我们发现没有关于后现代主义如何在艺术教育中应用于学生学习成果的研究。本研究的目的是确定高中视觉艺术教师如何将后现代主义运动融入他们的教学中,并确定学生对课程兴趣水平的任何变化。本研究采用定性研究方法,具体为案例研究设计。该研究的样本包括四名视觉艺术教师,他们在亚洛瓦省的一所中心学校和三所地区学校工作。采用两种半结构化访谈形式和文献分析作为数据收集工具。研究结果采用主题分析法进行分析。根据研究结果,确定参与教师在课堂过程中通过各种教学方法向学生传达后现代主义的艺术和智力结构。然而,他们无法达到所有与后现代主义相关的学习成果。研究还显示,在学习后现代主义和接触后现代艺术的例子后,学生们在他们的艺术作品中表现出了他们喜欢使用的方法的变化。此外,学生们提供了积极和消极的评论,反映了他们对后现代艺术作品的审美观点。这项研究被认为是重要的,为教师提供了一个例子,并为文献做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Vocabulary Learning Through Audio-Visual Input of Thai Primary School EFL Students 泰国小学英语学生视听输入的词汇学习
Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.5539/jel.v12n4p26
Chowarat Lampai, Apisak Sukying
This research aims to improve the vocabulary knowledge of Thai EFL students by using audio-visual aids as instructional tools. Hopefully, this study serves as an initial foundation to develop students’ vocabulary knowledge and benefit the pedagogical development in Thailand. Consequently, this research aimed to explore the effectiveness of audio-visual instruction in acquiring vocabulary knowledge, with a specific focus on the form-meaning links in Thai EFL primary school students. Additionally, this study investigated the students’ perceptions of audio-visual input in enhancing vocabulary knowledge. The study included one experimental group consisting of 51 sixth-grade students. Two tests were used to measure the reception and production of form-meaning links (L2-to-L1 Translation Test and L1-to-L2 Translation Test). A questionnaire was used to examine the students’ perceptions of the form-meaning links of vocabulary knowledge through audio-visual input. The results showed that the participants achieved higher scores on the reception and production tests of form-meaning links in the post-test than in the pre-test, revealing statistically significant differences. Furthermore, the students performed better on the reception test of the form-meaning link than on the production test in both time points, and the reception test was also higher in advancement than the production test. Finally, the reports demonstrated that the instructional intervention of form-meaning links of vocabulary knowledge (audio-visual input) positively benefits the development of students’ vocabulary. The findings suggest that students’ reception of vocabulary knowledge through audio-visual input is more advanced than their production of vocabulary knowledge. Moreover, the input of students’ vocabulary knowledge contributes to acquiring and developing their knowledge.
本研究旨在以视听教具作为教学工具,提高泰语学生的词汇知识。希望本研究能为学生词汇知识的发展打下初步的基础,有利于泰国教学的发展。因此,本研究旨在探讨视听教学对泰国小学生词汇知识习得的有效性,并特别关注其形式-意义联系。此外,本研究还调查了学生对视听输入增强词汇知识的认知。该研究包括一个由51名六年级学生组成的实验组。采用两种测试(L2-to-L1翻译测试和L1-to-L2翻译测试)来测量形式-意义链接的接受和产生。采用问卷调查的方法,考察学生通过视听输入对词汇知识形式-意义联系的感知情况。结果表明,参与者在后测的形式-意义联系的接受和产生测试中得分高于前测,差异具有统计学意义。此外,在两个时间点上,学生在形式-意义环节的接受测试上的表现都优于生产测试,并且接受测试的进度也高于生产测试。最后,报告表明,词汇知识的形式-意义环节(视听输入)的教学干预对学生词汇的发展有积极的促进作用。研究结果表明,学生通过视听输入对词汇知识的接受比词汇知识的产生更高级。此外,词汇知识的输入有助于学生知识的获取和发展。
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引用次数: 1
The Management Guidelines to Strengthen the Education and Knowledge of Members of a Cooperative Credit Union in South Thailand 加强泰国南部合作社信用社成员教育和知识的管理准则
Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.5539/jel.v12n4p62
Akkakorn Chaiyapong, W. Dhammasaccakarn, Wanchai Chuaboon, Lertlak Jaroensombut, T. P. N. Sakolnakorn
The aim of this paper is to study the key points of managing cooperative credit unions in south Thailand and how to strengthen the education and knowledge of the management team, staff and members. This paper is based on a qualitative method via in-depth interviews and a focus group with members and committees of cooperative credit unions in south Thailand; data were analyzed using content and descriptive analysis. Results showed that the most problematic issue is a lack of transparency in the management and patronage systems, leading to corruption. In addition, the key points for developing guidelines for this type of credit union include members’ understanding and knowledge about the objectives of the cooperative system; updated regulations and legal measures concerning a deposit protection system; revised rules and regulations for loan policies, human resources, and information technology; government policies for strengthening cooperative credit unions; and allocating more budget to educate their staff and members, such as a training course and a visit to another cooperative credit union. In addition, the Cooperative Promotion Department and Cooperative Auditing Department of Thailand should improve the law and auditing method to strengthen and clarify the organization’s operations.
本文的目的是研究泰国南部合作信用社的管理要点,以及如何加强对管理团队、员工和成员的教育和知识。本文基于一种定性方法,通过深入访谈和焦点小组与泰国南部合作信用合作社的成员和委员会;数据分析采用内容分析和描述性分析。结果显示,最严重的问题是管理和任免制度缺乏透明度,导致腐败。此外,为这种类型的信用合作社制定指导方针的关键点包括:成员对合作社制度目标的理解和认识;有关存款保障制度的最新规定和法律措施;修订贷款政策、人力资源、信息技术等方面的规章制度;政府加强信用合作社的政策;并分配更多的预算来教育他们的员工和成员,例如培训课程和访问另一个合作信用合作社。此外,泰国合作促进部和合作审计部应完善法律和审计方法,加强和明确组织的运作。
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引用次数: 0
Constructionism Imagineering Learning Model via Metaverse to Enhance Young Innovators 建构主义想象学习模式对青少年创新能力的培养
Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.5539/jel.v12n4p81
Suputtra Sapliyan, Pinanta Chatwattana, P. Nilsook
Constructionism imagineering learning model via metaverse is an instrument for promoting self-learning through hands-on. To create new knowledge for young innovators by combining the concepts of technology and new learning platforms to create new ideas. Designing teaching and learning that can be used to learn in the new normal focuses on continuous learning at any time, anywhere, with the benefits of using technology. The sample group is six experts in designing and developing learning models and learning systems from various institutions in higher education by purposive sampling. The research instruments are as follows. 1) The constructionism imagineering learning model via metaverse to enhance young innovators. 2) The constructionism imagineering learning process via metaverse to enhance young innovators. 3) An assessment form for the constructionism imagineering learning model via metaverse to enhance young innovators. 4) An assessment form for the constructionism imagineering learning process via metaverse to enhance young innovators. Analyse data using mean and standard deviation. The researchers found that the constructionism imagineering learning model via metaverse and the constructionism imagineering learning model via metaverse, which is developed is appropriate to enhance young innovators at the highest level, following the research hypotheses.
建构主义想象学习模型是一种通过实践促进自我学习的工具。结合科技的概念和新的学习平台,为年轻的创新者创造新的知识,创造新的想法。在新常态下设计可用于学习的教学和学习侧重于随时随地的持续学习,利用技术的好处。通过有目的抽样,抽样组由来自高等教育各机构设计和开发学习模式和学习系统的六位专家组成。研究工具如下:1)建构主义想象学习模式对青年创新能力的提升。2)建构主义想象学习过程对青年创新能力的提升。3)建构主义想象学习模型的评估表格,以提升青年创新人才。4)建构主义想像学习过程评量表,以提升青年创新人才。使用平均值和标准差分析数据。研究者发现,根据研究假设,构建的建构主义想象学习模型和构建主义想象学习模型适合于培养最高层次的青年创新者。
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引用次数: 0
The Development of Mathematical Problem-Solving and Reasoning Abilities of Sixth Graders by Organizing Learning Activities Using Open Approach 开放学习模式下六年级学生数学解决问题和推理能力的培养
Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.5539/jel.v12n4p42
Karuna Seepiwsiw, Yannapat Seehamongkon
The researchers found that sixth-grade students at Traimit Pattana Suksa School had limited problem-solving and mathematical reasoning skills, which was attributed to the way their learning activities were organized by their teachers. The traditional approach did not allow students the freedom to think and practice solving a variety of problems in unconventional ways that mirror everyday life. To address this, the researchers applied an open approach to organizing activities and developed learning activities that fostered problem-solving and mathematical reasoning skills of the students. The goal of the study was to achieve an average score of not less than 70% using action research based on the concepts of Kemmis and McTaggart. Data were collected using a Sub-test at the end of the operating spiral, Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability Test, Math Reasoning Ability Test, and student behavior observation form. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The findings showed that the open approach to organizing activities can effectively develop the mathematical problem-solving and reasoning capabilities of students. The students were able to create work pieces, explain different types of 3D geometric shapes, show how to find the volume of a rectangular shape from given problem situations, and provide reasons to verify their ideas. According to the test results, 13 students (81.25% of the total number of students) had the ability to solve mathematics problems at 70% or higher, and 15 students (93.75% of the total number of students) had mathematical reasoning ability that met the criteria of 70% or higher.
研究人员发现,Traimit Pattana Suksa学校的六年级学生解决问题和数学推理能力有限,这要归因于他们的老师组织学习活动的方式。传统的方法不允许学生自由思考和练习解决各种问题,以非常规的方式反映日常生活。为了解决这个问题,研究人员采用开放的方法组织活动,并开发了培养学生解决问题和数学推理能力的学习活动。本研究的目标是利用基于Kemmis和McTaggart概念的行动研究,达到不低于70%的平均分。采用作业螺旋末端的子测试、数学解决问题能力测试、数学推理能力测试和学生行为观察表收集数据。采用描述性统计方法对数据进行分析,包括百分比、平均值和标准差。研究结果表明,开放式的活动组织方式可以有效地培养学生的数学解题和推理能力。学生们能够创造工件,解释不同类型的3D几何形状,展示如何从给定的问题情况中找到矩形形状的体积,并提供理由来验证他们的想法。根据测试结果,13名学生(占学生总数的81.25%)的数学问题解决能力达到70%及以上,15名学生(占学生总数的93.75%)的数学推理能力达到70%及以上的标准。
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引用次数: 0
The Promotion of Microteaching Practicum to Enhance Thai-Teaching Major Students’ Readiness in Organizing Instruction During the Spread of COVID-19 Virus Situation 新型冠状病毒传播形势下,推进微格教学实习提高泰语专业学生组织教学的准备能力
Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.5539/jel.v12n3p121
Boonrawd Chotivachira
This research was aimed at: 1) enhancing practice of microteaching for Thai-teaching major students to assure their readiness in organizing instruction during the spread of COVID-19 virus situation, and, 2) providing guideline for carrying out microteaching for students majoring Thai teaching to assure their readiness in organizing instruction in the midst of the spread of COVID-19 virus situation. This research had utilized qualitative research methodology for the study. The sample subject used were selectively selected from Thai-teaching major 4th year undergraduate students (61 code number) who had registered in the course 100488 MICRO TEACHING PRACTICE, in 2nd semester, 2021 academic year, totaling 8 subjects. The research instruments included 1) plans and schedule for instructional organization on microteaching, 2) worksheet for organizing microteaching learning plans, 3) form for recording the instructional preparation for each skill, 4) self-assessment form, 5) student’s feedback form, 6) teaching observation form, 7) post-instruction reflection form, 8) group discussion, 9) individual student interview, and, 10) reflection form to be responded by students at the end of the course. The qualitative data were analyzed via content analysis on the findings obtained from observation, interviews, focus group discussion, student’s instructional practice and their performance outcomes. Outcomes of the research are as follows. Firstly, actions to help enable students could come in form of: 1) enhancing new knowledge and learning experience, 2) comparing what occurring to the students between pre-instruction and post-instruction to see if and how students changed, improved, developed, themselves, 3) promoting microteaching practicum to enable students to train themselves on communication skills, skill in constructing instructional media, teaching skills, and thinking skills, and, 4) As the results of utilizing microteaching practicum, students had gained knowledge and readiness in carrying out online instruction. Secondly, the researcher had proposed the guideline called “9 pinciples for facilitating microteaching practice for Thai-teaching major students to gain readiness in organizing instruction in the spread of COVID-19 virus situation.”
本研究旨在:1)加强泰语教学专业学生的微格教学实践,确保其在COVID-19病毒传播情况下组织教学的准备;2)为泰语教学专业学生开展微格教学提供指导,确保其在COVID-19病毒传播情况下组织教学的准备。本研究采用定性研究方法进行研究。样本对象是在2021学年第二学期选修“100488微教学实践”课程的泰语教学专业本科四年级学生(61号)中选择性抽取的,共8个科目。研究工具包括:1)微教学教学组织计划与时间表,2)组织微教学学习计划的工作表,3)记录各技能教学准备情况的表格,4)自我评估表格,5)学生反馈表格,6)教学观察表格,7)教学后反思表格,8)小组讨论,9)学生个别访谈,10)课程结束时学生反馈的反思表格。通过对观察、访谈、焦点小组讨论、学生教学实践和学生绩效结果的内容分析,对定性数据进行分析。研究结果如下:首先,帮助学生的行动可以采取以下形式:1)增加新知识和学习经验;2)比较教学前和教学后学生的情况,了解学生是否以及如何改变、提高和发展自己;3)推广微格教学实习,使学生在沟通技能、教学媒介构建技能、教学技能和思维技能方面得到锻炼;4)作为利用微格教学实习的结果,学生已经获得了知识,并做好了进行在线教学的准备。二是提出了“促进泰语教学专业学生开展微教学实践的9条原则,为新冠疫情下组织教学做好准备”的指导意见。
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引用次数: 0
Internationalization at Home: A Sustainable Model for Chinese Higher Education in the Post-pandemic Era 国内国际化:后疫情时代中国高等教育的可持续发展模式
Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.5539/jel.v12n3p135
Fenghai Guo
Internationalization at Home (IaH) has become a hot research topic although it is not a new concept appeared recently especially in China. The concept of IaH has experienced several changes since it was created in 1990s while the widely used one refers to the purposeful integration of international and intercultural dimensions into the formal and informal curriculum for all students within domestic learning environments. The recent development of the concept pays more attention on the establishment of international communities for each individual included. China changed its strict pandemic prevention and control policy in the end of 2022 and moved forward into the post-pandemic era. The practice of IaH has already appeared in China since the reform and opening-up policy carried out in 1978. However, the focus of Chinese policy and practice changed from international mobility to Internationalization at Home with a long-term development. The pandemic fastens this changing process. Due to the theoretical and practical background, IaH is recognized as the sustainable mode for Chinese higher education in the post-pandemic era which represents the future development path.
国内国际化虽不是最近才出现的新概念,但已成为研究热点。自20世纪90年代创立以来,国际英语的概念经历了几次变化,而广泛使用的是指在国内学习环境中有目的地将国际和跨文化维度融入所有学生的正式和非正式课程中。最近这一概念的发展更加注重为每个人建立国际社会。2022年底,中国改变了严格的疫情防控政策,进入了后疫情时代。自1978年改革开放以来,中国已经出现了国际投行的实践。然而,中国政策和实践的重点从国际流动转向了长期发展的国内国际化。大流行加快了这一变化过程。由于理论和实践的背景,高等教育被认为是后疫情时代中国高等教育可持续发展的模式,代表着未来的发展路径。
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引用次数: 0
10 Years of Building Good Teachers for Community Development: Local Conservation for Sustainable Development 为社区发展培养优秀教师的十年:地方保护促进可持续发展
Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.5539/jel.v12n3p141
Rungrat Mathai, Nutjareeporn Thumsongkram, Kanokporn Promsuwan, Narakorn Kaewsuwan
Loei Rajabhat University’s Kru Rak Thin Project aims to produce and develop a new generation of teachers who are committed to reducing inequality and increasing educational opportunities for the needy and underprivileged. This project is a collaboration between the Equitable Education Fund (EEF) and Loei Rajabhat University. The project selects disadvantaged students from rural areas who have a passion for teaching and provides them with the opportunity to pursue a high-quality bachelor’s degree. After graduation, these students return to their local communities to work as teachers. The Kru Rak Thin Project has selected 33 students from rural areas covering eight provinces, namely Buriram, Nakhon Ratchasima, Roi Et, Chaiyaphum, Mukdahan, Sakon Nakhon, Udon Thani, and Loei. The project began producing students in the academic year 2020, with the goal of creating competent and dedicated teachers for the community and fostering sustainable development. Loei Rajabhat University plans to continuously support and develop the selected students from the production stage until their recruitment as government teachers in local schools over a ten-year period. The university has designed the Kru Rak Thin Student Development Project (Enrichment Program) to meet the Teacher Professional Standards of 2019, the characteristics of Kru Rak Thin, and the identity of graduates of the Faculty of Education, Loei Rajabhat University. The project focuses on developing teachers who are passionate about their local communities and who possess the necessary qualities to build a sustainable settlement. The project follows a ten-year plan for the development of these teachers. In the first year, the emphasis is on teacher cultivation, while the second year focuses on being well-versed in teaching. The third year aims to develop innovative teaching methods, and the fourth year is dedicated to contributing to society. The fifth year focuses on becoming an assistant teacher, while the sixth year emphasizes knowledge acquisition and hard work. In the seventh year, the focus is on self-development and work development, while the eighth year is dedicated to teaching like a professional. The ninth year emphasizes community development, and the tenth year focuses on sustainable settlement development.
洛伊·拉贾哈特大学的克鲁·拉辛项目旨在培养和培养新一代教师,他们致力于减少不平等现象,为贫困和弱势群体增加教育机会。该项目是公平教育基金(EEF)和莱伊·拉贾哈特大学的合作项目。该项目从农村地区选拔有教学热情的贫困学生,为他们提供攻读高质量学士学位的机会。毕业后,这些学生回到当地社区担任教师。Kru rakthin项目从8个省的农村地区选出了33名学生,分别是武里兰、那空拉恰西玛、瑞埃特、查雅弗姆、Mukdahan、萨空那空、乌东他尼和洛伊。该项目于2020学年开始培养学生,目标是为社区培养称职和敬业的教师,促进可持续发展。莱依拉贾哈特大学计划在十年的时间里持续支持和培养被选中的学生,从生产阶段开始,直到他们被当地学校聘为政府教师。该大学设计了Kru Rak Thin学生发展项目(充实计划),以满足2019年教师专业标准,Kru Rak Thin的特点以及Loei Rajabhat大学教育学院毕业生的身份。该项目侧重于培养对当地社区充满热情并具备建设可持续住区所需素质的教师。该项目遵循了培养这些教师的十年计划。第一年的重点是教师的培养,第二年的重点是精通教学。第三年的目标是开发创新的教学方法,第四年致力于贡献社会。第五年的重点是成为一名助教,第六年的重点是知识的获取和努力工作。第七年注重自我发展和工作发展,第八年注重专业教学。第9年强调社区发展,第10年强调可持续住区发展。
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引用次数: 0
A Study of Current Conditions and Guidelines for Measuring and Assessment of Learning in the COVID-19 Situation at Secondary School in Udonthani 乌东塔尼省新冠肺炎疫情下中学学习现状及测评指南研究
Pub Date : 2023-04-29 DOI: 10.5539/jel.v12n3p114
Piyawan Prapipek, Darunee Khamapanai, Itnanat Nunkaew, Boonchom Srisaard, Apantee Poonputta, Sawitree Ranmechai, S. Phusee-orn, Yannapat Seehamongkon
This research aimed to investigate the current conditions in the measuring and assessment of learning. It was also to investigate the guidelines in the measuring and assessing of learning in the COVID-19 situation at secondary school in Udonthani. The qualitative data were collected by the interview, include a school director, academic supervisor, teacher, student, parent and supervisor. The data were analyzed and categorized into themes. The results showed that measuring and assessment the behavior of standards, indicators and each student’s objective has an important objective but they were unsuccessful, so the teachers may be modify to use in planning and framework for implementation Emphasis is placed on modifying measurement and evaluation methods and criteria. In accordance with the context of the school and the conditions of the learners.
本研究旨在探讨学习测量与评估的现状。它还将调查乌东塔尼省中学在COVID-19形势下衡量和评估学习情况的指导方针。通过访谈收集的定性数据包括学校主任、学术导师、教师、学生、家长和导师。这些数据被分析并分类为主题。结果表明,测量和评估行为的标准、指标和每个学生的目标都有重要的目标,但它们都不成功,因此教师可以修改以用于规划和实施框架,重点是修改测量和评估方法和标准。根据学校的背景和学习者的条件。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal Of Education Teaching and Learning
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