Courier services are an integral part of logistic customer service and constitute a vital element from the standpoint of customer satisfaction. The aim of this paper is to identify the factors which inform customer decisions to choose a courier service by means of a survey conducted with a randomly selected group of respondents. The results were obtained using a questionnaire made available ONLINE. Decisions concerning the choice of a particular courier company depend on many factors, i.e. shipping price, timeliness of delivery, waiting time, as well as order completion time and customer service. The study also addressed the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the frequency of purchases through courier companies, showing that the lockdown affected that frequency substantially. The survey also found that courier and parcel stations are the most important form of delivery in the opinion of the respondents. It may be noted that, according to the survey, customers most frequently used courier services several times a month.
{"title":"Choosing a Courier Service: Factors in Customer Preference","authors":"Maciej Piotr Śwircz, Dariusz Racz","doi":"10.31648/oej.7968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.7968","url":null,"abstract":"Courier services are an integral part of logistic customer service and constitute a vital element from the standpoint of customer satisfaction. The aim of this paper is to identify the factors which inform customer decisions to choose a courier service by means of a survey conducted with a randomly selected group of respondents. The results were obtained using a questionnaire made available ONLINE. Decisions concerning the choice of a particular courier company depend on many factors, i.e. shipping price, timeliness of delivery, waiting time, as well as order completion time and customer service. The study also addressed the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the frequency of purchases through courier companies, showing that the lockdown affected that frequency substantially. The survey also found that courier and parcel stations are the most important form of delivery in the opinion of the respondents. It may be noted that, according to the survey, customers most frequently used courier services several times a month.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116886163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the article was to assess the fiscal and economic differentiation of the municipal tax policy on the example of real estate tax in Polish cities with poviat status. This is an important theoretical and practical issue. On the one hand, the application of high tax rates may contribute to an increase in the budgetary revenues of cities, and on the other hand, may discourage potential investors from operating in the city and deteriorate its economic and social condition. The research allowed to state that the use of municipal tax policy is an instrument that strongly regulates fiscal and economic processes taking place in local government. It was found that the largest real estate tax revenues were in cities with a fiscal tax policy (where the highest tax rates were applied), while cities with relatively low real estate tax rates achieved in 2018-2020 an average revenue three times lower than cities applying fiscal tax policy. Moreover, the research proved that the most developed local governments in terms of socio-economic use applied fiscal tax policy. The least developed socially and economically was the group of cities with a liberal tax policy, and therefore applying relatively low tax rates.
{"title":"Diversification of Fiscal and Economic Consequences of Municipal Tax Policy on the Example of Real Estate Tax","authors":"Anna Wichowska, Anita Wadecka","doi":"10.31648/oej.8044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8044","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article was to assess the fiscal and economic differentiation of the municipal tax policy on the example of real estate tax in Polish cities with poviat status. This is an important theoretical and practical issue. On the one hand, the application of high tax rates may contribute to an increase in the budgetary revenues of cities, and on the other hand, may discourage potential investors from operating in the city and deteriorate its economic and social condition. The research allowed to state that the use of municipal tax policy is an instrument that strongly regulates fiscal and economic processes taking place in local government. It was found that the largest real estate tax revenues were in cities with a fiscal tax policy (where the highest tax rates were applied), while cities with relatively low real estate tax rates achieved in 2018-2020 an average revenue three times lower than cities applying fiscal tax policy. Moreover, the research proved that the most developed local governments in terms of socio-economic use applied fiscal tax policy. The least developed socially and economically was the group of cities with a liberal tax policy, and therefore applying relatively low tax rates.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134216824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the study was to verify the national identity of young people from the last years of secondary schools and to learn about their assessment of Poland’s functioning in the European Union. One hundred and fifty five persons attending the third grade of a general secondary school and the third and fourth grade of vocational secondary school located in the city of Mława were qualified for the study. The survey was conducted via a paper and online questionnaire. The results showed that all respondents associate the most strongly with the Polish identity, whereas European identity complements their national identification. Young people are also positively inclined towards the European Union. The vast majority of respondents believed that Poland would not have been able to achieve its current economic development without the support of the EU.
{"title":"The National Identity of the Youth of Mława and Assessment of Poland's Participation in European Integration","authors":"R. Kisiel, Julia Nadratowska, Andrzej Rzeszutek","doi":"10.31648/oej.7882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.7882","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to verify the national identity of young people from the last years of secondary schools and to learn about their assessment of Poland’s functioning in the European Union. One hundred and fifty five persons attending the third grade of a general secondary school and the third and fourth grade of vocational secondary school located in the city of Mława were qualified for the study. The survey was conducted via a paper and online questionnaire. The results showed that all respondents associate the most strongly with the Polish identity, whereas European identity complements their national identification. Young people are also positively inclined towards the European Union. The vast majority of respondents believed that Poland would not have been able to achieve its current economic development without the support of the EU.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128212858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased demand for medicines and hygienic personal care products. The increase in demand for medicinal products should increase the turnover of pharmacies. It was therefore hypothesised that the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused shocks to the pharmacy market in Poland. The aim was to identify and determine the nature of the shocks to the pharmacy market in Poland and compare them to the period before the pandemic. The subject of the study was the value of sales in open pharmacies in Poland in the years 2010–2021. To identify shocks and verify the hypothesis, an automatic TRAMO-SEATS procedure was used. The results obtained unequivocally confirmed the hypothesis, with the changes being more visible when analysing the value of total sales in open pharmacies expressed in current prices rather than in constant prices. The shocks were the result of increased demand for medicines and hygienic personal care products resulting from panic in the face of an unprecedented threat such as SARS-CoV-2.
{"title":"Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Pharmacy Market in Poland","authors":"Aleksandra Alicja Olejarz","doi":"10.31648/oej.7883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.7883","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased demand for medicines and hygienic personal care products. The increase in demand for medicinal products should increase the turnover of pharmacies. It was therefore hypothesised that the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused shocks to the pharmacy market in Poland. The aim was to identify and determine the nature of the shocks to the pharmacy market in Poland and compare them to the period before the pandemic. The subject of the study was the value of sales in open pharmacies in Poland in the years 2010–2021. To identify shocks and verify the hypothesis, an automatic TRAMO-SEATS procedure was used. The results obtained unequivocally confirmed the hypothesis, with the changes being more visible when analysing the value of total sales in open pharmacies expressed in current prices rather than in constant prices. The shocks were the result of increased demand for medicines and hygienic personal care products resulting from panic in the face of an unprecedented threat such as SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116223300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under the conditions underlying the contemporary work market, the brand of an organisation as an attractive employer, especially in the opinion of young, talented people, can be a key factor leading to the success of the company in a longer perspective. From this standpoint, the concept of employer branding is gaining importance as a modern way of creating an image of an employer among the current and future employees. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the effectiveness of employer branding activities implemented by organisations operating on the labour market in the eyes of students as potential employees. The study included students in the second cycle of studies at the Faculty of Economic Sciences, the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The study was carried out as a survey in the first quarter of year 2022. The study has verified that a positive image of an employer has a significant influence on prospective applicants searching for employment in a given company. The most important role in this regard is played by employer branding activities conducted online, and creating the employer’s profile in social media seems to be particularly valid. For raising the awareness of organisations active on the job market, it also turned out to be significant to participate in in-person job fairs and all other types of events held at universities to promote employment opportunities. Companies which wish to build an employer brand among representatives of the young generation, including university students, soon to be university graduates, should pay attention to using the mentioned solutions in their management practice.
{"title":"Employer Branding as a Modern Form of Building the Employer’s Image – Students’ Perspective as Future Employees","authors":"S. Stachowska, Justyna Wontora","doi":"10.31648/oej.8154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8154","url":null,"abstract":"Under the conditions underlying the contemporary work market, the brand of an organisation as an attractive employer, especially in the opinion of young, talented people, can be a key factor leading to the success of the company in a longer perspective. From this standpoint, the concept of employer branding is gaining importance as a modern way of creating an image of an employer among the current and future employees. \u0000The aim of this study has been to evaluate the effectiveness of employer branding activities implemented by organisations operating on the labour market in the eyes of students as potential employees. The study included students in the second cycle of studies at the Faculty of Economic Sciences, the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The study was carried out as a survey in the first quarter of year 2022. \u0000The study has verified that a positive image of an employer has a significant influence on prospective applicants searching for employment in a given company. The most important role in this regard is played by employer branding activities conducted online, and creating the employer’s profile in social media seems to be particularly valid. For raising the awareness of organisations active on the job market, it also turned out to be significant to participate in in-person job fairs and all other types of events held at universities to promote employment opportunities. Companies which wish to build an employer brand among representatives of the young generation, including university students, soon to be university graduates, should pay attention to using the mentioned solutions in their management practice.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"2004 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125794184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wioletta Wierzbicka, Aleksandra Nierobisz, Maciej Sobiecki
Both the amount and structure of tax revenue may change in time as they depend on numerous variables, including factors of the business cycle. However, the stability of tax revenue affects the balance of public finances and the ability to meet public obligations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of tax revenue in Poland’s national budget in 2004-2020. The research results indicate that both the amount and the structure of tax revenue in the national budget in 2004-2020 were stable.
{"title":"Stability of Tax Revenue in Poland’s National Budget in 2004-2020","authors":"Wioletta Wierzbicka, Aleksandra Nierobisz, Maciej Sobiecki","doi":"10.31648/oej.7313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.7313","url":null,"abstract":"Both the amount and structure of tax revenue may change in time as they depend on numerous variables, including factors of the business cycle. However, the stability of tax revenue affects the balance of public finances and the ability to meet public obligations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of tax revenue in Poland’s national budget in 2004-2020. The research results indicate that both the amount and the structure of tax revenue in the national budget in 2004-2020 were stable.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"11 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131745705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economists have been arguing to this day about the benefits and risks of introducing a community currency. It is very difficult to clearly determine which side is right. Most often, scientists refer to the example of the so-called Eurozone, but it is still far from reaching an agreement between supporters and opponents of such a solution. This paper presents the issues of monetary integration in ASEAN+3 (i.e. ASEAN member countries, China, South Korea, and Japan) in terms of the optimal currency area and other necessary conditions for the creation of a sustainable development region. The researchers argue about whether ASEAN+3 should introduce a single currency. Some suggest that the group meets several OCA theory criteria, i.e. labour mobility and economic openness. According to the results of the study, ASEAN+3 is an economically diverse area and there is a lack of institutions enabling effective monetary integration in the short term. Optimization assumptions included in the analysis determine the real chances of development and survival within the currency area. The author's analysis has indicated that ASEAN+3 should not introduce a single currency for three reasons: failure to meet the optimization criteria, diversification of socio-economic development, lack of an institutional framework and inconsistency in the perception of monetary integration. On the other hand, it should be noted that a single currency could contribute to increasing the monetary security of the entire South-East Asian region, which means that the monetary integration may be a long-term idea.
{"title":"ASEAN as an Optimal/Nonoptimal Currency Area","authors":"Paweł Merło, Radosław Kułak, Z. Warzocha","doi":"10.31648/oej.7311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.7311","url":null,"abstract":"Economists have been arguing to this day about the benefits and risks of introducing a community currency. It is very difficult to clearly determine which side is right. Most often, scientists refer to the example of the so-called Eurozone, but it is still far from reaching an agreement between supporters and opponents of such a solution. This paper presents the issues of monetary integration in ASEAN+3 (i.e. ASEAN member countries, China, South Korea, and Japan) in terms of the optimal currency area and other necessary conditions for the creation of a sustainable development region. The researchers argue about whether ASEAN+3 should introduce a single currency. Some suggest that the group meets several OCA theory criteria, i.e. labour mobility and economic openness. According to the results of the study, ASEAN+3 is an economically diverse area and there is a lack of institutions enabling effective monetary integration in the short term. Optimization assumptions included in the analysis determine the real chances of development and survival within the currency area. The author's analysis has indicated that ASEAN+3 should not introduce a single currency for three reasons: failure to meet the optimization criteria, diversification of socio-economic development, lack of an institutional framework and inconsistency in the perception of monetary integration. On the other hand, it should be noted that a single currency could contribute to increasing the monetary security of the entire South-East Asian region, which means that the monetary integration may be a long-term idea.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115611516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The level of road infrastructure development brings about several benefits, such as shorter travel times, reduced transport costs, or improved road safety. Undoubtedly, it is also a factor that has had a beneficial impact on the growth of certain regions. This is particularly important for the entire economy (in the macroeconomic context), for regions (on the meso-regional level) and for business enterprises (the macroeconomic aspect). The aim of this study has been to evaluate the effect of the availability of road infrastructure on the economic competitiveness of Polish voivodeships. To this end, the Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI) was compared with the ratio of the density of hard-surface roads per 100 km2. The analysis showed that the highest regional competitiveness and simultaneously the highest road density ratio were in the voivodeships: śląskie, małopolskie and mazowieckie. However, the majority of regions in Poland are composed of voivodeships with both of these indicators scoring below zero. These are regions in the eastern part of Poland; as well as the lubuskie and zachodniopomorskie voivodeships.
{"title":"Economic Competitiveness and Availability of Road Infrastructure","authors":"Paweł Merło, Jakub Juszkiewicz, Szymon Łątkowski","doi":"10.31648/oej.7317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.7317","url":null,"abstract":"The level of road infrastructure development brings about several benefits, such as shorter travel times, reduced transport costs, or improved road safety. Undoubtedly, it is also a factor that has had a beneficial impact on the growth of certain regions. This is particularly important for the entire economy (in the macroeconomic context), for regions (on the meso-regional level) and for business enterprises (the macroeconomic aspect). The aim of this study has been to evaluate the effect of the availability of road infrastructure on the economic competitiveness of Polish voivodeships. To this end, the Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI) was compared with the ratio of the density of hard-surface roads per 100 km2. The analysis showed that the highest regional competitiveness and simultaneously the highest road density ratio were in the voivodeships: śląskie, małopolskie and mazowieckie. However, the majority of regions in Poland are composed of voivodeships with both of these indicators scoring below zero. These are regions in the eastern part of Poland; as well as the lubuskie and zachodniopomorskie voivodeships.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129448656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Supply chain management is considered a complex process that can lead to errors, conflicts, or a breakdown of cooperation. In chain creation, it is important to organize and rationalize the network of interconnections to which the assumptions of concepts, such as lean manufacturing, agile manufacturing, and resilient supply chains, can be applied. For this reason, the aim of the research presented in the study was to attempt to identify how selected management systems in supply chains can influence the improved functioning of enterprises in a vulnerable condition and in the contemporary challenging situation. The starting point for consideration was to define the concept of a supply chain, lean manufacturing, agile manufacturing, and resilient supply chains, and to indicate the benefits of using the selected concepts. For this purpose, foreign and domestic literature was used. The result is a description, analysis, and criticism of the different systems in relation to the supply chain.
{"title":"Selected management concepts in supply chains","authors":"M. Łada, Adam Wieczorek, Katarzyna Łukiewska","doi":"10.31648/oej.6789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.6789","url":null,"abstract":"Supply chain management is considered a complex process that can lead to errors, conflicts, or a breakdown of cooperation. In chain creation, it is important to organize and rationalize the network of interconnections to which the assumptions of concepts, such as lean manufacturing, agile manufacturing, and resilient supply chains, can be applied. For this reason, the aim of the research presented in the study was to attempt to identify how selected management systems in supply chains can influence the improved functioning of enterprises in a vulnerable condition and in the contemporary challenging situation. The starting point for consideration was to define the concept of a supply chain, lean manufacturing, agile manufacturing, and resilient supply chains, and to indicate the benefits of using the selected concepts. For this purpose, foreign and domestic literature was used. The result is a description, analysis, and criticism of the different systems in relation to the supply chain.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122915743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Increasing horizontal integration in agriculture, by creating groups of agricultural producers, may accelerate the modernization of Polish agriculture and increase its competitiveness. The aim of the research was to find out about the state and conditions affecting the functioning of agricultural producer groups in North-East Poland in the years 2000-2021. As part of the research, data on the characteristics of the groups were analyzed, i.e. their specializations, scope of activities, personal composition, and legal forms. Moreover, the amount of financial aid obtained from RDP was defined. The article uses information contained in legal acts, literature on the subject, as well as secondary data from the ARMA. Based on the research, a short duration of the created groups has been noticed. Out of 170 entities created, 24 of them were active at the time of the study, with a total of 3,142 members. Most of them collaborated in dairy groups in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (1940).
{"title":"Horizontal Integration of Farmers on the Example of Agricultural Producer Groups in North-East Poland","authors":"Sebastian Janek, A. Hanchar, Z. Warzocha","doi":"10.31648/oej.7316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.7316","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing horizontal integration in agriculture, by creating groups of agricultural producers, may accelerate the modernization of Polish agriculture and increase its competitiveness. The aim of the research was to find out about the state and conditions affecting the functioning of agricultural producer groups in North-East Poland in the years 2000-2021. As part of the research, data on the characteristics of the groups were analyzed, i.e. their specializations, scope of activities, personal composition, and legal forms. Moreover, the amount of financial aid obtained from RDP was defined. The article uses information contained in legal acts, literature on the subject, as well as secondary data from the ARMA. Based on the research, a short duration of the created groups has been noticed. Out of 170 entities created, 24 of them were active at the time of the study, with a total of 3,142 members. Most of them collaborated in dairy groups in the Podlaskie Voivodeship (1940).","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128777825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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