The goal of the paper is to present spatial diversity in the use of flexible forms of employment with special emphasis on part-time work among women and men aged 50+ in the European Union. Demographic changes, including the ageing of the EU population, show the necessity of rationally utilizing available labour resources. Because the level of occupational activity is declining with age, while the share of people aged 50+ in the population is growing, the possibility of doing parttime work that allows reconciliation between occupational life and non-occupational life seems important. This form of employment can also constitute an important transitional stage between occupational activity and retirement. The analyses presented in the paper are based on data from Eurostat and include the years between 2003 and 2017. The conducted studies show significantdifferences in the utilization of part-time work in EU countries especially when age and gender are taken into consideration.
{"title":"Part-time Work and the Workers’ Age and Sex","authors":"A. Skorska","doi":"10.31648/oej.4371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.4371","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the paper is to present spatial diversity in the use of flexible forms of employment with special emphasis on part-time work among women and men aged 50+ in the European Union. Demographic changes, including the ageing of the EU population, show the necessity of rationally utilizing available labour resources. Because the level of occupational activity is declining with age, while the share of people aged 50+ in the population is growing, the possibility of doing parttime work that allows reconciliation between occupational life and non-occupational life seems important. This form of employment can also constitute an important transitional stage between occupational activity and retirement. The analyses presented in the paper are based on data from Eurostat and include the years between 2003 and 2017. The conducted studies show significantdifferences in the utilization of part-time work in EU countries especially when age and gender are taken into consideration.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128872688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the article is to identify the possibility of building relationships with consumers in the area of shaping the food offer in retail trade. The subject of the article also concerns consumer needs and changes in their behaviors essential to building these relationships. A critical analysis of the literature of the subject and case study were used to implement the purpose of the article. A diagnosis of solutions implemented by retailers show that the scope and form of activities conducted in the area of building relationships with customers depends on the retail format. Relationships are mainly built on the basis of physical proximity, but also by referring to key consumer needs and trends in their behaviors (mainly “health”, “comfort”, “convenience”, and “new family model”). Retailers in the creation of the food offer refer to the needs of consumers as being related not only to selecting and buying food, but also to their future purchases.
{"title":"Food in Retailers’ Commercial Offer – Possibilities of Building Relationships with Consumers","authors":"B. Kucharska","doi":"10.31648/oej.4375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.4375","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to identify the possibility of building relationships with consumers in the area of shaping the food offer in retail trade. The subject of the article also concerns consumer needs and changes in their behaviors essential to building these relationships. A critical analysis of the literature of the subject and case study were used to implement the purpose of the article. A diagnosis of solutions implemented by retailers show that the scope and form of activities conducted in the area of building relationships with customers depends on the retail format. Relationships are mainly built on the basis of physical proximity, but also by referring to key consumer needs and trends in their behaviors (mainly “health”, “comfort”, “convenience”, and “new family model”). Retailers in the creation of the food offer refer to the needs of consumers as being related not only to selecting and buying food, but also to their future purchases.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124695944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Milk and milk products represent one of the most important components of a well-balanced diet. The average consumption of milk in 2017 in Slovakia was about 176 kg per capita. Because the consumption of milk and milk products is generally considered to be very important for human health, it is also important to convince consumers to buy these products. The presented paper deals with selected psychological factors that influence consumer behaviour when buying milk and milk products. We focused on 180 young consumers (20-45 years old) who belong to the generation Y and we studied the persuading power of selected tools of marketing communication (mainly visual aspects like colour, features of logos, overall look of packages, etc.) for milk. Several methods of psychological and marketing research were used in the study, specifically a personality questionnaire NEO FFI, semantic differential based analysis of profile, content analysis and an analysis of dependences (binomial logit). It was found that personality characteristics and the temperament structure of consumers influence their choices in the milk product market. Packages and logos of milk products are strong persuaders if they are associated with the offered products.
{"title":"Selected Psychological Factors as Predictors of Consumer Choice in the Milk Product Market","authors":"J. Rybanská, Ľ. Nagyová, Filip Tkáč","doi":"10.31648/oej.4376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.4376","url":null,"abstract":"Milk and milk products represent one of the most important components of a well-balanced diet. The average consumption of milk in 2017 in Slovakia was about 176 kg per capita. Because the consumption of milk and milk products is generally considered to be very important for human health, it is also important to convince consumers to buy these products. \u0000The presented paper deals with selected psychological factors that influence consumer behaviour when buying milk and milk products. We focused on 180 young consumers (20-45 years old) who belong to the generation Y and we studied the persuading power of selected tools of marketing communication (mainly visual aspects like colour, features of logos, overall look of packages, etc.) for milk. \u0000Several methods of psychological and marketing research were used in the study, specifically a personality questionnaire NEO FFI, semantic differential based analysis of profile, content analysis and an analysis of dependences (binomial logit). It was found that personality characteristics and the temperament structure of consumers influence their choices in the milk product market. Packages and logos of milk products are strong persuaders if they are associated with the offered products.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"415 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115954189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The possibility to balance work and eldercare in the Netherlands is determined by legal and institutional factors (such as special employment entitlements for a career in the form of leaves and a flexible working arrangement). In our paper we compare the Dutch legislation in this field with the HRM practice of four Dutch public and private (non-profit and for-profit) organizations. The aim is to check what kind of workplace eldercare assistance is provided by the organizations and what forms are applied due to legal regulations and what goes beyond these regulations and why. The results show that the relationship between employer and employee is based on mutual trust. Dutch employers are – as far as circumstances permit – more generous in practice than the specific legislation requires, mainly due to the minimum rights in the legislation. A reason for the generosity is self-interest. The Dutch regulation of sick pay can be seen as an incentive to prevent sickness as it obliges employers to continue paying the wages during sickness for a long period. Moreover, they want to build loyalty and motivation among their employees by developing a formof corporate social responsibility.
{"title":"Combining Paid Work and Eldercare in the Netherlands in the Practice of Selected Dutch Organizations","authors":"Agnieszka Furmańska-Maruszak, S. Heeger-Hertter","doi":"10.31648/oej.4372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.4372","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility to balance work and eldercare in the Netherlands is determined by legal and institutional factors (such as special employment entitlements for a career in the form of leaves and a flexible working arrangement). In our paper we compare the Dutch legislation in this field with the HRM practice of four Dutch public and private (non-profit and for-profit) organizations. The aim is to check what kind of workplace eldercare assistance is provided by the organizations and what forms are applied due to legal regulations and what goes beyond these regulations and why. The results show that the relationship between employer and employee is based on mutual trust. Dutch employers are – as far as circumstances permit – more generous in practice than the specific legislation requires, mainly due to the minimum rights in the legislation. A reason for the generosity is self-interest. The Dutch regulation of sick pay can be seen as an incentive to prevent sickness as it obliges employers to continue paying the wages during sickness for a long period. Moreover, they want to build loyalty and motivation among their employees by developing a formof corporate social responsibility.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"303 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122775148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Kowalewska, Joanna Niezurawska-Zajac, N. Duarte
This paper analyses the directions and causes of student migration in the information society at economic universities in Poland and Portugal. An international survey was conducted among students born between 1981 and 1995. The research included a group of 121 Polish and 55 Portuguese students. The conclusions of the study confirm the hypothesis that the place of residence/country of origin has a significant effect on the direction of migration. Furthermore, the causes of migration are largely dependent on the gender of the respondents and their professional status.
{"title":"Causes and Directions of Student Migration Using Polish and Portugese Students as an Example","authors":"G. Kowalewska, Joanna Niezurawska-Zajac, N. Duarte","doi":"10.31648/oej.4373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.4373","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the directions and causes of student migration in the information society at economic universities in Poland and Portugal. An international survey was conducted among students born between 1981 and 1995. The research included a group of 121 Polish and 55 Portuguese students. The conclusions of the study confirm the hypothesis that the place of residence/country of origin has a significant effect on the direction of migration. Furthermore, the causes of migration are largely dependent on the gender of the respondents and their professional status.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128152351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of price increases in five countries (Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) aimed to assess the introduction of the single currency (euro) on the rate of HICP inflation in two short-term perspectives: after the first month and after the first year of the introduction of the euro in these countries. The following hypothesis was put forward: prices after the introduction of the euro are contained in the inflation target, that is, there can be no substantial increase, and contrasting views on the issue are only an effect of illusion, that is, the difference between actual and perceived inflation level. The research was carried out using the comparative method. They show that the inflation effect in the euro-adopting countries was clearly convergent with the level of price growth recorded at the same time in other European Union countries, including those already with a single currency. The result is that the reasons for excessive price growth in the short-term perspective should not be sought in connection with the introduction of the euro, but rather explained by e.g. the convergence of business cycles with these euro area countries in which HICP inflation target exceedance was recorded at the same time. There can be also any other conditions that affect price growth in all European countries, regardless of whether they belong to euro area or have its national currencies.
{"title":"Introduction of the Single Currency and Inflation - the Case of Central and Eastern European Countries","authors":"J. Heller, Rafał Warżała, Kamil Kotliński","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3966","url":null,"abstract":"The study of price increases in five countries (Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) aimed to assess the introduction of the single currency (euro) on the rate of HICP inflation in two short-term perspectives: after the first month and after the first year of the introduction of the euro in these countries. The following hypothesis was put forward: prices after the introduction of the euro are contained in the inflation target, that is, there can be no substantial increase, and contrasting views on the issue are only an effect of illusion, that is, the difference between actual and perceived inflation level. The research was carried out using the comparative method. They show that the inflation effect in the euro-adopting countries was clearly convergent with the level of price growth recorded at the same time in other European Union countries, including those already with a single currency. The result is that the reasons for excessive price growth in the short-term perspective should not be sought in connection with the introduction of the euro, but rather explained by e.g. the convergence of business cycles with these euro area countries in which HICP inflation target exceedance was recorded at the same time. There can be also any other conditions that affect price growth in all European countries, regardless of whether they belong to euro area or have its national currencies.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116936209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the research and analysis was to identify the factors which contribute to stimulating entrepreneurial spirit among women. Special attention was paid to German women who had undertaken business activity in Poland. Based on a survey, it was determined that apart from such barriers to developing business as experienced by all businessmen (e.g. ensuring cash flows, having a sound knowledge of laws and regulations connected with business, and being competitive in the market), a female entrepreneur must meet other challenges arising from the position of a woman in society. Women’s determination in the pursuit of business did not depend on gender or émigré status, but on their willingness to start a business in a culturally foreign environment. The respondents emphasized that they were highly active and goal-oriented. Women would rather be perceived as entrepreneurs than as women or migrants, because the characteristics assigned to the two latter roles do not coincide with the typical image of ‘male entrepreneurship’.
{"title":"Factors underlying the economic migration of German women to Poland","authors":"R. Marks-Bielska","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3967","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research and analysis was to identify the factors which contribute to stimulating entrepreneurial spirit among women. Special attention was paid to German women who had undertaken business activity in Poland. Based on a survey, it was determined that apart from such barriers to developing business as experienced by all businessmen (e.g. ensuring cash flows, having a sound knowledge of laws and regulations connected with business, and being competitive in the market), a female entrepreneur must meet other challenges arising from the position of a woman in society. Women’s determination in the pursuit of business did not depend on gender or émigré status, but on their willingness to start a business in a culturally foreign environment. The respondents emphasized that they were highly active and goal-oriented. Women would rather be perceived as entrepreneurs than as women or migrants, because the characteristics assigned to the two latter roles do not coincide with the typical image of ‘male entrepreneurship’.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122734755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dobrosława Mruk-Tomczak, E. Jerzyk, Natalia Wawrzynkiewicz
Packaging is an important factor influencing purchasing decisions, especially in the case of food products. Packaging draws the consumer’s attention and communicates with the consumer at a critical time in the purchasing process, providing information, while instructing and educating. The significance of the information varies depending on the product and on the information needs of the consumer stemming from his or her attitude. The level of consumer engagement in the purchase can significantly determine the perception of information – both emotional and factual - on the packaging. The aim of the article was to research the perception of the emotional content and factual information on the packaging of fruit juice, taking into account the level of consumer engagement in the purchase. It was assumed that high consumer engagement would result in greater visual attention to the product information. The tools used achieve the goal included eye-tracking and a questionnaire. The results have indicated that the level of consumer engagement in the purchase of fruit juice (purchase frequency and motivation) does not affect preferences regarding the type of the perceived information.
{"title":"Consumer engagement and the perception of packaging information","authors":"Dobrosława Mruk-Tomczak, E. Jerzyk, Natalia Wawrzynkiewicz","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3971","url":null,"abstract":"Packaging is an important factor influencing purchasing decisions, especially in the case of food products. Packaging draws the consumer’s attention and communicates with the consumer at a critical time in the purchasing process, providing information, while instructing and educating. The significance of the information varies depending on the product and on the information needs of the consumer stemming from his or her attitude. The level of consumer engagement in the purchase can significantly determine the perception of information – both emotional and factual - on the packaging. \u0000The aim of the article was to research the perception of the emotional content and factual information on the packaging of fruit juice, taking into account the level of consumer engagement in the purchase. It was assumed that high consumer engagement would result in greater visual attention to the product information. The tools used achieve the goal included eye-tracking and a questionnaire. \u0000The results have indicated that the level of consumer engagement in the purchase of fruit juice (purchase frequency and motivation) does not affect preferences regarding the type of the perceived information. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123649659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents the results of the observation of cases of skin melanomas in Poland. Dermatologists raise the problem of increased sunlight penetration and the unreasonable use of solar radiation. This causes numerous cases of skin cancer. The aim of the article is to signal the threat posed by the depletion of the ozone layer in Poland. The article uses a research method based on an analysis of statistical data on skin cancers, supported by the available research in this area. Studies show that the incidence of skin cancer in Poland in 2007-2016 nearly doubled. Women are more prone than men to skin neoplasms. The mortality rate due to skin melanoma also increased dramatically. In the article, we point to the need of raising awareness of the hazards, and consider the coverage of treatment costs by life insurance as one of the options to protect the health of insured persons. We also raise the problem of prophylaxis on the basis of sunscreen cosmetic products.
{"title":"The consequences of ozone layer depletion on the health of Poles – a case study of skin melanoma","authors":"Stanisław Wieteska, M. Jabłońska","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3973","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of the observation of cases of skin melanomas in Poland. Dermatologists raise the problem of increased sunlight penetration and the unreasonable use of solar radiation. This causes numerous cases of skin cancer. The aim of the article is to signal the threat posed by the depletion of the ozone layer in Poland. The article uses a research method based on an analysis of statistical data on skin cancers, supported by the available research in this area. Studies show that the incidence of skin cancer in Poland in 2007-2016 nearly doubled. Women are more prone than men to skin neoplasms. The mortality rate due to skin melanoma also increased dramatically. In the article, we point to the need of raising awareness of the hazards, and consider the coverage of treatment costs by life insurance as one of the options to protect the health of insured persons. We also raise the problem of prophylaxis on the basis of sunscreen cosmetic products.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127591272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to present the results and conclusions of a comparative analysis of Poland and other European Union countries regarding the level of food expenditure, the share of food expenditure in the structure of total expenditure and the direction of changes in these areas that took place in the years 2006-2016. The conducted analysis employed the desk research method using logical inference methods, based on Eurostat data and academic literature. For a more detailed analysis of the research findings, a cluster analysis was carried out using one of the hierarchical methods – the Ward’s method. The obtained results of the analyses permitted the conclusion that disproportionate food consumption in the household sector between individual countries should still be considered as large – although the differentiation clearly decreased in the analysed period. The less developed countries from Central and Eastern Europe are still far from adopting the service consumption model that would allow for a more complete satisfaction of higher-ranking needs.
{"title":"The food expenditure in Poland and other European Union countries – a comparative analysis","authors":"G. Maciejewski","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3970","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to present the results and conclusions of a comparative analysis of Poland and other European Union countries regarding the level of food expenditure, the share of food expenditure in the structure of total expenditure and the direction of changes in these areas that took place in the years 2006-2016. \u0000The conducted analysis employed the desk research method using logical inference methods, based on Eurostat data and academic literature. For a more detailed analysis of the research findings, a cluster analysis was carried out using one of the hierarchical methods – the Ward’s method. \u0000The obtained results of the analyses permitted the conclusion that disproportionate food consumption in the household sector between individual countries should still be considered as large – although the differentiation clearly decreased in the analysed period. The less developed countries from Central and Eastern Europe are still far from adopting the service consumption model that would allow for a more complete satisfaction of higher-ranking needs.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128632524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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