The purpose of this article was to determine the macroeconomic and investment situation in 2018-2020 in the Member States of the European Union. The work also deals with the division of the European Union into three parts: the core, the periphery, and Central and Eastern Europe. A critical analysis of the scientific literature was used to present the economic consequences of the pandemic. Ward's method was used to create a few clusters of European Union Member States that are most similar to each other in terms of macroeconomic situation and investments. During the pandemic, the macroeconomic and investment situation worsened. Moreover, there are three groups of member states in the European Union, which indicates that there are still significant development and economic disproportions between the groups in the EU.
{"title":"Analiza podobieństwa sytuacji makroekonomicznej i poziomu inwestycji w Unii Europejskiej w latach 2018-2020 w kontekście pandemii Covid-19","authors":"Paulina Pukin-Sowul, L. Markowski","doi":"10.31648/oej.8551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8551","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article was to determine the macroeconomic and investment situation in 2018-2020 in the Member States of the European Union. The work also deals with the division of the European Union into three parts: the core, the periphery, and Central and Eastern Europe. A critical analysis of the scientific literature was used to present the economic consequences of the pandemic. Ward's method was used to create a few clusters of European Union Member States that are most similar to each other in terms of macroeconomic situation and investments. During the pandemic, the macroeconomic and investment situation worsened. Moreover, there are three groups of member states in the European Union, which indicates that there are still significant development and economic disproportions between the groups in the EU.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125697378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this paper is to identify the current situation and the trends in the market of property insurance offering protection against hurricane risk. This paper presents data on strong winds in January and February 2022 in Poland and the damage caused by them. Information from the General Headquarters of the National Fire Service, from the Energa Group of Companies and from individual insurance companies was used. The analysis was performed for insurance market data, and it focused on group 8, Section II (insurance against the element risk). To this end, the Annual Reports of the Polish Insurance Chamber and the Financial Supervision Authority for the past five years were used. Climate changes carry with them catastrophic phenomena whose frequency is growing. These include hurricanes, which have been causing multi-million property losses in recent years. Insurance companies include various aspects in the protection, which enables the policyholder to customize the product to their needs. Clients opt for this type of protection increasingly often. The gross written premium in insurance against elements and the number of active insurance policies is growing. The premium amount increased by more than 46% during the study period, and the number of active insurance policies increased by nearly 19%.
{"title":"Hurricane Risk and Property Insurance in Poland","authors":"J. Bak","doi":"10.31648/oej.8409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8409","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper is to identify the current situation and the trends in the market of property insurance offering protection against hurricane risk. This paper presents data on strong winds in January and February 2022 in Poland and the damage caused by them. Information from the General Headquarters of the National Fire Service, from the Energa Group of Companies and from individual insurance companies was used. The analysis was performed for insurance market data, and it focused on group 8, Section II (insurance against the element risk). To this end, the Annual Reports of the Polish Insurance Chamber and the Financial Supervision Authority for the past five years were used.\u0000Climate changes carry with them catastrophic phenomena whose frequency is growing. These include hurricanes, which have been causing multi-million property losses in recent years. Insurance companies include various aspects in the protection, which enables the policyholder to customize the product to their needs. Clients opt for this type of protection increasingly often. The gross written premium in insurance against elements and the number of active insurance policies is growing. The premium amount increased by more than 46% during the study period, and the number of active insurance policies increased by nearly 19%.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"472 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132221168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The operating surplus is a positive subtraction result of the revenue and current expenditures of a local government units. The level of operating surplus determines the scope and quality of task implementation, as well as investment and development opportunities of a local government unit. In periods of economic slowdown, the surplus can serve as a kind of buffer and guarantee for the continuous and effective functioning of a local government unit. The aim of the research was to assess the operating surplus and the ability to perform local government tasks based on the balance of current revenue and expenditure in the current economic conditions. The analysis was carried out on the example of the municipalities of the Małopolskie Voivodeship in Poland, and the research period covered the years 2014-2021. According to the conducted research, the most dynamic situation in the operating surplus development took place in urban municipalities. These municipalities maintained the highest average level of operating surplus, but it was characterized by large fluctuations, e.g. in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This may result from the fact of high budget revenues and the widest range of obligatory tasks, as well as from the sensitivity to economic changes of budget revenues that are significant in cities. As a consequence, the implementation of tasks in a continuous manner and at a constant level of quality in periods of downturn may be at risk in the case of these cities, and the lower level of operating surplus may force these local governments to incur liabilities.
{"title":"Operating Surplus and its Importance in Financing Local Government Tasks on the Example of Municipalities of the Małopolskie Voivodeship","authors":"Anna Wichowska","doi":"10.31648/oej.8644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8644","url":null,"abstract":"The operating surplus is a positive subtraction result of the revenue and current expenditures of a local government units. The level of operating surplus determines the scope and quality of task implementation, as well as investment and development opportunities of a local government unit. In periods of economic slowdown, the surplus can serve as a kind of buffer and guarantee for the continuous and effective functioning of a local government unit. The aim of the research was to assess the operating surplus and the ability to perform local government tasks based on the balance of current revenue and expenditure in the current economic conditions. The analysis was carried out on the example of the municipalities of the Małopolskie Voivodeship in Poland, and the research period covered the years 2014-2021. According to the conducted research, the most dynamic situation in the operating surplus development took place in urban municipalities. These municipalities maintained the highest average level of operating surplus, but it was characterized by large fluctuations, e.g. in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. This may result from the fact of high budget revenues and the widest range of obligatory tasks, as well as from the sensitivity to economic changes of budget revenues that are significant in cities. As a consequence, the implementation of tasks in a continuous manner and at a constant level of quality in periods of downturn may be at risk in the case of these cities, and the lower level of operating surplus may force these local governments to incur liabilities.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117144657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandra Lipka, Daria Nowacka, Andrzej Rzeszutek
The research aimed to assess the amount of public debt, GDP, and inflation in Poland and to forecast it for the period 2022-2026. The amount of public debt in the years under study, and two macroeconomic measures, GDP and inflation, were analyzed. The research was conducted based on data obtained from the Central Statistical Office, the Ministry of Finance, and Eurostat. One of the main research objectives of the study was to find a relationship between the level of GDP and public debt. To this end, vertical analysis of the acquired data was carried out and Pearson linear correlation coefficients were calculated. Another important aspect addressed in the study was the magnitude of average annual inflation rates, compared to the volume of public debt. To this end, the focus was on carrying out a vertical analysis of the variables that made it possible to find relationships between inflation and public debt. The focus was also on examining the share of public debt in GDP for Poland related to selected EU member states. The analysis was carried out in three countries each with a high and low correlation of the indicator under study. The analysis carried out allowed for the confirmation of the hypotheses put forward in this study that public debt is correlated with both GDP and the level of inflation in Poland. The estimated forecasts made it possible to conclude that the public debt will gradually increase over the next 5 years.
{"title":"The Evolution of Public Debt, Gross Domestic Product and Inflation Rate in Poland in 2015-2021","authors":"Aleksandra Lipka, Daria Nowacka, Andrzej Rzeszutek","doi":"10.31648/oej.8600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8600","url":null,"abstract":"The research aimed to assess the amount of public debt, GDP, and inflation in Poland and to forecast it for the period 2022-2026. The amount of public debt in the years under study, and two macroeconomic measures, GDP and inflation, were analyzed.\u0000The research was conducted based on data obtained from the Central Statistical Office, the Ministry of Finance, and Eurostat. One of the main research objectives of the study was to find a relationship between the level of GDP and public debt. To this end, vertical analysis of the acquired data was carried out and Pearson linear correlation coefficients were calculated. Another important aspect addressed in the study was the magnitude of average annual inflation rates, compared to the volume of public debt. To this end, the focus was on carrying out a vertical analysis of the variables that made it possible to find relationships between inflation and public debt. The focus was also on examining the share of public debt in GDP for Poland related to selected EU member states. The analysis was carried out in three countries each with a high and low correlation of the indicator under study.\u0000The analysis carried out allowed for the confirmation of the hypotheses put forward in this study that public debt is correlated with both GDP and the level of inflation in Poland. The estimated forecasts made it possible to conclude that the public debt will gradually increase over the next 5 years.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123037840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At present, innovations constitute a key determinant of a competitive position among market entities. Recent years have seen a change in the approach towards innovations and a gradual shift from a closed to an open model of innovation. The changing paradigm of innovation is accompanied by the question how to commercialize about outcomes of open innovation processes. The aim of the present article is to review models of the commercialization of innovations which are applied in innovation processes based on principles typical of the open innovation model.
{"title":"Models of Commercialization of Innovations in an Open Innovation Process","authors":"Patryk Zachłowski","doi":"10.31648/oej.8698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8698","url":null,"abstract":"At present, innovations constitute a key determinant of a competitive position among market entities. Recent years have seen a change in the approach towards innovations and a gradual shift from a closed to an open model of innovation. The changing paradigm of innovation is accompanied by the question how to commercialize about outcomes of open innovation processes. The aim of the present article is to review models of the commercialization of innovations which are applied in innovation processes based on principles typical of the open innovation model.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"399 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114125055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper decomposes and estimates the impact of foreign trade on economic growth and evaluates the relevance of financial openness in the relationship in Nigeria using annual time series data between 1987 and 2020. The key findings of the paper are that although trade positively drives economic growth, the effect is due largely to the contribution of the non-oil export component in the long run and short run. This, however, does not rule out the fact that non-oil import over the long run and short run or the overall value of import in the long run lead to a high economic growth in the economy provided higher degree of financial openness is tolerated. In that, subject to broadening the scope of financial openness, Nigeria’s participation in international trade will result in rapid economic growth both in the long run and short run.
{"title":"Disaggregated Impact Analysis of Trade on Growth: The Role of Financial Openness in Nigeria","authors":"B. Omo-Ikirodah","doi":"10.31648/oej.7617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.7617","url":null,"abstract":"This paper decomposes and estimates the impact of foreign trade on economic growth and evaluates the relevance of financial openness in the relationship in Nigeria using annual time series data between 1987 and 2020. The key findings of the paper are that although trade positively drives economic growth, the effect is due largely to the contribution of the non-oil export component in the long run and short run. This, however, does not rule out the fact that non-oil import over the long run and short run or the overall value of import in the long run lead to a high economic growth in the economy provided higher degree of financial openness is tolerated. In that, subject to broadening the scope of financial openness, Nigeria’s participation in international trade will result in rapid economic growth both in the long run and short run.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117307175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The implementation of a stabilizing fiscal policy is of particular importance to the eurozone countries, which do not have the ability to make autonomous decisions in the scope of their monetary policy in order to ease fluctuations of an economic cycle. The aim of this research was to evaluate the implementation of a discretionary fiscal policy in selected countries of this bloc. The ex post analysis of the approaches to national fiscal policies, with a division into two research sub-periods, was conducted with statistical methods. Based on the official forecasts by the European Commission, a “real time analysis” was also made, which to some extent enables gaining an insight into plans and intentions of the governments at the moment of making budgetary decisions. The results call into question the use of discretionary fiscal policies in stabilizing the economic cycle at the national level in the studied Eurozone countries. It can be said that the reforms implemented after the financial and economic crisis had a limited impact on the intentions and the actual implementation of the fiscal policies in an anti-cyclical manner. It is then sensible to consider alternative mechanisms, which could successfully lessen the asynchronous fluctuations in production within the European monetary union.
{"title":"Implementation of the Stabilizing Function of a Fiscal Policy in the Eurozone Countries","authors":"Łukasz Markowski","doi":"10.31648/oej.8697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8697","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of a stabilizing fiscal policy is of particular importance to the eurozone countries, which do not have the ability to make autonomous decisions in the scope of their monetary policy in order to ease fluctuations of an economic cycle. The aim of this research was to evaluate the implementation of a discretionary fiscal policy in selected countries of this bloc. The ex post analysis of the approaches to national fiscal policies, with a division into two research sub-periods, was conducted with statistical methods. Based on the official forecasts by the European Commission, a “real time analysis” was also made, which to some extent enables gaining an insight into plans and intentions of the governments at the moment of making budgetary decisions. The results call into question the use of discretionary fiscal policies in stabilizing the economic cycle at the national level in the studied Eurozone countries. It can be said that the reforms implemented after the financial and economic crisis had a limited impact on the intentions and the actual implementation of the fiscal policies in an anti-cyclical manner. It is then sensible to consider alternative mechanisms, which could successfully lessen the asynchronous fluctuations in production within the European monetary union.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116932938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article presents the results of research on the possibilities of developing intermodal rail transport in the Visegrad Group countries, Italy and Germany. The research was conducted based on statistical data regarding demand for transport in intermodal cargo units and rail transport. Selected elements of transport infrastructure were taken into account as well, i.e. the length of railway tracks and railway lines (including electrified ones), the railway line density indicator, and the number of terminals. The study results proved that there was a noticeable development of infrastructure in Hungary which makes it a prospective market, affording the possibility for development of domestic and international transport. The biggest decrease for railway transport was observed in Germany and Poland. In the same time, in Poland there was observed the biggest increase in demand for intermodal container units (ICUs). The inverse relationship between demand for railway transport and ICUs is observed in most countries. Only in Czechia there was a parallel increase observed. It has been observed that linear and point infrastructure requires investment in electrification in most countries surveyed. These investments are important due to handling the needs of foreign trade. With the growing demand for transport and developed infrastructure, the intermodal rail transport will be able to compete with road transport. This process is consistent with the need to ensure green transport and modify transport structure into the environmental friendly one.
{"title":"Prospects for the Development of Intermodal Transport in the Visegrad Countries, Germany and Italy - Selected Aspects","authors":"Małgorzata Kędzior-Laskowska, Joanna Kownacka-Waśkiewicz","doi":"10.31648/oej.8655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8655","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of research on the possibilities of developing intermodal rail transport in the Visegrad Group countries, Italy and Germany. The research was conducted based on statistical data regarding demand for transport in intermodal cargo units and rail transport. Selected elements of transport infrastructure were taken into account as well, i.e. the length of railway tracks and railway lines (including electrified ones), the railway line density indicator, and the number of terminals. The study results proved that there was a noticeable development of infrastructure in Hungary which makes it a prospective market, affording the possibility for development of domestic and international transport. The biggest decrease for railway transport was observed in Germany and Poland. In the same time, in Poland there was observed the biggest increase in demand for intermodal container units (ICUs). The inverse relationship between demand for railway transport and ICUs is observed in most countries. Only in Czechia there was a parallel increase observed. It has been observed that linear and point infrastructure requires investment in electrification in most countries surveyed. These investments are important due to handling the needs of foreign trade. With the growing demand for transport and developed infrastructure, the intermodal rail transport will be able to compete with road transport. This process is consistent with the need to ensure green transport and modify transport structure into the environmental friendly one.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"253 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123347998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Business management in a culturally diverse environment, that is acting in different business cultures, is one of the major challenges facing managers nowadays. Cultural differences among societies have been known to exist for ages, but a holistic view of their impact on the business culture in particular countries, development of cultural typologies and studies into the nature of interactions between the business and organisational culture date back to the 1980s. The acceleration of social, technological and demographic changes, a more rapid process of globalisation as well as some disturbances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine or the intensifying rivalry between China and the United States of America, increase organisational uncertainty. Such changes require a new cultural sensitivity as well as new, modified systems of values. The objective of this study has been to determine and compare the Polish and Portuguese business cultures. To this end, the contemporary Polish and Portuguese business cultures have been analysed according to the 6D Hofstede model.
{"title":"Application of the 6D Hofstede Model in an Analysis of the Polish and Portuguese Business Culture","authors":"M. Siemiński, Katarzyna Andruszkiewicz, T. Pinho","doi":"10.31648/oej.8651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8651","url":null,"abstract":"Business management in a culturally diverse environment, that is acting in different business cultures, is one of the major challenges facing managers nowadays. Cultural differences among societies have been known to exist for ages, but a holistic view of their impact on the business culture in particular countries, development of cultural typologies and studies into the nature of interactions between the business and organisational culture date back to the 1980s. The acceleration of social, technological and demographic changes, a more rapid process of globalisation as well as some disturbances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine or the intensifying rivalry between China and the United States of America, increase organisational uncertainty. Such changes require a new cultural sensitivity as well as new, modified systems of values. The objective of this study has been to determine and compare the Polish and Portuguese business cultures. To this end, the contemporary Polish and Portuguese business cultures have been analysed according to the 6D Hofstede model.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"123 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128917584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Łukasz Krajewski, M. Witkowska-Dąbrowska, Ilisio Manuel De Jesus
This article raises the question of the impact of global crises on the grain price market. Prices of wheat, rye, barley, oat and cereal mixture as well as maize were submitted to analysis. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of a financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic on prices of cereals in Poland. Two research hypotheses were put forth. The first one assumed that prices of cereals increased due to the 2007-2009 financial crisis. The second research hypothesis was that the Covid-19 pandemic caused fluctuations on the cereal price market. To verify these hypotheses, an analysis was completed using data from the GUS Central Statistical Office (Statistics Poland) In addition, relevant references from the fields of economics and agriculture were reviewed. Based on this study, it has been concluded that both the 2007-2009 financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic had significant effects on prices of cereals in Poland.
{"title":"Influence of a Financial Crisis and the Covid-19 Pandemic on Prices of Cereals in Poland","authors":"Łukasz Krajewski, M. Witkowska-Dąbrowska, Ilisio Manuel De Jesus","doi":"10.31648/oej.8654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/oej.8654","url":null,"abstract":"This article raises the question of the impact of global crises on the grain price market. Prices of wheat, rye, barley, oat and cereal mixture as well as maize were submitted to analysis. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of a financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic on prices of cereals in Poland. Two research hypotheses were put forth. The first one assumed that prices of cereals increased due to the 2007-2009 financial crisis. The second research hypothesis was that the Covid-19 pandemic caused fluctuations on the cereal price market. To verify these hypotheses, an analysis was completed using data from the GUS Central Statistical Office (Statistics Poland) In addition, relevant references from the fields of economics and agriculture were reviewed. Based on this study, it has been concluded that both the 2007-2009 financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic had significant effects on prices of cereals in Poland.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114718598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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