The study presents the characteristics of changes in the labour market, their causes and effects. The subjects under consideration are the consequences of technological and demographic changes, their impact on the size and structure of labour demand and on the employee-employer relationship. The relationship between these changes in the context of the role of work and employment in human life was discussed.
{"title":"Changes in the labour market and their consequences","authors":"E. Niedzielski","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3968","url":null,"abstract":"The study presents the characteristics of changes in the labour market, their causes and effects. The subjects under consideration are the consequences of technological and demographic changes, their impact on the size and structure of labour demand and on the employee-employer relationship. The relationship between these changes in the context of the role of work and employment in human life was discussed.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127119747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditionally, the internationalisation process of a company has been analysed from the perspective of entering foreign markets. Currently, it is often analysed within the so-called network models, which take into account the importance of business relationships. The process of entry is not understood as a process of entering a foreign market, but a process of entering a network of business relationships on a foreign market. Insidership in such networks is necessary for successful internationalisation. Being an insider in the network means having a certain network position. The aim of the paper is to identify based on a pilot study the possible way of building network position on foreign markets by Polish food companies. The paper will present a picture of one company, focusing on its operations on German market since the entry in 2006. The researched company started building network position on foreign markets by developing a strong relationship with one actor, who acted as key intermediary with the market. As a result of major change in the business environment, the company decided to revise the strategy and develop a number of weaker links with various actors. The paper presents a number of questions which raise from a pilot study and require further investigation.
{"title":"From intermediary relationship to multiple relationships – option of developing the network position in the internationalisation process. An exploratory study of a Polish food company","authors":"Łukasz Małys, Krzysztof Fonfara","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3972","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, the internationalisation process of a company has been analysed from the perspective of entering foreign markets. Currently, it is often analysed within the so-called network models, which take into account the importance of business relationships. The process of entry is not understood as a process of entering a foreign market, but a process of entering a network of business relationships on a foreign market. Insidership in such networks is necessary for successful internationalisation. Being an insider in the network means having a certain network position. \u0000The aim of the paper is to identify based on a pilot study the possible way of building network position on foreign markets by Polish food companies. The paper will present a picture of one company, focusing on its operations on German market since the entry in 2006. The researched company started building network position on foreign markets by developing a strong relationship with one actor, who acted as key intermediary with the market. As a result of major change in the business environment, the company decided to revise the strategy and develop a number of weaker links with various actors. The paper presents a number of questions which raise from a pilot study and require further investigation.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116487742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interest rate is the basic instrument of monetary policy, directly or indirectly affecting basic macroeconomic variables, such as inflation, unemployment and economic growth. The aim of the article is to compare the NBP reference rate with hypothetical rates calculated on the basis of different variants of the Taylor rule and to indicate which of those variants is best suited to the situation in Poland. The study period of 2000-2017 was adopted for the analysis. On its basis, it was found that in most cases the real interest rate of the central bank in Poland strongly coincided with rates that would have been set if one of the varieties of the Taylor rule had been in force. The best match coincided with the modified version of this rule, which was created after the economic crisis. That means that the NBP took into account both the deviations of inflation from the target and the GDP gap when making decisions regarding interest rates.
{"title":"Matching NBP interest rates to different versions of the Taylor rule","authors":"Tomasz Grabia","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3969","url":null,"abstract":"The interest rate is the basic instrument of monetary policy, directly or indirectly affecting basic macroeconomic variables, such as inflation, unemployment and economic growth. The aim of the article is to compare the NBP reference rate with hypothetical rates calculated on the basis of different variants of the Taylor rule and to indicate which of those variants is best suited to the situation in Poland. The study period of 2000-2017 was adopted for the analysis. On its basis, it was found that in most cases the real interest rate of the central bank in Poland strongly coincided with rates that would have been set if one of the varieties of the Taylor rule had been in force. The best match coincided with the modified version of this rule, which was created after the economic crisis. That means that the NBP took into account both the deviations of inflation from the target and the GDP gap when making decisions regarding interest rates.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130632863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of this study was to identify the state of entrepreneurship of small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland in the context of individual regions and to try to identify the relationship between entrepreneurship and international activity, with particular focus on foreign direct investment. This goal was also chosen to inspire more researchers to fill the research gap in this respect. To achieve this goal, research was carried out, consisting of comparative analyses of existing official reports and documents regarding the state of entrepreneurship and internationalization, which would then show the activity of enterprises in relation to their revenues, investment expenditures and their internationalization. It should be mentioned that there are no compact, uniform studies regarding the relationship between entrepreneurship and internationalization of activities broken down into individual voivodships. It is definitely a research gap. For the purpose of this study, it was necessary to explain the fact that the author identified the international activity of enterprises with their internationalization and used this nomenclature interchangeably in this study. The author understands internationalization to be every activity of enterprise in relation to their various forms: from sporadic export and import contacts in an indirect way (i.e. through foreign intermediaries), to direct trade activities (direct export and import), cooperative contacts, strategic alliances and foreign direct investments (FDI). The study is not about showing what forms dominate in individual regions, but what the state of entrepreneurship is there, evaluated through the prism of such indicators as revenues per company from the SME sector in PLN million, investment outlays in PLN thousands and the so-called Synthetic indicator (WS). This action was performed to bring the following results: a comparison of the entrepreneurship of small and medium enterprises in Poland in relation to their regionalization and to draw attention to the relationship between the state of entrepreneurship and the state of internationalization.
{"title":"Entrepreneurship of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Poland in the Context of the Regions and International Activity","authors":"B. Glinkowska","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3649","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study was to identify the state of entrepreneurship of small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland in the context of individual regions and to try to identify the relationship between entrepreneurship and international activity, with particular focus on foreign direct investment. This goal was also chosen to inspire more researchers to fill the research gap in this respect. To achieve this goal, research was carried out, consisting of comparative analyses of existing official reports and documents regarding the state of entrepreneurship and internationalization, which would then show the activity of enterprises in relation to their revenues, investment expenditures and their internationalization. It should be mentioned that there are no compact, uniform studies regarding the relationship between entrepreneurship and internationalization of activities broken down into individual voivodships. It is definitely a research gap. For the purpose of this study, it was necessary to explain the fact that the author identified the international activity of enterprises with their internationalization and used this nomenclature interchangeably in this study. The author understands internationalization to be every activity of enterprise in relation to their various forms: from sporadic export and import contacts in an indirect way (i.e. through foreign intermediaries), to direct trade activities (direct export and import), cooperative contacts, strategic alliances and foreign direct investments (FDI). The study is not about showing what forms dominate in individual regions, but what the state of entrepreneurship is there, evaluated through the prism of such indicators as revenues per company from the SME sector in PLN million, investment outlays in PLN thousands and the so-called Synthetic indicator (WS). This action was performed to bring the following results: a comparison of the entrepreneurship of small and medium enterprises in Poland in relation to their regionalization and to draw attention to the relationship between the state of entrepreneurship and the state of internationalization.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115824855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wioletta Wierzbicka, Eliza Farelnik, Agnieszka Stanowicka
The purpose of this article has been to present the history of the Polish National Cittaslow Network, to discuss its development and to draw the attention to the diversity of network member cities. The authors emphasise the fact that the Polish National Cittaslow Network is developing very dynamically, and is the second largest network of Cittaslow in the world. Today, it is composed of 28 cities, of which 20 lie in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship. Other two centers are currently in the process of joining the network. The member cities are diverse in terms of their size as well as environmental or cultural assets. They are also diverse in terms of the level of socio-economic development. There are such cities in the network whose level of entrepreneurship, measured by the number of private sector businesses per 1,000 residents, is much higher than the average for the whole network (Rzgów, Murowana Goślina), but there are also cities with a very low level of entrepreneurship (Rejowiec Fabryczny, Jeziorany). Despite the differences, the cities associated in the network share the same concept and pursue shared aims in order to improve the quality of life for their inhabitants. They are proponents of implementing pro-social and pro-environmental measures, while striving to preserve the unique character of each of these cities.
{"title":"The Development of the Polish National Cittaslow Network","authors":"Wioletta Wierzbicka, Eliza Farelnik, Agnieszka Stanowicka","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3672","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article has been to present the history of the Polish National Cittaslow Network, to discuss its development and to draw the attention to the diversity of network member cities. \u0000The authors emphasise the fact that the Polish National Cittaslow Network is developing very dynamically, and is the second largest network of Cittaslow in the world. Today, it is composed of 28 cities, of which 20 lie in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship. Other two centers are currently in the process of joining the network. \u0000The member cities are diverse in terms of their size as well as environmental or cultural assets. They are also diverse in terms of the level of socio-economic development. There are such cities in the network whose level of entrepreneurship, measured by the number of private sector businesses per 1,000 residents, is much higher than the average for the whole network (Rzgów, Murowana Goślina), but there are also cities with a very low level of entrepreneurship (Rejowiec Fabryczny, Jeziorany). Despite the differences, the cities associated in the network share the same concept and pursue shared aims in order to improve the quality of life for their inhabitants. They are proponents of implementing pro-social and pro-environmental measures, while striving to preserve the unique character of each of these cities.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122381578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to initially evaluate the socio and economic resilience of small and medium sized town in Poland made in the context of hybridization of development. The article refers to the issues of development of small and medium sized towns as well as to the urban resilience concept recognized in the attributes approach. Empirically, an initial assessment of resilience was carried out for all towns up to 100,000 residents in Poland using quantitative methods based on indicators of dynamics. Then, using cluster analysis along with the Euclidean distance the paper presents its findings in spatial dimension. The results indicate a very high level of differentiation in socio and economic urban resilience of the surveyed towns. The dynamics of their development is highly unbalanced, while the overall picture of resilience of the examined towns indicates a hybrid pattern of their development.
{"title":"Resilience and Hybridization of Development of Small and Medium Towns in Poland","authors":"Adam Drobniak","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3644","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to initially evaluate the socio and economic resilience of small and medium sized town in Poland made in the context of hybridization of development. The article refers to the issues of development of small and medium sized towns as well as to the urban resilience concept recognized in the attributes approach. Empirically, an initial assessment of resilience was carried out for all towns up to 100,000 residents in Poland using quantitative methods based on indicators of dynamics. Then, using cluster analysis along with the Euclidean distance the paper presents its findings in spatial dimension. The results indicate a very high level of differentiation in socio and economic urban resilience of the surveyed towns. The dynamics of their development is highly unbalanced, while the overall picture of resilience of the examined towns indicates a hybrid pattern of their development.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130100656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Post-1990, urbanisation in Poland took on new forms and features not very clearly on display in urban space before that time. Alongside a dynamic process of suburbanization encompassing ever-greater areas around large cities, there has also been a phenomenon attesting to the occurrence of similar trends of the expansion of built-up areas with urban functions into areas around small and medium-sized urban centres. Taking shape are new wedges of urban construction pushing their way into suburban and rural areas. These are arising along access roads leading between the smaller cities and the large regional centres. It is not only services and industry that are located along these (as was shown in the classical model after Hoyt), since there are also estates of single-family or multi-family housing. The aim of the work described here has thus been to analyse the processes referred to as they are exemplified by the Polish towns or cities of Płock, Siedlce and Puławy. The comparative method deployed in this work is to lead to a proposal for a model of the development of Poland’s urban centres of medium size.
{"title":"Models for the Spatial Development of Medium-Sized Cities in Poland in the Era of Transformation as Exemplified by Puławy, Płock and Siedlce","authors":"Mirosława Czerny, A. Czerny","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3625","url":null,"abstract":"Post-1990, urbanisation in Poland took on new forms and features not very clearly on display in urban space before that time. Alongside a dynamic process of suburbanization encompassing ever-greater areas around large cities, there has also been a phenomenon attesting to the occurrence of similar trends of the expansion of built-up areas with urban functions into areas around small and medium-sized urban centres. Taking shape are new wedges of urban construction pushing their way into suburban and rural areas. These are arising along access roads leading between the smaller cities and the large regional centres. It is not only services and industry that are located along these (as was shown in the classical model after Hoyt), since there are also estates of single-family or multi-family housing. The aim of the work described here has thus been to analyse the processes referred to as they are exemplified by the Polish towns or cities of Płock, Siedlce and Puławy. The comparative method deployed in this work is to lead to a proposal for a model of the development of Poland’s urban centres of medium size.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116712124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most important problems in the proper functioning and fulfillment of entrusted tasks by municipalities in Poland is their high income independence. It depends, inter alia, on the broadly understood entrepreneurship undertaken in their area. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting entrepreneurship in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in 2014–2016, which determined the revenue autonomy of municipalities in the region. The analysis was conducted with the use of a multiple linear regression model. Revenue autonomy, which is measured by the proportion of a municipality’s own-source revenues in total revenues, was the explained (dependent) variable. The initial group of explanatory (independent) variables consisted of 22 indicators linked with the operations of local businesses in the evaluated region. The key determinants of the revenue autonomy of municipalities were: the percentage of commercial partnerships in the total number of companies in the private sector, the percentage of private-sector companies in the total number of companies, the percentage of industrial and construction companies in the total number of companies, the percentage of self-employed in the total number of companies in the private sector, the number of agricultural producers, livestock breeders and hunting companies per 1000 residents, and the number of companies employing up to 9 people per 10,000 working-age residents.
{"title":"Revenue Autonomy and Entrepreneurship in The Municipalities of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship","authors":"Anna Wichowska, Tomasz Wierzejski","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3647","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important problems in the proper functioning and fulfillment of entrusted tasks by municipalities in Poland is their high income independence. It depends, inter alia, on the broadly understood entrepreneurship undertaken in their area. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting entrepreneurship in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in 2014–2016, which determined the revenue autonomy of municipalities in the region. The analysis was conducted with the use of a multiple linear regression model. Revenue autonomy, which is measured by the proportion of a municipality’s own-source revenues in total revenues, was the explained (dependent) variable. The initial group of explanatory (independent) variables consisted of 22 indicators linked with the operations of local businesses in the evaluated region. The key determinants of the revenue autonomy of municipalities were: the percentage of commercial partnerships in the total number of companies in the private sector, the percentage of private-sector companies in the total number of companies, the percentage of industrial and construction companies in the total number of companies, the percentage of self-employed in the total number of companies in the private sector, the number of agricultural producers, livestock breeders and hunting companies per 1000 residents, and the number of companies employing up to 9 people per 10,000 working-age residents.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"2008 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130699149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of a smart city enables the effective implementation of public services despite the negative consequences related to population growth in large cities. City authorities, in the face of growing demand for public services, often use a wide range of smart city instruments in various areas of operation. Despite the fact that a large part of innovative solutions is widespread and used, such as intelligent transportation systems or e-office, new opportunities are still emerging which are aimed at improving the quality of life for city dwellers. The aim of the article is to define the role of ICT in smart city management. The subjects of analysis are innovative instruments used in technologically advanced cities as well as contemporary challenges facing city management. The functioning of the city depends to a large extent on access to the communication network, mobile devices as well as on infrastructure connected with them. Therefore, it is necessary, on the one hand, to ensure the capacity of connections and network communication, and, on the other hand, to involve citizens in the process of creating new solutions.
{"title":"The Role of ICT in the Smart City Concept","authors":"M. Czupich","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3646","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of a smart city enables the effective implementation of public services despite the negative consequences related to population growth in large cities. City authorities, in the face of growing demand for public services, often use a wide range of smart city instruments in various areas of operation. Despite the fact that a large part of innovative solutions is widespread and used, such as intelligent transportation systems or e-office, new opportunities are still emerging which are aimed at improving the quality of life for city dwellers. The aim of the article is to define the role of ICT in smart city management. The subjects of analysis are innovative instruments used in technologically advanced cities as well as contemporary challenges facing city management. The functioning of the city depends to a large extent on access to the communication network, mobile devices as well as on infrastructure connected with them. Therefore, it is necessary, on the one hand, to ensure the capacity of connections and network communication, and, on the other hand, to involve citizens in the process of creating new solutions.","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133014903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The place brand is an extremely complex and multidimensional concept. Creation of a strong territorial brand is largely dependent on identifying aspects which define the attractiveness of a given place. As the literature on the subject and studies prepared by experts tend to devote a lot of attention to large urban centres, I decided to analyse how small and middle-sized local government units deal with the brand building process. The aim of the study was to determine the aspect of attractiveness that build identities of small and medium-sized communes (gminas), the dimensions of identities of such communes, and the typological classes of communes defined on the basis of these dimensions. Local authorities tend to perceive place brands primarily through the prism of key attributes of individual places. Natural attributes and attractions, geographical location, events, and sport facilities are the building blocks of attractiveness for small and middle-sized local government units. The key dimensions of the communes’ identities are the aspects of their attractiveness in terms of settlement, tourism and economic activity. The conducted analysis allowed also to distinguish communes with strong and distinctive identities, communes whose identities are defined primarily by their offer dedicated to the residents, ones defined most strongly by their business and cultural offers, communes whose identity is not very clear and requires intervention, as well as communes with a high level of tourist attractiveness and good recreational offerings.
{"title":"Identity of Place in the Branding of Small and Medium-Sized Communes","authors":"Sylwia Dudek-Mańkowska","doi":"10.31648/OEJ.3648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31648/OEJ.3648","url":null,"abstract":"The place brand is an extremely complex and multidimensional concept. Creation of a strong territorial brand is largely dependent on identifying aspects which define the attractiveness of a given place. As the literature on the subject and studies prepared by experts tend to devote a lot of attention to large urban centres, I decided to analyse how small and middle-sized local government units deal with the brand building process. The aim of the study was to determine the aspect of attractiveness that build identities of small and medium-sized communes (gminas), the dimensions of identities of such communes, and the typological classes of communes defined on the basis of these dimensions. Local authorities tend to perceive place brands primarily through the prism of key attributes of individual places. Natural attributes and attractions, geographical location, events, and sport facilities are the building blocks of attractiveness for small and middle-sized local government units. The key dimensions of the communes’ identities are the aspects of their attractiveness in terms of settlement, tourism and economic activity. The conducted analysis allowed also to distinguish communes with strong and distinctive identities, communes whose identities are defined primarily by their offer dedicated to the residents, ones defined most strongly by their business and cultural offers, communes whose identity is not very clear and requires intervention, as well as communes with a high level of tourist attractiveness and good recreational offerings. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":315965,"journal":{"name":"Olsztyn Economic Journal","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124166892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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