Ethiopia) Abstract: This article describes the various phonological/morphophonemic processes resulting from segmental co-occurrences within simple words (words which constitute a single morpheme) and at morpheme junctures of complex words in the Ezha language. The language is found to be rich in such operations. The morphophonemic processes identified and described in this study include assimilation, labialization, palatalization, depalatalization, vowel fronting, vowel deletion, deletion of a glide and a vowel, epenthesis and spirantization. Among these operations, assimilation is found to be by far the most
{"title":"Major Morphophonemic Operations in Ezha (Ethio-Semitic)","authors":"Endalew Assefa","doi":"10.26478/JA2019.7.10.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2019.7.10.2","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia) Abstract: This article describes the various phonological/morphophonemic processes resulting from segmental co-occurrences within simple words (words which constitute a single morpheme) and at morpheme junctures of complex words in the Ezha language. The language is found to be rich in such operations. The morphophonemic processes identified and described in this study include assimilation, labialization, palatalization, depalatalization, vowel fronting, vowel deletion, deletion of a glide and a vowel, epenthesis and spirantization. Among these operations, assimilation is found to be by far the most","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48816226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
, Ethiopia) Abstract: The main objective of this study is to give descriptions of formal and functional aspects of causative constructions in Afaan Oromoo. To achieve the objective, written texts, native speaker informants and introspections are predominantly used as sources of data. The findings reveal that the three structural aspects of causatives- morphological, lexical and syntactic- are used in the language. Morphological causatives are highly productive, and affixes with -s and -i in several combinations as well as -eess are employed for such purposes. Causative Morphemes are detected to derive causatives of basic verb stems of different semantic categories and to involve causations in word-class changing. There are also simple and complex causations in which there are several causatives suffixes, causers and micro-events indicated morphologically and syntactically. Semantically, direct, indirect, and assistive/cooperative causatives are identified. Pseudo-causatives are uncovered as peculiar futures of the language too. There are, even, structures with explicit causative affixes which are called subjectless causatives, but they do not show any causal relations between the participants in
{"title":"Causative Constructions in Afaan Oromoo: Formal and semantic perspectives","authors":"E. Garoma, G. Tekle","doi":"10.26478/JA2019.7.10.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2019.7.10.5","url":null,"abstract":", Ethiopia) Abstract: The main objective of this study is to give descriptions of formal and functional aspects of causative constructions in Afaan Oromoo. To achieve the objective, written texts, native speaker informants and introspections are predominantly used as sources of data. The findings reveal that the three structural aspects of causatives- morphological, lexical and syntactic- are used in the language. Morphological causatives are highly productive, and affixes with -s and -i in several combinations as well as -eess are employed for such purposes. Causative Morphemes are detected to derive causatives of basic verb stems of different semantic categories and to involve causations in word-class changing. There are also simple and complex causations in which there are several causatives suffixes, causers and micro-events indicated morphologically and syntactically. Semantically, direct, indirect, and assistive/cooperative causatives are identified. Pseudo-causatives are uncovered as peculiar futures of the language too. There are, even, structures with explicit causative affixes which are called subjectless causatives, but they do not show any causal relations between the participants in","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49207789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nigeria ） Abstract: Asking such a question in this theory is rare, because to cover the whole skeleton of this question with substantial flesh is not a simple deal. But yet the paper attempts this question indirectly by discussing such central issues: (a) “grammar” in Distributed Morphology, (b) “morphology” in Distributed Morphology, (c) what is Distributed Morphology? (d) what has been Distributed? (e) why Distributed Morphology? (f) post-syntactic operations in Distributed Morphology, (g) key features of Distributed Morphology, (h) current issues of debate in Distributed Morphology, (i) analysis of some words from Hausa in Distributed Morphology. Discussion and explanation of the above mentioned issues will give clear picture of Distributed
{"title":"What is Distributed Morphology?","authors":"Isah Abdullahi Muhammad","doi":"10.26478/JA2019.7.10.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2019.7.10.3","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria ） Abstract: Asking such a question in this theory is rare, because to cover the whole skeleton of this question with substantial flesh is not a simple deal. But yet the paper attempts this question indirectly by discussing such central issues: (a) “grammar” in Distributed Morphology, (b) “morphology” in Distributed Morphology, (c) what is Distributed Morphology? (d) what has been Distributed? (e) why Distributed Morphology? (f) post-syntactic operations in Distributed Morphology, (g) key features of Distributed Morphology, (h) current issues of debate in Distributed Morphology, (i) analysis of some words from Hausa in Distributed Morphology. Discussion and explanation of the above mentioned issues will give clear picture of Distributed","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46599392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
University, USA) Abstract: Huang (2006) argues that hĕn ‘very’, the Mandarin adjective intensifier, is an obligatory type-lifter that transforms simple adjectives to complex adjectives for predicatehood, as is required by the Property Theory (Chierchia, 1984, 1985). This article studies the other cases where hĕn is not obligatory and concludes that, in addition to hĕn -insertion, affixation, and reduplication identified by Huang (2006), the negator bù and VP or IP movement can also function as type-lifters for simple adjectives. I further argue that only one type-lifter device is allowed
{"title":"The Adjectival Intensifier hĕn in Mandarin Chinese","authors":"Haiyong Liu","doi":"10.26478/JA2019.7.10.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2019.7.10.4","url":null,"abstract":"University, USA) Abstract: Huang (2006) argues that hĕn ‘very’, the Mandarin adjective intensifier, is an obligatory type-lifter that transforms simple adjectives to complex adjectives for predicatehood, as is required by the Property Theory (Chierchia, 1984, 1985). This article studies the other cases where hĕn is not obligatory and concludes that, in addition to hĕn -insertion, affixation, and reduplication identified by Huang (2006), the negator bù and VP or IP movement can also function as type-lifters for simple adjectives. I further argue that only one type-lifter device is allowed","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42217619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on the Expression about Period-time in Hezhe Language","authors":"Yaheng Cheng","doi":"10.26478/JA2019.7.10.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2019.7.10.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45655783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yaojing. Abstract: The famous deceased contemporary Chinese linguist Prof. Dai Yaojing from Fudan University was invited by School of Liberal Arts of Nanjing University to give an academic speech, titled The Expression Methods of Chinese Sentence Complexification , at the “Academic Forum on Sentence Complexification Issues” (No.2) on November 24, 2011. The speech focuses on the expression methods of Chinese sentence complexification, involving two major aspects. One is the cooperative relationship between the complexity of the thought’s content and the complexity of the structure, that is, deep in and deep out, shallow in and shallow out, deep in and shallow out, shallow in and deep out (complicated thoughts with complicated structures, simple thoughts with simple structures, complicated thoughts with simple structures, simple thoughts with complicated structures). The other is the types of complexification. From the perspective of three-level, there are syntactic expression, semantic expression and pragmatic expression. In addition, multilingual mixing can also complicate sentences. The syntactic expressions of the sentence complexification include complex sentence structures, long length, multiple levels, etc; Semantic expression is mainly the issue of ambiguity, including five kinds of ambiguity: phonetic ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, structural ambiguity, semantic ambiguity and pragmatic ambiguity; pragmatic expression refers to understanding the meaning of a sentence requires a combination of contexts at all
{"title":"The Expression Methods of Chinese Sentence Complexification (Academic Lecture)","authors":"Yao Dai","doi":"10.26478/ja2018.6.9.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2018.6.9.10","url":null,"abstract":"Yaojing. Abstract: The famous deceased contemporary Chinese linguist Prof. Dai Yaojing from Fudan University was invited by School of Liberal Arts of Nanjing University to give an academic speech, titled The Expression Methods of Chinese Sentence Complexification , at the “Academic Forum on Sentence Complexification Issues” (No.2) on November 24, 2011. The speech focuses on the expression methods of Chinese sentence complexification, involving two major aspects. One is the cooperative relationship between the complexity of the thought’s content and the complexity of the structure, that is, deep in and deep out, shallow in and shallow out, deep in and shallow out, shallow in and deep out (complicated thoughts with complicated structures, simple thoughts with simple structures, complicated thoughts with simple structures, simple thoughts with complicated structures). The other is the types of complexification. From the perspective of three-level, there are syntactic expression, semantic expression and pragmatic expression. In addition, multilingual mixing can also complicate sentences. The syntactic expressions of the sentence complexification include complex sentence structures, long length, multiple levels, etc; Semantic expression is mainly the issue of ambiguity, including five kinds of ambiguity: phonetic ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, structural ambiguity, semantic ambiguity and pragmatic ambiguity; pragmatic expression refers to understanding the meaning of a sentence requires a combination of contexts at all","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43055437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ethiopia) Abstract ： Mesqan is a South Ethio-Semitic tongue which is mainly worn in day-to-day message by a people of 179,737 communities in the Gurage Zone, Ethiopia, whose linguistic skin was not well expressed. The inner aspire of this paper is to offer a complete account of tense, aspect, mood and aktionsart structures of the Mesqan tongue. The paper is expressive in character, as the lessons are mostly worried with telling what is really being in the tongue, and mostly rely on main linguistic facts. The linguistic facts, i.e. the elicited grammatical facts regarding tense, aspect, mood and aktionsart, were composed from local speakers of the tongue during 12 months of fieldwork mannered among 2011 and 2012 in four Mesqan villages and in Butajira, the managerial hub of the Mesqan Woreda. The perfective aspect in the tongue emphasizes the endpoint of the oral state with dynamic verbs, but the imperfective aspect relates with the lexical semantics of the verb, which can be practical when their purposes with stative and dynamic verbs are evaluated. Concerning tense, the past and the non-past tense in the tongue are distinguished by assisting verbs and a verb in the imperfective aspect is able to happen with states in the past and in the non-past, i.e. present or future. Future time can also be uttered by an anticipated act throughout the grouping of the future. In addition, an action happening in the past and still around in the tongue is marked by a zero morpheme in the present perfect. Concerning mood, the language has agent-oriented moods that are articulated by verb inflection, and speaker-oriented moods that are articulated by a periphrastic structure. Regarding aktionsart that denotes a specific phase in a verbal condition, like period, regularity, aktionsarten which are noticeable by periphrastic structures, that is the progressive and the
{"title":"Tense, Aspect, Mood and Aktionsart in Mesqan: A South Ethio-Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia","authors":"Ousman Shafi","doi":"10.26478/JA2018.6.9.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2018.6.9.1","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia) Abstract ： Mesqan is a South Ethio-Semitic tongue which is mainly worn in day-to-day message by a people of 179,737 communities in the Gurage Zone, Ethiopia, whose linguistic skin was not well expressed. The inner aspire of this paper is to offer a complete account of tense, aspect, mood and aktionsart structures of the Mesqan tongue. The paper is expressive in character, as the lessons are mostly worried with telling what is really being in the tongue, and mostly rely on main linguistic facts. The linguistic facts, i.e. the elicited grammatical facts regarding tense, aspect, mood and aktionsart, were composed from local speakers of the tongue during 12 months of fieldwork mannered among 2011 and 2012 in four Mesqan villages and in Butajira, the managerial hub of the Mesqan Woreda. The perfective aspect in the tongue emphasizes the endpoint of the oral state with dynamic verbs, but the imperfective aspect relates with the lexical semantics of the verb, which can be practical when their purposes with stative and dynamic verbs are evaluated. Concerning tense, the past and the non-past tense in the tongue are distinguished by assisting verbs and a verb in the imperfective aspect is able to happen with states in the past and in the non-past, i.e. present or future. Future time can also be uttered by an anticipated act throughout the grouping of the future. In addition, an action happening in the past and still around in the tongue is marked by a zero morpheme in the present perfect. Concerning mood, the language has agent-oriented moods that are articulated by verb inflection, and speaker-oriented moods that are articulated by a periphrastic structure. Regarding aktionsart that denotes a specific phase in a verbal condition, like period, regularity, aktionsarten which are noticeable by periphrastic structures, that is the progressive and the","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47642674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article offers a description of negation marking in the two Ethio-Semitic languages: Amharic and Ezha. The description has been made from the perspective of synchronic comparison. The article discloses that both Amharic and Ezha make use of negative prefixes in order to reverse the truth condition of an affirmative expression. The negative morphemes employed by each of the two languages have two allomorphic variants whose alternation is grammatically conditioned. The two allomorphs of the negative marker in Amharic are alwhich occurs with perfective and imperative verbs, and athat surfaces with imperfective and jussive verbal conjugations. Similarly, the Ezha negative prefix appears as anwith perfective verbal bases, and as awith imperfective, jussive and imperative verb forms. In both languages, the negative prefixes attach to verbs preceding person prefixes and following subordinators in negative subordinate clauses. When it comes to copular and existential verbs, as compared to prototypical verbs, negation in both languages can be expressed in two ways: in some cases, the aforementioned negative prefixes are employed; and in some other cases, completely different verb forms rendering negative readings are introduced, hence, lexical negation via suppletion.
{"title":"Negation in Amharic and Ezha: A comparative perspective","authors":"Endalew Assefa","doi":"10.26478/ja2018.6.9.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2018.6.9.2","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers a description of negation marking in the two Ethio-Semitic languages: Amharic and Ezha. The description has been made from the perspective of synchronic comparison. The article discloses that both Amharic and Ezha make use of negative prefixes in order to reverse the truth condition of an affirmative expression. The negative morphemes employed by each of the two languages have two allomorphic variants whose alternation is grammatically conditioned. The two allomorphs of the negative marker in Amharic are alwhich occurs with perfective and imperative verbs, and athat surfaces with imperfective and jussive verbal conjugations. Similarly, the Ezha negative prefix appears as anwith perfective verbal bases, and as awith imperfective, jussive and imperative verb forms. In both languages, the negative prefixes attach to verbs preceding person prefixes and following subordinators in negative subordinate clauses. When it comes to copular and existential verbs, as compared to prototypical verbs, negation in both languages can be expressed in two ways: in some cases, the aforementioned negative prefixes are employed; and in some other cases, completely different verb forms rendering negative readings are introduced, hence, lexical negation via suppletion.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43853508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the representation of power on a number of Sundanese proverbs. The objective is to analyze traditional views on the perceptions of power in Sundanese society and explore the interrelation between language, power and culture. The data for this study were collected from Rosidi (2005, 2010). The results showed that power is represented mostly in neuter and noble contexts. This study concludes that Sundanese proverbs depict that anybody can hold power, regardless their genders, social status and ages, as long as they have the supporting factors, i.e. wealth, nobility and knowledge.
{"title":"Power Representation on Sundanese Proverbs","authors":"A. Saripudin, R. Amalia","doi":"10.26478/JA2018.6.9.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2018.6.9.7","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the representation of power on a number of Sundanese proverbs. The objective is to analyze traditional views on the perceptions of power in Sundanese society and explore the interrelation between language, power and culture. The data for this study were collected from Rosidi (2005, 2010). The results showed that power is represented mostly in neuter and noble contexts. This study concludes that Sundanese proverbs depict that anybody can hold power, regardless their genders, social status and ages, as long as they have the supporting factors, i.e. wealth, nobility and knowledge.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45596674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China) Abstract: From early modern Chinese to modern Chinese, the subject positions of causal sentences containing causal conjunctions “jì ( 既 )”, “jìrán ( 既然 )”, “suǒyǐ ( 所以 )” and “zhīsuǒyǐ ( 之 所 以 )” appeared four different changes, and formed four different evolutionary ways. Each way developed under the competition of two forces promoting the subjects to the front or to the back. Each force formed by inferences of different factors. The size of the forces and whether they were hindered are also
{"title":"The Development of Subject Positions of Causal Sentences from Early Modern Times to Modern Times","authors":"Weizheng Li","doi":"10.26478/ja2018.6.9.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2018.6.9.11","url":null,"abstract":"China) Abstract: From early modern Chinese to modern Chinese, the subject positions of causal sentences containing causal conjunctions “jì ( 既 )”, “jìrán ( 既然 )”, “suǒyǐ ( 所以 )” and “zhīsuǒyǐ ( 之 所 以 )” appeared four different changes, and formed four different evolutionary ways. Each way developed under the competition of two forces promoting the subjects to the front or to the back. Each force formed by inferences of different factors. The size of the forces and whether they were hindered are also","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46538498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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