This study investigates the morphological processes of reduplication in the Ibibio language. Its objectives are to ascertain if construction morphology can account for reduplication in the Ibibio language, what word class can be reduplicated and how reduplication occurs. This study adopts construction morphology as the theoretical framework and the data for the analysis were generated by introspection since the researcher is a native speaker of Ibibio and the standard Ibibio language was adopted. This study reveals that construction morphology can account for reduplication in the Ibibio language as data were analysed using construction morphology. It also reveals that in the Ibibio language, nouns, adjectives, adverbs and numerals are reduplicated completely while verbs and some adjectives reduplicate partially taking the consonant verb (CV) format as prefix (dá, dé, bó, kà, bé etc).
{"title":"Reduplication in the Ibibio Language","authors":"Joy Charles Ibeneme","doi":"10.26478/JA2018.6.9.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2018.6.9.6","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the morphological processes of reduplication in the Ibibio language. Its objectives are to ascertain if construction morphology can account for reduplication in the Ibibio language, what word class can be reduplicated and how reduplication occurs. This study adopts construction morphology as the theoretical framework and the data for the analysis were generated by introspection since the researcher is a native speaker of Ibibio and the standard Ibibio language was adopted. This study reveals that construction morphology can account for reduplication in the Ibibio language as data were analysed using construction morphology. It also reveals that in the Ibibio language, nouns, adjectives, adverbs and numerals are reduplicated completely while verbs and some adjectives reduplicate partially taking the consonant verb (CV) format as prefix (dá, dé, bó, kà, bé etc).","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46618237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
： The purpose of this study is to analyze the learning strategies used by Indonesian breakthrough level students (CEFR A1) in attempt to master oral Chinese. The collected data are the answers made by students of Mandarin Language Department UNJ who attend Conversation I course (CEFR A1/breakthrough) on questionnaire given. The questionnaire is based on Oxford’s (2000) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) as well as is combined with Li Jiang (2006)’s SILL Oral Chinese. The research results can be used to develop the teaching techniques which stimulate students to use the most useful strategies to master oral Chinese.
{"title":"Research on Indonesian Breakthrough Level Students’ Oral Chinese Learning Strategies","authors":"Ayu Trihardini","doi":"10.26478/JA2018.6.9.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2018.6.9.8","url":null,"abstract":"： The purpose of this study is to analyze the learning strategies used by Indonesian breakthrough level students (CEFR A1) in attempt to master oral Chinese. The collected data are the answers made by students of Mandarin Language Department UNJ who attend Conversation I course (CEFR A1/breakthrough) on questionnaire given. The questionnaire is based on Oxford’s (2000) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) as well as is combined with Li Jiang (2006)’s SILL Oral Chinese. The research results can be used to develop the teaching techniques which stimulate students to use the most useful strategies to master oral Chinese.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46802856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study reports the L2 acquisition of English reflexives and pronouns between native English speakers and adult Chinese speakers of L2 English. It is found that Chinese pronouns are quite similar with English, and Chinese and English pronouns can be either long-distantly binding or referred to others except for the local domain in complex sentences. However, Chinese reflexives are not the same as English reflexives. Chinese reflexives have two types, monomorphemic ziji and polymorphemic ta ziji, and one of the goals on the study is to test whether Chinese speakers of L2 English will domain the local binding in the complex sentences of English reflexives himself/herself. Finally, the results of the interpretation of English pronouns and reflexives show that L1 transfer cannot totally account for the interpretation of sentences. Two theories thus called Full Transfer/Full Access (Schwartz & Sprouse, 1994; 1996) and Partial Access (Tsimpli & Roussou, 1991) probably can account for the results of the present study.
{"title":"The Interpretation of English Reflexives and Pronouns by Adult Speakers of Chinese An analysis of language transfers","authors":"Adam Zheng Zhi-Ren","doi":"10.26478/ja2018.6.8.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2018.6.8.9","url":null,"abstract":"The study reports the L2 acquisition of English reflexives and pronouns between native English speakers and adult Chinese speakers of L2 English. It is found that Chinese pronouns are quite similar with English, and Chinese and English pronouns can be either long-distantly binding or referred to others except for the local domain in complex sentences. However, Chinese reflexives are not the same as English reflexives. Chinese reflexives have two types, monomorphemic ziji and polymorphemic ta ziji, and one of the goals on the study is to test whether Chinese speakers of L2 English will domain the local binding in the complex sentences of English reflexives himself/herself. Finally, the results of the interpretation of English pronouns and reflexives show that L1 transfer cannot totally account for the interpretation of sentences. Two theories thus called Full Transfer/Full Access (Schwartz & Sprouse, 1994; 1996) and Partial Access (Tsimpli & Roussou, 1991) probably can account for the results of the present study.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45333557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
： Onomatopoeia acts as the first step of linguistic expression, and is an important sign of quasi-language evolving into real language (i.e. languagization). It may gradually lose its onomatopoeic characteristics as it is adapted to the systematicity of language. As a primitive word class, typical onomatopoeia is inevitably constrained by language system in many aspects, while still maintaining its deeper nature beyond the system. Many non-onomatopoeias still carry onomatemes to various degree and manners, among which the imitation of all human sounds and some sounds of external world possess a linguistic universality. Various factors such as the equivalent selectivity, versatility and the variability of onomatopoeias keep interacting and make the whole vocabulary system be chaotic. The model of onomatopoeia structures can be deemed as an imitative target or a structural meme of other models of non-onomatopoeia structures. This paper mainly aims at demonstrating how onomatopoeias assist language in becoming systematic, and how they are constrained by general knowledge and existing language foundations.
{"title":"The Significance of Onomatopoeia in Languagization: From the perspective of sound-meaning relationship under dynamic system principle","authors":"Qinghua Ma","doi":"10.26478/ja2018.6.8.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2018.6.8.3","url":null,"abstract":"： Onomatopoeia acts as the first step of linguistic expression, and is an important sign of quasi-language evolving into real language (i.e. languagization). It may gradually lose its onomatopoeic characteristics as it is adapted to the systematicity of language. As a primitive word class, typical onomatopoeia is inevitably constrained by language system in many aspects, while still maintaining its deeper nature beyond the system. Many non-onomatopoeias still carry onomatemes to various degree and manners, among which the imitation of all human sounds and some sounds of external world possess a linguistic universality. Various factors such as the equivalent selectivity, versatility and the variability of onomatopoeias keep interacting and make the whole vocabulary system be chaotic. The model of onomatopoeia structures can be deemed as an imitative target or a structural meme of other models of non-onomatopoeia structures. This paper mainly aims at demonstrating how onomatopoeias assist language in becoming systematic, and how they are constrained by general knowledge and existing language foundations.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46784002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within the perspective of Dixon’s Basic Linguistic Theory and Functional Typology, this article describes the complement clause in Soqotri, one of the least studied Semitic languages. It begins with providing a brief geographical and genetic background of Soqotri and a brief description of its major grammatical features. This is then followed by a descriptive discussion focusing on the different types of the complement clause in this language and their salient features. The illustrative examples used in the article were collected during a 10-month fieldwork conducted in Soqotra Island.
{"title":"Complement Clause Types in Soqotri","authors":"K. Mukhashin, Munir Shuib","doi":"10.26478/JA2018.6.8.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2018.6.8.6","url":null,"abstract":"Within the perspective of Dixon’s Basic Linguistic Theory and Functional Typology, this article describes the complement clause in Soqotri, one of the least studied Semitic languages. It begins with providing a brief geographical and genetic background of Soqotri and a brief description of its major grammatical features. This is then followed by a descriptive discussion focusing on the different types of the complement clause in this language and their salient features. The illustrative examples used in the article were collected during a 10-month fieldwork conducted in Soqotra Island.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42902904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arabia) Abstract ： In this paper, I discuss the basic structure of the determiner phrase in Standard Arabic. I show that this phrase houses three different categories that can project distinct functional heads beside the noun. These categories include: DP, GenP, and NumP. I argue that the noun undergoes cyclic movement to the left of GenP and NumP in order to check its unvalued features. The long-distance probe-goal relation cannot be established in this context due to intervention effects raised by the functional heads. However, the definiteness feature on the DP is valued in-situ, without resorting to movement, hence the appearance of this marker is a prefix on the noun. Thus, a new analysis of the determiner phrase in SA is proposed in terms of cyclic movement and probe-goal relation, where both operations are triggered by unvalued features on the noun. The new analysis can successfully account for the different features on the noun as well as the split of morphological markers on the noun as prefixes and suffixes. I claim that structural nominative/accusative Case on the head noun in the Arabic DP is licensed by higher functional heads, i.e. v and T. However, I argue that the genitive construction in Standard Arabic is mediated by a Poss head that has unvalued features and can license Case. The genitive Case on the complement noun is assigned by the Poss head as a reflex of establishing a probe-goal relation. The proposed position for the Poss head accounts for the inexplicable absence of the definiteness marker on the head noun, as well as the Case morphology mismatch between the head noun and the genitive
{"title":"Functional Categories in the Arabic DP","authors":"Feras Saeed","doi":"10.26478/JA2018.6.8.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/JA2018.6.8.5","url":null,"abstract":"Arabia) Abstract ： In this paper, I discuss the basic structure of the determiner phrase in Standard Arabic. I show that this phrase houses three different categories that can project distinct functional heads beside the noun. These categories include: DP, GenP, and NumP. I argue that the noun undergoes cyclic movement to the left of GenP and NumP in order to check its unvalued features. The long-distance probe-goal relation cannot be established in this context due to intervention effects raised by the functional heads. However, the definiteness feature on the DP is valued in-situ, without resorting to movement, hence the appearance of this marker is a prefix on the noun. Thus, a new analysis of the determiner phrase in SA is proposed in terms of cyclic movement and probe-goal relation, where both operations are triggered by unvalued features on the noun. The new analysis can successfully account for the different features on the noun as well as the split of morphological markers on the noun as prefixes and suffixes. I claim that structural nominative/accusative Case on the head noun in the Arabic DP is licensed by higher functional heads, i.e. v and T. However, I argue that the genitive construction in Standard Arabic is mediated by a Poss head that has unvalued features and can license Case. The genitive Case on the complement noun is assigned by the Poss head as a reflex of establishing a probe-goal relation. The proposed position for the Poss head accounts for the inexplicable absence of the definiteness marker on the head noun, as well as the Case morphology mismatch between the head noun and the genitive","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47833420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
： The Dai Le and Thai languages are closely related, and both of Dai Le and Thai languages belong to the Zhuang-Tai branch of the Zhuang-Dong group of Tai-Kadai Language Family (Diller & Edmondson & Luo, 2008:7). Throughout their long historical development ， both Dai Le language and Thai language have formed their own complete systems of personal pronouns. Due to their genetic relationship, the personal pronouns of Dai Le and Thai languages have a lot of similarities, including: showing respect for seniority, sharing meanings for some personal pronouns, can use name, position title or kinship terms for addressing others instead personal pronouns, and having dedicated personal pronouns for monks. On the other hand, these pronoun systems also have some differences. For instance, gender is distinguished in the Thai personal pronoun system, but this distinction is not made in the Dai Le language. Furthermore, the Thai language has dedicated personal pronouns for royal, but the Dai Le language lacks these pronouns. The factors that influence the use of personal pronouns in Dai Le and Thai languages are as follows: social hierarchy, interpersonal relationships, religious belief, and political system. Speakers must pay careful attention to the use of personal pronouns depending on situational and social hierarchical contexts.
{"title":"The Study of Personal Pronouns of Dai Le and Thai Languages from Social Culture Perspective","authors":"Jianghua Han","doi":"10.26478/ja2018.6.8.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2018.6.8.4","url":null,"abstract":"： The Dai Le and Thai languages are closely related, and both of Dai Le and Thai languages belong to the Zhuang-Tai branch of the Zhuang-Dong group of Tai-Kadai Language Family (Diller & Edmondson & Luo, 2008:7). Throughout their long historical development ， both Dai Le language and Thai language have formed their own complete systems of personal pronouns. Due to their genetic relationship, the personal pronouns of Dai Le and Thai languages have a lot of similarities, including: showing respect for seniority, sharing meanings for some personal pronouns, can use name, position title or kinship terms for addressing others instead personal pronouns, and having dedicated personal pronouns for monks. On the other hand, these pronoun systems also have some differences. For instance, gender is distinguished in the Thai personal pronoun system, but this distinction is not made in the Dai Le language. Furthermore, the Thai language has dedicated personal pronouns for royal, but the Dai Le language lacks these pronouns. The factors that influence the use of personal pronouns in Dai Le and Thai languages are as follows: social hierarchy, interpersonal relationships, religious belief, and political system. Speakers must pay careful attention to the use of personal pronouns depending on situational and social hierarchical contexts.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48172345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
： Yinping tone is dominant in Mandarin onomatopoeias and there are three puzzles behind it: (a) Does this tonal distribution pattern exist since ancient or is it caused by diachronic evolution? (b) If this tonal distribution is caused by diachronic evolution, then what is the process of the diachronic evolution? (c) What is the restrictive mechanism behind this pattern of tonal distribution? First, this article examines the tonal distribution pattern, diachronic evolution of syllable size and structure type from five historical periods: from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, the Tang Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the middle Qing Dynasty and the contemporary China. Second, it tries to provide the key that unlocks the three puzzles one by one. Finally, four conclusions related to the subject are presented.
{"title":"Three Puzzles of the Dominant Yinping Tone in Mandarin Onomatopoeias","authors":"Jue Wang","doi":"10.26478/ja2018.6.8.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2018.6.8.2","url":null,"abstract":"： Yinping tone is dominant in Mandarin onomatopoeias and there are three puzzles behind it: (a) Does this tonal distribution pattern exist since ancient or is it caused by diachronic evolution? (b) If this tonal distribution is caused by diachronic evolution, then what is the process of the diachronic evolution? (c) What is the restrictive mechanism behind this pattern of tonal distribution? First, this article examines the tonal distribution pattern, diachronic evolution of syllable size and structure type from five historical periods: from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, the Tang Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the middle Qing Dynasty and the contemporary China. Second, it tries to provide the key that unlocks the three puzzles one by one. Finally, four conclusions related to the subject are presented.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46134499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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