Researches on cartography have made universal predictions on the hierarchies of functional projections in language. Based on this assumption, the structural maps established by Rizzi (1997, 2001b) for the left-peripheral elements suggest very strongly that Interrogative dominates Focus. Nevertheless, a straight-jacket adoption of this proposed hierarchical order to account for these left-peripheral projections in Ǹjò-Kóo would be counterintuitive. Therefore, leaning on empirical and theoretical evidence, the paper calls to question the universality of the cartographers’ claim, and argues that the opposite of the view is true of Ǹjò-Kóo. The paper adopts fieldwork method for data elicitation and descriptive approach as well as minimalist program for analysis of data. Data used in this study were elicited from purposively selected native speakers based on language proficiency. Data were acquired with syntactic checklist and structured interviews, and were subjected to interlinear and qualitative analysis.
{"title":"The Cartography of Focus and Interrogative Projections in Ǹjò-Kóo","authors":"Olaogun S.","doi":"10.26478/ja2022.10.16.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2022.10.16.3","url":null,"abstract":"Researches on cartography have made universal predictions on the hierarchies of functional projections in language. Based on this assumption, the structural maps established by Rizzi (1997, 2001b) for the left-peripheral elements suggest very strongly that Interrogative dominates Focus. Nevertheless, a straight-jacket adoption of this proposed hierarchical order to account for these left-peripheral projections in Ǹjò-Kóo would be counterintuitive. Therefore, leaning on empirical and theoretical evidence, the paper calls to question the universality of the cartographers’ claim, and argues that the opposite of the view is true of Ǹjò-Kóo. The paper adopts fieldwork method for data elicitation and descriptive approach as well as minimalist program for analysis of data. Data used in this study were elicited from purposively selected native speakers based on language proficiency. Data were acquired with syntactic checklist and structured interviews, and were subjected to interlinear and qualitative analysis.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47500245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The asymmetric behaviour of the mid tone has been reported in the Yoruboid literature and previous accounts of tone behaviour in Iṣẹkírì suggest that a low tone is always deleted in favour of others at word boundary. However, synchronic data have shown that this is not the case. This paper investigates tonal asymmetry and the non-participation of the mid tone in some phonological processes in Iṣẹkírì. The study adopts an Optimality Theory (OT) version that incorporates the grounding conditions to develop constraints of implicational statements into faithfulness constraints. Data are elicited from eight speakers of the language, recordings are with the aid of a digital audio device and the tool used for our acoustic measurement is Praat 6.0.30. The analysis reveals that tonal asymmetry in this language always deletes the Mid-tone at word boundary and not the Low tone, also noting that the Low tone may be deleted in some cases. The lack of participation of the M tone in some phonological processes such as vowel elision, glide formation and vowel assimilation reveals the unstable nature of this tone in Iṣẹkírì. This paper concludes that the M tone is in asymmetry to the H and L tones in Iṣẹkírì and demonstrates the need for more perceptual and acoustic studies of tonal behaviour in Iṣẹkírì.
{"title":"An Optimality Theoretic Analysis of the Mid Tone in Isekírì","authors":"Osewa O.R., O. Evbuomwan","doi":"10.26478/ja2022.10.16.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2022.10.16.6","url":null,"abstract":"The asymmetric behaviour of the mid tone has been reported in the Yoruboid literature and previous accounts of tone behaviour in Iṣẹkírì suggest that a low tone is always deleted in favour of others at word boundary. However, synchronic data have shown that this is not the case. This paper investigates tonal asymmetry and the non-participation of the mid tone in some phonological processes in Iṣẹkírì. The study adopts an Optimality Theory (OT) version that incorporates the grounding conditions to develop constraints of implicational statements into faithfulness constraints. Data are elicited from eight speakers of the language, recordings are with the aid of a digital audio device and the tool used for our acoustic measurement is Praat 6.0.30. The analysis reveals that tonal asymmetry in this language always deletes the Mid-tone at word boundary and not the Low tone, also noting that the Low tone may be deleted in some cases. The lack of participation of the M tone in some phonological processes such as vowel elision, glide formation and vowel assimilation reveals the unstable nature of this tone in Iṣẹkírì. This paper concludes that the M tone is in asymmetry to the H and L tones in Iṣẹkírì and demonstrates the need for more perceptual and acoustic studies of tonal behaviour in Iṣẹkírì.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48754688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper examines some doctrines of the Davidsonian Programme of truth conditional Semantics that relates truth to meaning using Tarski’s T-Convention, in relation to its efficacy in a semantic valuation of the EkeGusii proverb: Nda ’indongi ereta morogi ereta moibi which exemplifies a kind of complex sentence that a given system of Semantics is meant to account for. The coverage of Davidsonian truth-conditional notion of T-convention and that of compositionality are considered to have only a partial reach in accounting for the meaning of the proverb by not incorporating pragmatic aspects. The failure of T-convention is not alleviated by the adoption of radical interpretation as posited by Davidson but is extended to consider aspects of pragmatic enrichment and dynamic Semantics.
{"title":"A Davidsonian Truth-theoretic Semantics Treatment of an EkeGusii Proverb","authors":"Mecha E.G., I. N. Opande","doi":"10.26478/ja2021.9.15.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2021.9.15.4","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines some doctrines of the Davidsonian Programme of truth conditional Semantics that relates truth to meaning using Tarski’s T-Convention, in relation to its efficacy in a semantic valuation of the EkeGusii proverb: Nda ’indongi ereta morogi ereta moibi which exemplifies a kind of complex sentence that a given system of Semantics is meant to account for. The coverage of Davidsonian truth-conditional notion of T-convention and that of compositionality are considered to have only a partial reach in accounting for the meaning of the proverb by not incorporating pragmatic aspects. The failure of T-convention is not alleviated by the adoption of radical interpretation as posited by Davidson but is extended to consider aspects of pragmatic enrichment and dynamic Semantics.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42589262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates how Kenyans conceptualize marriage. It employs Metaphor Identification Procedure in identifying metaphors on marriage as they are used by Kenyan Swahili speakers. Data for this research is drawn from “Mawaidha na Bi. Msafwari” a programme aired on Citizen TV (a Kenyan TV station) every Saturday evening after the seven o’clock news. The metaphors are then subjected to analysis using The Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The study concludes that marriage is construed in different ways by Kenyan Swahili speakers, it is conceptualized as a house, an eatery, a prison, a school, a journey, a road, a body, a government/ kingdom, a garden, a war, a relationship and as a baby. The various conceptualizations by Kenyans determine their attitudes and general orientation towards marriage.
这项研究调查了肯尼亚人对婚姻的观念。运用隐喻识别程序对肯尼亚斯瓦希里语使用者的婚姻隐喻进行识别。本研究的数据来自《Mawaidha na Bi》。“姆萨夫瓦里”是一个在公民电视台(肯尼亚电视台)每周六晚上7点后播出的节目。然后运用概念隐喻理论对隐喻进行分析。该研究的结论是，肯尼亚斯瓦希里语的人对婚姻有不同的理解，婚姻的概念是房子、餐馆、监狱、学校、旅程、道路、身体、政府/王国、花园、战争、关系和婴儿。肯尼亚人的不同观念决定了他们对婚姻的态度和总体取向。
{"title":"Metaphorical Construction of Marriage among Kenyan Swahili Speakers","authors":"Opande I.N.","doi":"10.26478/ja2021.9.15.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2021.9.15.5","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates how Kenyans conceptualize marriage. It employs Metaphor Identification Procedure in identifying metaphors on marriage as they are used by Kenyan Swahili speakers. Data for this research is drawn from “Mawaidha na Bi. Msafwari” a programme aired on Citizen TV (a Kenyan TV station) every Saturday evening after the seven o’clock news. The metaphors are then subjected to analysis using The Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The study concludes that marriage is construed in different ways by Kenyan Swahili speakers, it is conceptualized as a house, an eatery, a prison, a school, a journey, a road, a body, a government/ kingdom, a garden, a war, a relationship and as a baby. The various conceptualizations by Kenyans determine their attitudes and general orientation towards marriage.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41337217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indic loanwords in Chinese language account for the largest number of loanwords in Mandarin Chinese. These loanwords have become an important integral part of the lexicon of Chinese language and throughout decades have undergone assimilation, semantic extension and phonological adaptation. The present study is an investigation into the modes, levels and history of Sinicization of Indic loanwords in Chinese language. Fundamentally, it is evident from the literature and historical accounts that Sinicization of these loanwords is a process from foreignization to domestication. Native-Chinese doctrines and philosophies, essentially Taoism and Confucianism have had multifaceted influences on the Sinicization process which has resulted in semantic extension, semantic change or total diminution of original meaning. While less used high culture-sensitive loanwords have completely disappeared from modern Chinese, loanwords of higher Sinicization level have completely secularized. It is observed that foreignized loanwords have very less tendency of being absorbed into modern Chinese and many such terms have been excluded in modern Chinese dictionaries.
{"title":"Sinicization of Indic Loanwords in Chinese Language: Foreignization to domestication","authors":"D. N.","doi":"10.26478/ja2021.9.15.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2021.9.15.6","url":null,"abstract":"Indic loanwords in Chinese language account for the largest number of loanwords in Mandarin Chinese. These loanwords have become an important integral part of the lexicon of Chinese language and throughout decades have undergone assimilation, semantic extension and phonological adaptation. The present study is an investigation into the modes, levels and history of Sinicization of Indic loanwords in Chinese language. Fundamentally, it is evident from the literature and historical accounts that Sinicization of these loanwords is a process from foreignization to domestication. Native-Chinese doctrines and philosophies, essentially Taoism and Confucianism have had multifaceted influences on the Sinicization process which has resulted in semantic extension, semantic change or total diminution of original meaning. While less used high culture-sensitive loanwords have completely disappeared from modern Chinese, loanwords of higher Sinicization level have completely secularized. It is observed that foreignized loanwords have very less tendency of being absorbed into modern Chinese and many such terms have been excluded in modern Chinese dictionaries.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45332627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intersection between morphology and pragmatics in EkeGusii, a Bantu language spoken in Kenya among the natives of Kisii and Nyamira Counties, is the concern of this paper. Besides the lean evidence of previous research on EkeGusii morphopragmatics, the argument is presented in four parts. The first examines the interplay between affixation and pragmatics, especially contextually sanctioned diminution and augmentation. This happens in the revelation of attitude at the lexical, and post-lexical levels, where in the latter, vowel lengthening is an alternative way of modifying degrees of augmentation and diminution. Diminution and augmentation also relate to style as manner with language, social relations, persuasion and euphemism in clitic-like groups, and augmentative prefixation where the function of the amplifier prefix is defined. The second part posits that metaphorical compounds acquire idiosyncratic meanings supported by context. The third part presents the meanings of iconic reduplicatives as isomorphic, and dependent on context. The final part delves into the portmanteau morph, a knotty problem as evidenced in EkeGusii, arguing that it can only be described as serving pragmatic functions with greater reliance on syntax and semantics, which in turn abet covert morphological change. The portmanteau morph, from a morphopragmatic viewpoint, is more of a question to ponder than a conclusion.
{"title":"EkeGusii Morphopragmatics and the Junction with Iconicity","authors":"Mariera E.O.","doi":"10.26478/ja2021.9.15.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2021.9.15.3","url":null,"abstract":"The intersection between morphology and pragmatics in EkeGusii, a Bantu language spoken in Kenya among the natives of Kisii and Nyamira Counties, is the concern of this paper. Besides the lean evidence of previous research on EkeGusii morphopragmatics, the argument is presented in four parts. The first examines the interplay between affixation and pragmatics, especially contextually sanctioned diminution and augmentation. This happens in the revelation of attitude at the lexical, and post-lexical levels, where in the latter, vowel lengthening is an alternative way of modifying degrees of augmentation and diminution. Diminution and augmentation also relate to style as manner with language, social relations, persuasion and euphemism in clitic-like groups, and augmentative prefixation where the function of the amplifier prefix is defined. The second part posits that metaphorical compounds acquire idiosyncratic meanings supported by context. The third part presents the meanings of iconic reduplicatives as isomorphic, and dependent on context. The final part delves into the portmanteau morph, a knotty problem as evidenced in EkeGusii, arguing that it can only be described as serving pragmatic functions with greater reliance on syntax and semantics, which in turn abet covert morphological change. The portmanteau morph, from a morphopragmatic viewpoint, is more of a question to ponder than a conclusion.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46869731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper lays out the morphosyntactic structures of existential, locative and possessive constructions in Amharic. Amharic belongs to South Ethio-Semitic language subfamily. It is natively spoken in the Amhara region and used as the first and the second language for some urban dwellers in the country. It is a working language for the Federal Government of Ethiopia. It serves the same in Gambella, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ and Benishangul-Gumuz regional states. The Amharic existential, possessive and locative constructions are characterized by using the same existential verb stem all-‘exist’. The verb is defective in its derivation and conjugation. Unlike the prototypical verbs of the language, the existential verb uses a different verb for imperfective and past verb forms. Unlike the regular verbs of the language, the existential verb, which is perfective in form, conveys present tense. It has been observed that indefinite nominals appear as the E (Existent) in existentials and possessives, whereas definite ones appear in locatives. The morphosyntactic features of existentials and locatives are the same in every aspect except the use of definiteness of the E (Existent). The possessives differ from the two constructions in word order and morphological structure of the verb.
{"title":"Morphosyntactic Structures of Existential, Possessive and Locative Constructions in Amharic","authors":"G. A.","doi":"10.26478/ja2021.9.15.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2021.9.15.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper lays out the morphosyntactic structures of existential, locative and possessive constructions in Amharic. Amharic belongs to South Ethio-Semitic language subfamily. It is natively spoken in the Amhara region and used as the first and the second language for some urban dwellers in the country. It is a working language for the Federal Government of Ethiopia. It serves the same in Gambella, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ and Benishangul-Gumuz regional states. The Amharic existential, possessive and locative constructions are characterized by using the same existential verb stem all-‘exist’. The verb is defective in its derivation and conjugation. Unlike the prototypical verbs of the language, the existential verb uses a different verb for imperfective and past verb forms. Unlike the regular verbs of the language, the existential verb, which is perfective in form, conveys present tense. It has been observed that indefinite nominals appear as the E (Existent) in existentials and possessives, whereas definite ones appear in locatives. The morphosyntactic features of existentials and locatives are the same in every aspect except the use of definiteness of the E (Existent). The possessives differ from the two constructions in word order and morphological structure of the verb.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48766729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Language plays a significant role in business, trade and commerce. Bargaining in open-air markets often involves the speech act of negotiating, compromising and manoeuvring, which could either result in conflict or persuasion of the potential buyer to patronize a seller. This article examined the sociolinguistic aspects of language use between sellers and buyers in Ipata, a popular market in Ilorin, north-central Nigeria. The call strategy, spiel, honorification, pragmatic mechanics as well as sociolinguistic style employed by vendors were observed. The objectives of the study were to: identify the number of languages used in Ipata market; investigate the factors that influence the choice of any of the languages used between sellers and buyers at a particular time; analyze their sociolinguistic and stylistic features; and discuss some of the barriers that could cause intercultural communication breakdown between sellers and buyers in a market situation.Oral interview, systematic observation and Bauman’s (2001) method of street recording were used to gather data for the study. Sixty-five people comprising thirty-six females and twenty-nine males were interviewed. The survey which spanned three months discovered that open-air markets bear some universal features, however, due to cultural relativity, variations occur. To this end, it was established that Ipata market harbours different languages; it also identified calls and spiels with their characteristic stylistic, sociolinguistic and discourse features in the market. In conclusion, the study argued that studying the verbal discourse of marketplaces is significant as it defines what the language-culture-society-relationship is all about.
{"title":"Language of Open-Air Market in North-Central Nigeria","authors":"A. G., O. Atolagbe, E. Udosen, A. Rafiu","doi":"10.26478/ja2021.9.15.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2021.9.15.7","url":null,"abstract":"Language plays a significant role in business, trade and commerce. Bargaining in open-air markets often involves the speech act of negotiating, compromising and manoeuvring, which could either result in conflict or persuasion of the potential buyer to patronize a seller. This article examined the sociolinguistic aspects of language use between sellers and buyers in Ipata, a popular market in Ilorin, north-central Nigeria. The call strategy, spiel, honorification, pragmatic mechanics as well as sociolinguistic style employed by vendors were observed. The objectives of the study were to: identify the number of languages used in Ipata market; investigate the factors that influence the choice of any of the languages used between sellers and buyers at a particular time; analyze their sociolinguistic and stylistic features; and discuss some of the barriers that could cause intercultural communication breakdown between sellers and buyers in a market situation.Oral interview, systematic observation and Bauman’s (2001) method of street recording were used to gather data for the study. Sixty-five people comprising thirty-six females and twenty-nine males were interviewed. The survey which spanned three months discovered that open-air markets bear some universal features, however, due to cultural relativity, variations occur. To this end, it was established that Ipata market harbours different languages; it also identified calls and spiels with their characteristic stylistic, sociolinguistic and discourse features in the market. In conclusion, the study argued that studying the verbal discourse of marketplaces is significant as it defines what the language-culture-society-relationship is all about.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45366828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Some questions regarding the analysis of classifiers and classifier constructions are raised in this paper. The classifier, as a mere adjunct adjoining to the head, cannot serve as the head of the noun phrase containing it, and as a result, it cannot project as ClP or nP. Under this approach, the DP analysis and the classifier construction theory are further refined. The constituents which precede and follow the classifier are analyzed in terms of their syntactic functions, semantic relations, linear features, feature assignment and syntactic occurrence in order to represent the classifier construction with the X-bar phrase structure theory appropriately and correctly and present a universal approach to classifier constructions in various languages.
{"title":"The Structure of Classifier Constructions and Some Related Theoretical Issues","authors":"Yongzhong Yang","doi":"10.26478/ja2021.9.15.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2021.9.15.1","url":null,"abstract":"Some questions regarding the analysis of classifiers and classifier constructions are raised in this paper. The classifier, as a mere adjunct adjoining to the head, cannot serve as the head of the noun phrase containing it, and as a result, it cannot project as ClP or nP. Under this approach, the DP analysis and the classifier construction theory are further refined. The constituents which precede and follow the classifier are analyzed in terms of their syntactic functions, semantic relations, linear features, feature assignment and syntactic occurrence in order to represent the classifier construction with the X-bar phrase structure theory appropriately and correctly and present a universal approach to classifier constructions in various languages.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42398878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines reflexivization and reciprocality in Kalabari with particular attention to the forms, functions and structures of reflexive and reciprocal constructions (the nominal sub-type) in the language. The paper adopts the binding theory as a framework in analysing the data. The data were gathered through interaction and introspection. The findings reveal that reflexives and reciprocals in Kalabari require a compatible clause-mate antecedent due to the strong anaphoric relationship between reflexive and reciprocal markers and their antecedents respectively. The findings further reveal that the form of Kalabari reflexives consists of -ḇù (-self) and the appropriate form of the pronoun in the language. The paper also reveals that the Kalabari language makes a tripartite distinction for number, person and gender, and the form of the reflexive does not change; only the pronoun changes, while reciprocals consist of a reduplicated form jụmọ jụmọ, jápụ jápụ and jéin jéin. In terms of the structure, findings reveal that reflexives and reciprocals come before the verb of the clause in which they occur. The finding further reveals that reflexives in the language perform both non-emphatic and emphatic functions, while reciprocal relates to human and non-human reference of mutuality. Tonal inflection also makes a distinction in 1st person singular and 2nd person singular reflexives. It is therefore recommended that more studies be done to ascertain the form, function and structure of the verbal and possessive sub-type of reflexive and reciprocal constructions in the language.
{"title":"Reflexivization and Reciprocality in the Kalabari Language","authors":"J. Oribomate, S. C.Aboh","doi":"10.26478/ja2021.9.14.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26478/ja2021.9.14.7","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines reflexivization and reciprocality in Kalabari with particular attention to the forms, functions and structures of reflexive and reciprocal constructions (the nominal sub-type) in the language. The paper adopts the binding theory as a framework in analysing the data. The data were gathered through interaction and introspection. The findings reveal that reflexives and reciprocals in Kalabari require a compatible clause-mate antecedent due to the strong anaphoric relationship between reflexive and reciprocal markers and their antecedents respectively. The findings further reveal that the form of Kalabari reflexives consists of -ḇù (-self) and the appropriate form of the pronoun in the language. The paper also reveals that the Kalabari language makes a tripartite distinction for number, person and gender, and the form of the reflexive does not change; only the pronoun changes, while reciprocals consist of a reduplicated form jụmọ jụmọ, jápụ jápụ and jéin jéin. In terms of the structure, findings reveal that reflexives and reciprocals come before the verb of the clause in which they occur. The finding further reveals that reflexives in the language perform both non-emphatic and emphatic functions, while reciprocal relates to human and non-human reference of mutuality. Tonal inflection also makes a distinction in 1st person singular and 2nd person singular reflexives. It is therefore recommended that more studies be done to ascertain the form, function and structure of the verbal and possessive sub-type of reflexive and reciprocal constructions in the language.","PeriodicalId":31949,"journal":{"name":"Macrolinguistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43549205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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