S. H. Yek, Deniece Yin Chia Yeo, Suyee Sophia Tai, Zhi Hoong Wong
Protective mutualism between ant and Macaranga plants are complex between-species interactions found only in the tropical environment. In such interactions, plants provide housing structures (in the form of domatia) and food (in the form of food bodies) to their ant symbionts. In return, the ants protect their Macaranga plant hosts against herbivore attacks. Macaranga ant protective mutualism is manifested in a wide range of interactions, from facultative to obligate. In facultative interactions, Macaranga plants attract predatory ants to the plant via food rewards. In return, foraging ants may opportunistically provide protection from insect herbivores. In obligate interactions, plants provide shelter and food rewards to permanent ant partners. We hypothesize that in obligate Macaranga, the host is better protected because of the permanent presence of its resident ant partners, whereas in facultative Macaranga, the defense against insect herbivores may be less efficient depending on the attractiveness of the food rewards and the aggressiveness of the ant species in the plant’s vicinity. In this study, we compare herbivory damage and phytophagous insect herbivore types between a facultative ant-plant M. tanarius and an obligate anti-plant M. bancana. This study further highlights that co-evolved ant partners are more efficient in defending their host plants against phytophagous insect herbivores than facultative ant-plant interactions.
蚂蚁与马卡兰加植物之间的保护性互惠关系是仅在热带环境中发现的复杂的物种间相互作用。在这种相互作用中，植物为其蚂蚁共生体提供蚁穴（以蚁巢的形式）和食物（以食物体的形式）。作为回报，蚂蚁保护它们的马卡兰加植物宿主免受食草动物的攻击。马卡兰加蚂蚁的保护性互惠关系表现为广泛的相互作用，从亲和到强制。在面性相互作用中，马卡兰加植物通过食物奖励吸引食肉蚂蚁来到植物上。作为回报，觅食蚂蚁可能会伺机提供保护，使其免受昆虫食草动物的侵害。在强制性相互作用中，植物为永久性蚂蚁伙伴提供庇护所和食物回报。我们假设，在强制性马卡兰加植物中，由于常驻蚂蚁伙伴的永久存在，宿主会得到更好的保护，而在变性马卡兰加植物中，对昆虫食草动物的防御效率可能较低，这取决于食物奖赏的吸引力和植物附近蚂蚁物种的攻击性。在这项研究中，我们比较了兼性蚂蚁-植物 M. tanarius 和强制性反植物 M. bancana 之间的食草损害和植食性昆虫食草动物类型。这项研究进一步强调，与蚁植互作相比，共同进化的蚂蚁伙伴能更有效地保护寄主植物免受植食性昆虫食草动物的侵害。
{"title":"Obligate Ant-Associated Macaranga bancana is Better Protected from Herbivory Than Facultative Ant-Associated Macaranga tanarius","authors":"S. H. Yek, Deniece Yin Chia Yeo, Suyee Sophia Tai, Zhi Hoong Wong","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v20i.4640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v20i.4640","url":null,"abstract":"Protective mutualism between ant and Macaranga plants are complex between-species interactions found only in the tropical environment. In such interactions, plants provide housing structures (in the form of domatia) and food (in the form of food bodies) to their ant symbionts. In return, the ants protect their Macaranga plant hosts against herbivore attacks. Macaranga ant protective mutualism is manifested in a wide range of interactions, from facultative to obligate. In facultative interactions, Macaranga plants attract predatory ants to the plant via food rewards. In return, foraging ants may opportunistically provide protection from insect herbivores. In obligate interactions, plants provide shelter and food rewards to permanent ant partners. We hypothesize that in obligate Macaranga, the host is better protected because of the permanent presence of its resident ant partners, whereas in facultative Macaranga, the defense against insect herbivores may be less efficient depending on the attractiveness of the food rewards and the aggressiveness of the ant species in the plant’s vicinity. In this study, we compare herbivory damage and phytophagous insect herbivore types between a facultative ant-plant M. tanarius and an obligate anti-plant M. bancana. This study further highlights that co-evolved ant partners are more efficient in defending their host plants against phytophagous insect herbivores than facultative ant-plant interactions.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139319223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spores from Corner’s (1972, 1974) type specimens of Xerocomus (sensu Horak, 2011) housed at Edinburgh herbarium (E) were imaged for the first time, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to ascertain the presence of Xerocomus sensu Šutara (2008) in Malesia. The following taxa Boletus chlamydosporus, B. chrysops, B. lubricus, B. microcarpus, Xerocomus microcarpoides and Phylloporus rufoflavipes were found to have bacillate ornamentations. New combinations and name changes have been proposed.
{"title":"Defining Xerocomus s.str. (Boletaceae) in Malesia","authors":"Lee Sml, Helfer S, Watling R","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v20i.4639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v20i.4639","url":null,"abstract":"Spores from Corner’s (1972, 1974) type specimens of Xerocomus (sensu Horak, 2011) housed at Edinburgh herbarium (E) were imaged for the first time, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to ascertain the presence of Xerocomus sensu Šutara (2008) in Malesia. The following taxa Boletus chlamydosporus, B. chrysops, B. lubricus, B. microcarpus, Xerocomus microcarpoides and Phylloporus rufoflavipes were found to have bacillate ornamentations. New combinations and name changes have been proposed.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139319309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anis Adilah Mustafa, Wilson Thau Lym Yong, Julius Kulip, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues
Dendrocalamus asper is a species of bamboo that has high commercial value and is the bamboo of choice for large scale agro-forestry plantations in the tropical regions of the world. Micropropagation using tissue culture is essential to generate uniform clones that are amenable to establishment in industrial agro-forestry projects for bamboo biomass, habitat restoration or in carbon sequestration. This paper reports on the establishment of D. asper invitro using commercially available seeds. The seeds were surface sterilized using three different chemical agents which were Sodium Hypochlorite (20%), Mercuric Chloride (0.1%) and Ethanol (70%) followed by shoot initiation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) with a concentration ranging from 1.0 - 5.0 mg/L. Propagules were multiplied on MS media supplemented with different concentration of IBA Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), and finally rooted and hardened in peat moss. The findings of our study indicate that the sterilization protocol eliminated all the plant pathogens, resulting in an axenic culture. Full strength MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/L BAP yielded the highest number of shoots (11.46 per explant) after four weeks of inoculation. The highest multiplication rate (3.95 shoots per explant) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L BAP. The time required from initiation to hardening was 70 to 90 days, following which the plantlets were ready for field trials. The findings of this study will facilitate the establishment of plant tissue culture programmes dedicated to the production of D. asper locally, thus eliminating the need for imports and the possible entry of plant pathogens that can be detrimental to the local agro-forestry industry.
竹子是一种具有很高商业价值的竹子，也是世界热带地区大规模农林种植的首选竹子。利用组织培养进行微繁殖对产生统一克隆至关重要，这些克隆可用于竹子生物量、生境恢复或碳封存的工业农林项目。 本文报告了使用市场上可买到的种子进行 D. asper 无性繁殖的情况。种子经次氯酸钠（20%）、氯化汞（0.1%）和乙醇（70%）三种不同的化学药剂进行表面消毒，然后在添加了 6-苄基氨基嘌呤（BAP）（浓度为 1.0 - 5.0 mg/L）的 Murashige 和 Skoog（MS）培养基上进行发芽。繁殖体在添加了不同浓度 IBA Indole-3-Butyric Acid（IBA）和 Naphthalene Acetic Acid（NAA）的 MS 培养基上繁殖，最后在泥炭藓中生根并硬化。我们的研究结果表明，灭菌方案消除了所有植物病原体，从而获得了轴生培养物。接种四周后，添加了 5 毫克/升 BAP 的全浓度 MS 培养基产生的芽数量最多（每个外植体 11.46 个）。在添加了 3 毫克/升 BAP 的 MS 培养基上获得的繁殖率最高（每个外植体 3.95 个芽）。小苗从开始生长到硬化需要 70 到 90 天，之后就可以进行田间试验了。这项研究的结果将有助于在本地建立专门用于 D. asper 生产的植物组织培养计划，从而避免进口和可能的植物病原体侵入，这些病原体可能会对本地农林业造成危害。
{"title":"Establishment of An in Vitro Mass Propagation System for Dendrocalamus asper.","authors":"Anis Adilah Mustafa, Wilson Thau Lym Yong, Julius Kulip, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v20i.4644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v20i.4644","url":null,"abstract":"Dendrocalamus asper is a species of bamboo that has high commercial value and is the bamboo of choice for large scale agro-forestry plantations in the tropical regions of the world. Micropropagation using tissue culture is essential to generate uniform clones that are amenable to establishment in industrial agro-forestry projects for bamboo biomass, habitat restoration or in carbon sequestration. This paper reports on the establishment of D. asper invitro using commercially available seeds. The seeds were surface sterilized using three different chemical agents which were Sodium Hypochlorite (20%), Mercuric Chloride (0.1%) and Ethanol (70%) followed by shoot initiation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) with a concentration ranging from 1.0 - 5.0 mg/L. Propagules were multiplied on MS media supplemented with different concentration of IBA Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) and Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), and finally rooted and hardened in peat moss. The findings of our study indicate that the sterilization protocol eliminated all the plant pathogens, resulting in an axenic culture. Full strength MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/L BAP yielded the highest number of shoots (11.46 per explant) after four weeks of inoculation. The highest multiplication rate (3.95 shoots per explant) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L BAP. The time required from initiation to hardening was 70 to 90 days, following which the plantlets were ready for field trials. The findings of this study will facilitate the establishment of plant tissue culture programmes dedicated to the production of D. asper locally, thus eliminating the need for imports and the possible entry of plant pathogens that can be detrimental to the local agro-forestry industry.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"206 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139319132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carollina S. Gumela, Jay Ann G. Lantajo, Pearl Aphrodite Bobon-carnice
The biggest threats to plant species degradation must be the cutting of trees, conversion into croplands, and natural circumstances. Degradation of land cover has negatively affected plant diversity before the carbon stocks. This study utilized a stratified random sampling technique and allometric equation to determine the plant species, diversity level, and aboveground carbon stocks of trees and understorey found in Matalom, Leyte, Philippines. Results showed thirteen (13) trees and forty-nine (49) understorey species were present in the sampling area. The abundance of species or the total number of individuals per species of trees and understorey is 98 and 2814 respectively. For the diversity index, the result was led by tree species, then understorey species, respectively 1.76, interpreted as very low, and 2.83, which is moderate based on the Modified Fernando Biodiversity Scale. The species evenness, 0.69 and 0.73, was led by understorey plant species. Both signify unequal distribution of plant species in the study area. Moreover, tree species have a higher carbon stock of 34.15 t C haˉ¹ compared to understorey, contributing about 0.03 t C haˉ¹. There are significant differences in the diversity and c-stocks between trees and understorey plant species based on independent t-test results.
植物物种退化的最大威胁一定是砍伐树木、将其转化为耕地以及自然环境。土地植被退化对碳储量之前的植物多样性产生了负面影响。本研究利用分层随机抽样技术和异速方程确定了菲律宾莱特岛马塔洛姆的植物物种、多样性水平以及树木和林下植物的地上碳储量。结果显示，采样区域内有十三（13）种树木和四十九（49）种林下植物。每种树木和林下植物的物种丰度或个体总数分别为 98 和 2814。在多样性指数方面，首先是树木物种，然后是林下物种，根据修正的费尔南多生物多样性量表，分别为 1.76（极低）和 2.83（中等）。物种均匀度为 0.69 和 0.73，林下植物物种居首。这两项指标都表明研究区域的植物物种分布不均。此外，乔木物种的碳储量为 34.15 吨 C haˉ¹，高于林下物种的 0.03 吨 C haˉ¹。根据独立 t 检验结果，乔木和林下植物物种的多样性和碳储量存在明显差异。
{"title":"Diversity and Aboveground Carbon Stocks of Trees and Understorey Plant Species in Matalom, Leyte, Philippines","authors":"Carollina S. Gumela, Jay Ann G. Lantajo, Pearl Aphrodite Bobon-carnice","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v20i.4646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v20i.4646","url":null,"abstract":"The biggest threats to plant species degradation must be the cutting of trees, conversion into croplands, and natural circumstances. Degradation of land cover has negatively affected plant diversity before the carbon stocks. This study utilized a stratified random sampling technique and allometric equation to determine the plant species, diversity level, and aboveground carbon stocks of trees and understorey found in Matalom, Leyte, Philippines. Results showed thirteen (13) trees and forty-nine (49) understorey species were present in the sampling area. The abundance of species or the total number of individuals per species of trees and understorey is 98 and 2814 respectively. For the diversity index, the result was led by tree species, then understorey species, respectively 1.76, interpreted as very low, and 2.83, which is moderate based on the Modified Fernando Biodiversity Scale. The species evenness, 0.69 and 0.73, was led by understorey plant species. Both signify unequal distribution of plant species in the study area. Moreover, tree species have a higher carbon stock of 34.15 t C haˉ¹ compared to understorey, contributing about 0.03 t C haˉ¹. There are significant differences in the diversity and c-stocks between trees and understorey plant species based on independent t-test results.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139319094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. H. Saikim, Nurin Shahira Mohd. Yunus, A. Mahyudin, Senthilvel K.S.S. Nathan, Hussien Muin, Arnie Hamid, Nor Akmar Abdul Aziz, Nordiana Mohd. Nordin, N. Salleh, Maximus Livon Lo Ka Fu, Julia George Kunai, Petherine Anak Jimbau, Mohd. Afifi Mohd. Nasir, Cornelius Peter, Julianah Awang Joseph, Mahadimenakbar Mohamed Dawood
Hunting poses a longstanding threat to tropical wildlife conservation, now reaching critical levels. In Borneo, Malaysia, around six million animals were hunted yearly in the 1990s, about 36 per sq. km. High demand for game meat, facilitated by improved transportation, drives unsustainable consumption across the tropics. Depletion of animal populations leads hunters to new areas. Roughly 18% of rainforests are protected, yet pressures persist, endangering species due to weak regulations, limited resources, and external threats. This study examines wildlife hunting trends in Sabah, uncovering insights from community interviews regarding hunting impact and resource dependence. A total of 45 people were interviewed in six study areas: Sandakan, Tawau, Kota Belud, Tambunan, Keningau and Tenom. It was found that local communities hunt for food and that hunting is a common way of life for them. Based on the arrests of hunters by the Wildlife Rescue Unit, a report on animal hunting was compiled by the Sabah Wildlife Department and analysed. The most commonly hunted animal is the bearded pig. Parts of bearded pigs were found in the cars of 76.97% of hunters arrested, followed by parts of sambar deer (13.7%). Throughout Sabah, the empty forest syndrome (EFS) is becoming a dangerous silent disaster. While most "simple" forest features are attractive to the eye, they are gradually losing their ecological function. Although this study is not exhaustive, the preliminary findings point to a serious EFS scenario in Sabah if everyone continues to neglect the syndrome and do nothing about it.
{"title":"Empty Forest Syndrome: Are we there yet? A preliminary Analysis of the Hunting and Poaching Activities in Selected Areas in Sabah, Malaysia.","authors":"F. H. Saikim, Nurin Shahira Mohd. Yunus, A. Mahyudin, Senthilvel K.S.S. Nathan, Hussien Muin, Arnie Hamid, Nor Akmar Abdul Aziz, Nordiana Mohd. Nordin, N. Salleh, Maximus Livon Lo Ka Fu, Julia George Kunai, Petherine Anak Jimbau, Mohd. Afifi Mohd. Nasir, Cornelius Peter, Julianah Awang Joseph, Mahadimenakbar Mohamed Dawood","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v20i.4641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v20i.4641","url":null,"abstract":"Hunting poses a longstanding threat to tropical wildlife conservation, now reaching critical levels. In Borneo, Malaysia, around six million animals were hunted yearly in the 1990s, about 36 per sq. km. High demand for game meat, facilitated by improved transportation, drives unsustainable consumption across the tropics. Depletion of animal populations leads hunters to new areas. Roughly 18% of rainforests are protected, yet pressures persist, endangering species due to weak regulations, limited resources, and external threats. This study examines wildlife hunting trends in Sabah, uncovering insights from community interviews regarding hunting impact and resource dependence. A total of 45 people were interviewed in six study areas: Sandakan, Tawau, Kota Belud, Tambunan, Keningau and Tenom. It was found that local communities hunt for food and that hunting is a common way of life for them. Based on the arrests of hunters by the Wildlife Rescue Unit, a report on animal hunting was compiled by the Sabah Wildlife Department and analysed. The most commonly hunted animal is the bearded pig. Parts of bearded pigs were found in the cars of 76.97% of hunters arrested, followed by parts of sambar deer (13.7%). Throughout Sabah, the empty forest syndrome (EFS) is becoming a dangerous silent disaster. While most \"simple\" forest features are attractive to the eye, they are gradually losing their ecological function. Although this study is not exhaustive, the preliminary findings point to a serious EFS scenario in Sabah if everyone continues to neglect the syndrome and do nothing about it.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"314 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139318857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two cembrane diterpenoids; (+)-11,12-epoxysarcophytol A (1) and sarcophytol W (2) were isolated from Sarcophyton sp. collected from Mantanani Island, Sabah. Secondary metabolites structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. This is the first record of cembranoid diterpenes isolated from the Bornean soft coral genus Sarcophyton. The isopropyl(ene)-type cembrane derivatives could be suggested as chemotaxonomical markers for soft coral genus Sarcophyton.
{"title":"Isopropyl (ene)-type Cembrane Diterpene an Important Chemotaxonomical Marker in Bornean Soft Coral Genus Sarcophyton","authors":"Chin-Soon Phan, C. Vairappan","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.278","url":null,"abstract":"Two cembrane diterpenoids; (+)-11,12-epoxysarcophytol A (1) and sarcophytol W (2) were isolated from Sarcophyton sp. collected from Mantanani Island, Sabah. Secondary metabolites structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data. This is the first record of cembranoid diterpenes isolated from the Bornean soft coral genus Sarcophyton. The isopropyl(ene)-type cembrane derivatives could be suggested as chemotaxonomical markers for soft coral genus Sarcophyton.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125500591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the growth of Cynodon dactylon Linn. in soils contaminated by various concentrations of crude oil with a view to assessing its phytoremediating potential. The crude oil prepared at different concentrations of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 (w/v) acted as contaminants on 3kg each of air-dried soil collected from the Obafemi Awolowo University Biological garden which is rich in organic matter. Each treatment was replicated 10 times in complete randomized design. Significantly (p<0.05) highest residual total petroleum hydrocarbon content (THC) uptake (39.26 ppm) was obtained in the plant at 12.5 ml contamination with the least residual total petroleum hydrocarbon content uptake (12.79 ppm) obtained at 2.5 ml contamination. With increased contamination, there was positive correlation with residual total petroleum hydrocarbon content uptake in the plants. No detectable amount of petroleum hydrocarbon content was found in the soil at the end of the experiment. The study concluded that C. dactylon plant could be effectively used in the phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil without addition of soil amendment.
{"title":"Bioaccumulation Potential of Cynodon dactylon Linn. in Crude Oil Contaminated Soil.","authors":"I. O. Raimi, A. O. Isichei","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.274","url":null,"abstract":"A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the growth of Cynodon dactylon Linn. in soils contaminated by various concentrations of crude oil with a view to assessing its phytoremediating potential. The crude oil prepared at different concentrations of 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 (w/v) acted as contaminants on 3kg each of air-dried soil collected from the Obafemi Awolowo University Biological garden which is rich in organic matter. Each treatment was replicated 10 times in complete randomized design. Significantly (p<0.05) highest residual total petroleum hydrocarbon content (THC) uptake (39.26 ppm) was obtained in the plant at 12.5 ml contamination with the least residual total petroleum hydrocarbon content uptake (12.79 ppm) obtained at 2.5 ml contamination. With increased contamination, there was positive correlation with residual total petroleum hydrocarbon content uptake in the plants. No detectable amount of petroleum hydrocarbon content was found in the soil at the end of the experiment. The study concluded that C. dactylon plant could be effectively used in the phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil without addition of soil amendment.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131035843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research was primarily conducted in Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Lahad Datu, Sabah, with the aim to determine the response of tourists to the concept of including invertebrate information in current and planned ecotourism activities in order to increase conservation efforts involving invertebrates. A questionnaire survey was distributed during the preliminary entotourism activity in order to test the conceptual framework set posited in this research. The development of the conceptual framework in this study detailed the model of network of relationship among the variables that needed to be scrutinized. Data collected was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) software programme which uses the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). SEM analysis revealed a significant variance of Ecotourism that was well explained by all four exogenous variables (Activity, Information, Interest and Willingness). The findings of this study aspire to contribute to the literature of invertebrate species conservation awareness in Sabah, since very limited research is conducted specifically on the entotourism field.
{"title":"Tourists Perspective: Inclusion of Entotourism Concept in Ecotourism Activity","authors":"N. Suki, F. H. Saikim, A. Matusin, M. Dawood","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.272","url":null,"abstract":"This research was primarily conducted in Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Lahad Datu, Sabah, with the aim to determine the response of tourists to the concept of including invertebrate information in current and planned ecotourism activities in order to increase conservation efforts involving invertebrates. A questionnaire survey was distributed during the preliminary entotourism activity in order to test the conceptual framework set posited in this research. The development of the conceptual framework in this study detailed the model of network of relationship among the variables that needed to be scrutinized. Data collected was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) software programme which uses the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). SEM analysis revealed a significant variance of Ecotourism that was well explained by all four exogenous variables (Activity, Information, Interest and Willingness). The findings of this study aspire to contribute to the literature of invertebrate species conservation awareness in Sabah, since very limited research is conducted specifically on the entotourism field.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"571 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131769156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies on sizes of animal at birth and on subsequent post-natal growth are important for understanding the aspects of their life history and for understanding a wide range of ecological, behavioural and developmental patterns. The study was conducted on a colony of Hipposideros pomona comprising approximately 700 individuals. The colony was located at Kyan Taing Aung Cave, a renovated seminatural structure situated at 21° 53.9' N, 95° 59.959' E and at an elevation of 165m above sea level on the Saging Hill Range, Myanmar and conducted from January 2005 to December 2006. Mating of H. pomona occured in the last week of October and parturition occurred during April and May. The gestation period was 180 days and the reproductive activity is associated with rainfall rather than the temperature. The pup appeared to be heavy with approximately 29.1 % of the adult female weight. The pups are assumed intermediate between precocial and altricial types. At birth the young bat was found to be already provided with canine teeth to grip not only the breast nipple but also the pubic nipple. The pattern of post-natal growth and development followed the basic trend of a linear growth of forearm and body mass during the preflight period. Linear regression conducted between the mean forearm length and mean body weight of both male and female growing pups was found to be highly significant. However, positive correlation was not established between the forearm length and the nature of the epiphyseal gap in the third metacarpal-phalangeal joint of the third digit. Hipposideros pomona attained sexual maturity at approximately seven months (210 days) from the time of birth, whence the forearm length had grown to approximately 40mm and the body mass attained approximately seven grammes.
研究动物出生时的大小和随后的出生后生长对了解其生活史的各个方面以及了解广泛的生态、行为和发育模式都很重要。这项研究是在一个由大约700只河马组成的群体上进行的。该群落位于Kyan Taing Aung洞，这是一个经过修复的半自然结构，位于21°53.9' N, 95°59.959' E，海拔165米，位于缅甸Saging山脉，于2005年1月至2006年12月进行。黄貂鱼交配发生在10月的最后一周，分娩发生在4月和5月。妊娠期为180天，繁殖活动与降雨有关，而与温度无关。幼崽看起来很重，大约是成年雌性体重的29.1%。幼崽被认为介于早熟型和晚熟型之间。在出生时，人们发现年轻的蝙蝠已经有了犬齿，不仅可以抓住乳房乳头，还可以抓住阴部乳头。出生后的生长发育模式遵循飞行前前臂和体重线性增长的基本趋势。公母幼崽的平均前臂长度与平均体重之间的线性回归均非常显著。然而，前臂长度与第三指掌指关节骨骺间隙的性质之间没有正相关关系。pomona海马在出生后约7个月(210天)达到性成熟，此时前臂长约40毫米，体重约7克。
{"title":"Reproduction and Post-Natal Development of Hipposideros pomona Andersen, (1918) in Kyan Taing Aung Cave of Sagaing Hill Range within Myanmar","authors":"Khin Min Min Tun, Khin Mya Mya, K. Gyi","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.271","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on sizes of animal at birth and on subsequent post-natal growth are important for understanding the aspects of their life history and for understanding a wide range of ecological, behavioural and developmental patterns. The study was conducted on a colony of Hipposideros pomona comprising approximately 700 individuals. The colony was located at Kyan Taing Aung Cave, a renovated seminatural structure situated at 21° 53.9' N, 95° 59.959' E and at an elevation of 165m above sea level on the Saging Hill Range, Myanmar and conducted from January 2005 to December 2006. Mating of H. pomona occured in the last week of October and parturition occurred during April and May. The gestation period was 180 days and the reproductive activity is associated with rainfall rather than the temperature. The pup appeared to be heavy with approximately 29.1 % of the adult female weight. The pups are assumed intermediate between precocial and altricial types. At birth the young bat was found to be already provided with canine teeth to grip not only the breast nipple but also the pubic nipple. The pattern of post-natal growth and development followed the basic trend of a linear growth of forearm and body mass during the preflight period. Linear regression conducted between the mean forearm length and mean body weight of both male and female growing pups was found to be highly significant. However, positive correlation was not established between the forearm length and the nature of the epiphyseal gap in the third metacarpal-phalangeal joint of the third digit. Hipposideros pomona attained sexual maturity at approximately seven months (210 days) from the time of birth, whence the forearm length had grown to approximately 40mm and the body mass attained approximately seven grammes.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115433134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New Mitochondrial CO1 Haplotypes and Genetic Diversity in the Honeybee Apis Koschevnikovi of The Crocker Range Park, Sabah, Malaysia","authors":"T. Suka, Hiroyuki Tanaka","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v0i1.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v0i1.72","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution of the Saban honeybee,","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126436431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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