C. Vairappan, Thilahgavani Nagappan, Li Hui, J. Kulip
Volatile chemical constituents of four species of local bamboo (Schizostachyum blumei Nees., Schizostachyum brachycladum Nees., Schizostachyum lima (Blanco) Merrill and Schizostachyum pilosum S.Dransf.) were investigated. The oils were obtained from bamboo culm through steam distillation and profiled using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). A total of 59 volatile constituents were identified, and these contained oxygenated sesquiterpene, α-elemol (8.2~21.1 %), coumaran (6.7~32.3 %), guaiacol-4-vinyl (0.6~0.9 %), palmitic acid (1.5~25.6 %), pentacosane (0.1~0.2 %), phytol (1.0~12.6 %), phytol acetate (0.5~1.7 %) and trans-squalene (0.2~1.6 %) consistently in the specimens studied. Based on the observation, S. pilosum exhibited wider diameter of inhibition against Escherchia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to the other species of Schizostachyum essential oil.
{"title":"Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Four Species of Bamboo Genus Schizostachyum","authors":"C. Vairappan, Thilahgavani Nagappan, Li Hui, J. Kulip","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.277","url":null,"abstract":"Volatile chemical constituents of four species of local bamboo (Schizostachyum blumei Nees., Schizostachyum brachycladum Nees., Schizostachyum lima (Blanco) Merrill and Schizostachyum pilosum S.Dransf.) were investigated. The oils were obtained from bamboo culm through steam distillation and profiled using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). A total of 59 volatile constituents were identified, and these contained oxygenated sesquiterpene, α-elemol (8.2~21.1 %), coumaran (6.7~32.3 %), guaiacol-4-vinyl (0.6~0.9 %), palmitic acid (1.5~25.6 %), pentacosane (0.1~0.2 %), phytol (1.0~12.6 %), phytol acetate (0.5~1.7 %) and trans-squalene (0.2~1.6 %) consistently in the specimens studied. Based on the observation, S. pilosum exhibited wider diameter of inhibition against Escherchia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared to the other species of Schizostachyum essential oil.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134632017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study reports the application of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) technique in characterization of 8 species of Salix (spp) from Iran by screening 22 primer combinations (PCs). Twenty two SRAP primer combinations could amplify 116 scorable loci, of which 107 bands were polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were used for calculation and statistical analysis. The Complete linkage cluster was performed and dendrogram drawn with the help of NTSYS pc 2.02 software which revealed two main clusters and several sub-clusters. This investigation showed that genetic distance was relatively significant among these species. The Jaccard similarity coefficient ranged from 0.18 to 0.55. The results also propose that the SRAP marker is a useful tool for evaluation of genetic diversity and relationships among different Salix species.
本研究利用序列相关扩增多态性(SRAP)技术对伊朗柳(Salix) 8种植物进行鉴定，筛选出22个引物组合(PCs)。22个SRAP引物组合可扩增116个可分位点，其中107个条带是多态性的。扩增的DNA片段用于计算和统计分析。利用NTSYS pc 2.02软件进行了完整的联动聚类分析，并绘制了树状图，显示了两个主聚类和几个子聚类。结果表明，这些物种之间的遗传距离相对显著。Jaccard相似系数为0.18 ~ 0.55。SRAP标记是评价不同柳属植物间遗传多样性和亲缘关系的有效工具。
{"title":"Genetic Diversity among Eight Species of Willow (Salix spp.) from Iran Based on SRAP Markers","authors":"Elhameh Daneshvand, F. Rahmani, Ali Khodakarimi","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.273","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports the application of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) technique in characterization of 8 species of Salix (spp) from Iran by screening 22 primer combinations (PCs). Twenty two SRAP primer combinations could amplify 116 scorable loci, of which 107 bands were polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were used for calculation and statistical analysis. The Complete linkage cluster was performed and dendrogram drawn with the help of NTSYS pc 2.02 software which revealed two main clusters and several sub-clusters. This investigation showed that genetic distance was relatively significant among these species. The Jaccard similarity coefficient ranged from 0.18 to 0.55. The results also propose that the SRAP marker is a useful tool for evaluation of genetic diversity and relationships among different Salix species.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124001340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We describe a new land snail species of the family Camaenidae from the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex in the State of Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Kenyirus sheema, sp. nov., is compared with its congener Kenyirus sodhii (Clements & Tan, 2012), which shares similar conchological characteristics such as a depressed apex, convex base, sub-triangular peristome, angulated lip periphery and partially-covered umbilicus through columellar margin dilation. The shell of the new species differs from K. sodhii by being more globular, having rounded whorls with a less prominent peripheral keel and a distinctly rostrate outer lip is absent.
{"title":"A New Species of Kenyirus (Pulmonata, Camaenidae) from Peninsular Malaysia","authors":"Junn Kitt Foon, S. Tan, G. Clements","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.270","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a new land snail species of the family Camaenidae from the Belum-Temengor Forest Complex in the State of Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Kenyirus sheema, sp. nov., is compared with its congener Kenyirus sodhii (Clements & Tan, 2012), which shares similar conchological characteristics such as a depressed apex, convex base, sub-triangular peristome, angulated lip periphery and partially-covered umbilicus through columellar margin dilation. The shell of the new species differs from K. sodhii by being more globular, having rounded whorls with a less prominent peripheral keel and a distinctly rostrate outer lip is absent.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114974844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four new species of the Hoplosaenidea takizawai group are described from the Greater Sunda Island area: Hoplosanidea javanica n. sp. from E. java, H. jalur, H. duawarna, H. sabahensis n. spp. from Sabah, Borneo.
报告了大巽他岛地区takizawai hopplosanidea群4新种:爪哇岛东部的javanica Hoplosanidea，婆罗洲沙巴州的H. jalur, H. duawarna, H. sabahensis n. spp。
{"title":"Descriptions of Four New Species of the Hoplosaenidea takizawai Group from the Greater Sunda Islands Area (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)","authors":"H. Takizawa, M. Mohamedsaid","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.276","url":null,"abstract":"Four new species of the Hoplosaenidea takizawai group are described from the Greater Sunda Island area: Hoplosanidea javanica n. sp. from E. java, H. jalur, H. duawarna, H. sabahensis n. spp. from Sabah, Borneo.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126066517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the inventory of frogs collected at Liwagu Water Catchment, Tambunan, Sabah. The specimens were collected along trails using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and hand-grabbing technique. The process of collecting and recording data was done according to the standard method for handling amphibians. A total of 15 species of anurans and one species of caecilian were recorded. The assemblage was dominated by anurans from Ranidae (39%).
{"title":"A survey of amphibians at Liwagu Water Catchment Area, Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia","authors":"Yong Huaimei, A. Sudin, H. Ismail","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v10i0.251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v10i0.251","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the inventory of frogs collected at Liwagu Water Catchment, Tambunan, Sabah. The specimens were collected along trails using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and hand-grabbing technique. The process of collecting and recording data was done according to the standard method for handling amphibians. A total of 15 species of anurans and one species of caecilian were recorded. The assemblage was dominated by anurans from Ranidae (39%).","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132182051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arman Hadi Mohmad @ Fikri, Andrew Wong Bak Hui, Faizul Hafizi Mazlan, Ernie Humaira Abd. Fatah, Siti Juliyana Kamarudin
A study was carried out from 10-14 November 2011 to determine the diversity, composition and distribution of aquatic insects in the streams of Kisolong, Molongis and Hatob waterfalls. Six stations were selected in each stream with one station located at the upper reach and another situated at the lower reach. A 100 metre reach of the stream was selected for each sampling site. Surber net measuring 500 micron mesh size rectangular quadrat of 30 cm X 30 cm (0.09 m2) was used. A total of 2163 individuals representing 61 families from eight orders were successfully recorded. Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera), Perlidae and Peltoperlidae (Plecoptera) and Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) were the most abundant families collected in each stream. Based on biotic indices, all streams were undisturbed and had good water quality.
2011年11月10日至14日进行了一项研究，以确定基索龙、莫龙吉斯和哈托布瀑布溪流中水生昆虫的多样性、组成和分布。在每条河流中选择6个站点，一个站点位于上游，另一个站点位于下游。每个采样点都选择了100米的溪流。网目尺寸为500微米，矩形样方为30 cm X 30 cm (0.09 m2)。成功记录了8个目61个科共计2163只个体。在各河流中采集到最多的科分别是蜉蝣目七蝇科、飞蛾科和飞蛾科以及毛翅目水蝇科。生物指标显示，所有河流未受干扰，水质良好。
{"title":"Diversity, Composition and Distribution of Aquatic Insects in Liwagu Water Catchment, Tambunan, Sabah","authors":"Arman Hadi Mohmad @ Fikri, Andrew Wong Bak Hui, Faizul Hafizi Mazlan, Ernie Humaira Abd. Fatah, Siti Juliyana Kamarudin","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.269","url":null,"abstract":"A study was carried out from 10-14 November 2011 to determine the diversity, composition and distribution of aquatic insects in the streams of Kisolong, Molongis and Hatob waterfalls. Six stations were selected in each stream with one station located at the upper reach and another situated at the lower reach. A 100 metre reach of the stream was selected for each sampling site. Surber net measuring 500 micron mesh size rectangular quadrat of 30 cm X 30 cm (0.09 m2) was used. A total of 2163 individuals representing 61 families from eight orders were successfully recorded. Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera), Perlidae and Peltoperlidae (Plecoptera) and Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) were the most abundant families collected in each stream. Based on biotic indices, all streams were undisturbed and had good water quality.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133519569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Rindyastuti, D. Metusala, D. A. Kumalawati, B. Daryono
Vanda foetida J.J.Sm., which is an endemic orchid species in Sumatra has taxonomically disappeared for over 100 years since it was described in 1906. The distribution of V. foetida was limited due to over-exploitation of this orchid and changes to land-use. The study of genetic variation of V. foetida in its natural habitat, Mount Dempo and Padiampe, South Sumatra was conducted based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for genetic variation using 8 primers (OPU 3, OPU 5, OPU 6, OPU 7, OPU 12, OPU 13, OPU 14 and OPU 16). Genetic variation in each population was detected by h value (Nei’s genetic diversity) which was 0.1999 and 0.1778 for Mount Dempo and Padiampe, respectively. This value was higher compared to those of other rare orchid species even though it only has a small population. V. foetida originated from two populations forming two main clusters in dendrogram with 67 % (0.67) degree of similarity. The dendrogram indicated that the two populations are connected, and assumed as one large population in the past and were separated from larger population by habitat fragmentation. This species was not genetically in danger and will be able to survive if its natural habitats are remained.
{"title":"Genetic Variation of Vanda foetida J. J. Sm. ; a Rare and Endemic Orchid in South Sumatra Based on RAPD Analysis","authors":"R. Rindyastuti, D. Metusala, D. A. Kumalawati, B. Daryono","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v12i0.275","url":null,"abstract":"Vanda foetida J.J.Sm., which is an endemic orchid species in Sumatra has taxonomically disappeared for over 100 years since it was described in 1906. The distribution of V. foetida was limited due to over-exploitation of this orchid and changes to land-use. The study of genetic variation of V. foetida in its natural habitat, Mount Dempo and Padiampe, South Sumatra was conducted based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for genetic variation using 8 primers (OPU 3, OPU 5, OPU 6, OPU 7, OPU 12, OPU 13, OPU 14 and OPU 16). Genetic variation in each population was detected by h value (Nei’s genetic diversity) which was 0.1999 and 0.1778 for Mount Dempo and Padiampe, respectively. This value was higher compared to those of other rare orchid species even though it only has a small population. V. foetida originated from two populations forming two main clusters in dendrogram with 67 % (0.67) degree of similarity. The dendrogram indicated that the two populations are connected, and assumed as one large population in the past and were separated from larger population by habitat fragmentation. This species was not genetically in danger and will be able to survive if its natural habitats are remained.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124215936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The butterfly diversity and assemblages at five substations located at the different elevations along the Crocker Range Park, ranging from 396m to 1,891m a.s.l were documented in this study. The butterfly samplings were conducted from April to December 2019, involving 10 sampling sessions. The butterflies were sampled by using 20 baited traps and an aerial net at 20 sampling stations. A total of 727 individuals were sampled comprising 187 species. Nymphalidae was the dominant family at the five substations, which accounted for approximately 53% of the total species and 71% of the total individuals recorded, while Ypthima pandocus was the dominant species. The highest number of species was recorded at Keningau substation (965-1,062 m a.s.l) but the highest number of individuals was recorded at Mahua substation (1060-1,249 m a.s.l). Mount Alab substation recorded the least number of butterfly species and individuals. The overall pattern indicated that the butterfly species and abundance were relatively high at an elevation range of about 960-1,250 m a.s.l. Keningau substation was the most diverse area as shown by Shannon-Wiener Index (H’=2.885), followed by Inobong, Mahua and Ulu Kimanis substations. Ten endemic species were sampled in this study with most of these found at an elevation above 965 m a.s.l. The information obtained from this study would contribute to a better understanding of the elevational diversity pattern of tropical biota and also could serve as baseline data for conservation management at Crocker Range Park in facing threats on biodiversity, including global warming.
本研究记录了位于Crocker Range Park沿线海拔396米至1891米不同海拔高度的5个变电站的蝴蝶多样性和种群数量。蝴蝶采样于2019年4月至12月进行，共10次采样。在20个采样站使用20个诱捕器和空中网对蝴蝶进行采样。共取样727个个体，包括187种。5个站点的优势科为蛱蝶科，约占总记录种数的53%和总记录个体数的71%，优势种为灰胸蛱蝶科。种数最多的是科宁高站(965 ~ 1062 m a.s.l)，个体数最多的是麻花站(1060 ~ 1249 m a.s.l)。阿拉伯山站记录的蝴蝶种类和个体数量最少。总体格局显示，海拔960 ~ 1250 m范围内蝴蝶种类和丰度较高，其中Keningau变电所蝴蝶种类最多，H′=2.885，其次为Inobong变电所、麻花变电所和Ulu Kimanis变电所。本研究共采集了10种特有物种，其中大部分分布在海拔965 m以上。本研究结果将有助于更好地了解热带生物区系的海拔多样性格局，并可为Crocker Range Park在面临全球变暖等生物多样性威胁时的保护管理提供基线数据。
{"title":"Butterfly Diversity at the Different Elevations along Crocker Range Park, in Malaysian Borneo","authors":"Wan Nur Janatulazwa Wan Chik, Nazirah Mustaffa","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v19i.3933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v19i.3933","url":null,"abstract":"The butterfly diversity and assemblages at five substations located at the different elevations along the Crocker Range Park, ranging from 396m to 1,891m a.s.l were documented in this study. The butterfly samplings were conducted from April to December 2019, involving 10 sampling sessions. The butterflies were sampled by using 20 baited traps and an aerial net at 20 sampling stations. A total of 727 individuals were sampled comprising 187 species. Nymphalidae was the dominant family at the five substations, which accounted for approximately 53% of the total species and 71% of the total individuals recorded, while Ypthima pandocus was the dominant species. The highest number of species was recorded at Keningau substation (965-1,062 m a.s.l) but the highest number of individuals was recorded at Mahua substation (1060-1,249 m a.s.l). Mount Alab substation recorded the least number of butterfly species and individuals. The overall pattern indicated that the butterfly species and abundance were relatively high at an elevation range of about 960-1,250 m a.s.l. Keningau substation was the most diverse area as shown by Shannon-Wiener Index (H’=2.885), followed by Inobong, Mahua and Ulu Kimanis substations. Ten endemic species were sampled in this study with most of these found at an elevation above 965 m a.s.l. The information obtained from this study would contribute to a better understanding of the elevational diversity pattern of tropical biota and also could serve as baseline data for conservation management at Crocker Range Park in facing threats on biodiversity, including global warming.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115917705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A preliminary checklist of the Orchidaceae of Gashaka Gumti National Park (GGNP) is presented, based on previous reports on the flora of GGNP and recent botanical explorations. The results from this study recorded 80 orchid species in 38 genera. The collection consists of 84% epiphytes and 16% terrestrial orchids. The genera with highest number of species are the Bulbophyllum (16 species) and Polystachya (11 species), while Habenaria is the richest terrestrial genus with five species. Afropectinariella gabonensis, Bulbophyllum renkinianum and Rhipidoglossum polydactylum are newly recorded for Nigeria. Other noteworthy taxa include Angraecopsis elliptica, Bulbophyllum calvum, Holothrix aphyllaand Tridactyle tridentata which are some of the rarest orchid species in Nigeria. The highest species number was recorded in the lowland forest of the southern sector, particularly Kwano, with 42 species, followed by 29 species in the montane forest, five species in the savanna woodland, and four taxa in the lowland gallery forest. Our study identified recent transhumance to the enclave of the park (leading to grazing), and illegal logging of Pterocarpus erinaceous and Afzelia africana as the major noticeable threats to the continued existence of orchid species in GGNP. Therefore, further inventories with rigorous techniques such as the tree climbing technique are warranted for an exhaustive inventory and effective conservation of the orchid flora of GGNP.
根据对Gashaka Gumti国家公园(GGNP)植物区系的报道和近年来的植物调查，初步编制了该公园兰科植物名录。本研究共录得兰花38属80种。该藏品包括84%的附生植物和16%的陆生兰花。种数最多的属是球叶属(16种)和多穗属(11种)，而Habenaria是最丰富的陆生属(5种)。尼日利亚新记录了加蓬非洲果胶菌、renkinianum球叶菌和polydactylum棘舌菌。其他值得注意的分类群包括anggraecopsis elliptica, Bulbophyllum calum, Holothrix aphylland和triidacle tridentata，它们是尼日利亚最稀有的兰花物种。南段低地林以Kwano林最多，有42种，其次是山地林29种，稀树草原林地5种，低地廊道林4个类群。我们的研究发现，最近对公园飞地的迁移(导致放牧)，以及非法砍伐Pterocarpus erinaceous和Afzelia africana是对GGNP兰花物种持续存在的主要威胁。因此，需要进一步采用爬树技术等严格的技术进行调查，以便对GGNP的兰花区系进行全面调查和有效保护。
{"title":"Preliminary Conservation Checklist of Orchid of Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria","authors":"G. Nodza, T. Onuminya, O. Ogundipe","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v19i.3936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v19i.3936","url":null,"abstract":"A preliminary checklist of the Orchidaceae of Gashaka Gumti National Park (GGNP) is presented, based on previous reports on the flora of GGNP and recent botanical explorations. The results from this study recorded 80 orchid species in 38 genera. The collection consists of 84% epiphytes and 16% terrestrial orchids. The genera with highest number of species are the Bulbophyllum (16 species) and Polystachya (11 species), while Habenaria is the richest terrestrial genus with five species. Afropectinariella gabonensis, Bulbophyllum renkinianum and Rhipidoglossum polydactylum are newly recorded for Nigeria. Other noteworthy taxa include Angraecopsis elliptica, Bulbophyllum calvum, Holothrix aphyllaand Tridactyle tridentata which are some of the rarest orchid species in Nigeria. The highest species number was recorded in the lowland forest of the southern sector, particularly Kwano, with 42 species, followed by 29 species in the montane forest, five species in the savanna woodland, and four taxa in the lowland gallery forest. Our study identified recent transhumance to the enclave of the park (leading to grazing), and illegal logging of Pterocarpus erinaceous and Afzelia africana as the major noticeable threats to the continued existence of orchid species in GGNP. Therefore, further inventories with rigorous techniques such as the tree climbing technique are warranted for an exhaustive inventory and effective conservation of the orchid flora of GGNP.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121061467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. D. Advento, Kalsum M. Yusah, M. Naim, J. Caliman, T. Fayle
The Asian weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) is sometimes used as a biocontrol agent against pests in tropical agriculture as part of integrated pest management programmes. However, the effectiveness of weaver ants as a predator depends on the abundance and activity of colonies in naturally occurring populations. Mass-rearing is a method that could be useful both for getting lots of colonies and for maximising colony growth and aggressiveness. The diet of mass reared weaver ants potentially impacts their growth rate and behaviour. In this study, we investigate the effect of four common commercial protein diets (mackerel, tuna, cricket and mealworms) on O. smaragdina colony growth and aggressiveness during mass-rearing over a two-month experimental study at the Smart Research Institute, Riau, Indonesia. Colonies fed on mackerel, the cheapest protein source, and mealworm were able to grow significantly larger than those fed on tuna, even though colonies fed with mackerel showed the lowest amount of mass intake of protein food. In contrast, colonies fed with crickets (the diet with the greatest proportion of protein) had the greatest aggression index against experimentally placed bagworms (a common pest in oil palm plantations), with their aggression being significantly greater than that for mackerel-fed colonies. Taken together, our results show that there are trade-offs between different protein diets for weaver ant colonies in mass rearing facilities. Protein diet can be chosen depending on whether colony growth rate, colony aggressiveness, or price is the main factor driving decisions.
{"title":"Which Protein Source is Best for Mass-Rearing of Asian Weaver Ants?","authors":"A. D. Advento, Kalsum M. Yusah, M. Naim, J. Caliman, T. Fayle","doi":"10.51200/jtbc.v19i.3940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51200/jtbc.v19i.3940","url":null,"abstract":"The Asian weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) is sometimes used as a biocontrol agent against pests in tropical agriculture as part of integrated pest management programmes. However, the effectiveness of weaver ants as a predator depends on the abundance and activity of colonies in naturally occurring populations. Mass-rearing is a method that could be useful both for getting lots of colonies and for maximising colony growth and aggressiveness. The diet of mass reared weaver ants potentially impacts their growth rate and behaviour. In this study, we investigate the effect of four common commercial protein diets (mackerel, tuna, cricket and mealworms) on O. smaragdina colony growth and aggressiveness during mass-rearing over a two-month experimental study at the Smart Research Institute, Riau, Indonesia. Colonies fed on mackerel, the cheapest protein source, and mealworm were able to grow significantly larger than those fed on tuna, even though colonies fed with mackerel showed the lowest amount of mass intake of protein food. In contrast, colonies fed with crickets (the diet with the greatest proportion of protein) had the greatest aggression index against experimentally placed bagworms (a common pest in oil palm plantations), with their aggression being significantly greater than that for mackerel-fed colonies. Taken together, our results show that there are trade-offs between different protein diets for weaver ant colonies in mass rearing facilities. Protein diet can be chosen depending on whether colony growth rate, colony aggressiveness, or price is the main factor driving decisions.","PeriodicalId":322463,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Biology & Conservation (JTBC)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114807542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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