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Colour and gender: language nuances 颜色和性别:语言的细微差别
Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.14198/FEM.2021.38.05
Isabel Espinosa Zaragoza
It is a deeply rooted belief that women possess a richer colour vocabulary than men (Rich, 1977). According to Lakoff, certain adjectives denoting colour (e.g. mauve) would never be naturally chosen by men unless they were «imitating a woman sarcastically, or a homosexual, or an interior decorator» (1973, p. 49). Are these affirmations adjusted to our present reality? Nowadays, colour is present in almost every economic sector. Consequently, a proficient use of colour vocabulary is expected from professionals, regardless of their gender. Hence, if the differences in colour vocabulary are learnt and highly dependent on the user’s necessities and expectations, then said differences after globalisation and exposure to the Internet should not be so striking. With this objective in mind, this study analyses colour elicitation performed by university students. Both their descriptive capacity and colour lexicon availability are measured depending on students’ colour terms usage. Furthermore, potential reasons for variation are provided.
人们根深蒂固地认为,女性比男性拥有更丰富的颜色词汇(Rich, 1977)。根据Lakoff的说法,某些表示颜色的形容词(例如,淡紫色)永远不会被男人自然选择,除非他们“讽刺地模仿女人,或同性恋者,或室内装饰师”(1973,第49页)。这些肯定是调整到我们目前的现实?如今,色彩几乎出现在每一个经济领域。因此,无论性别如何,专业人士都需要熟练使用颜色词汇。因此,如果颜色词汇的差异是习得的,并且高度依赖于用户的需求和期望,那么全球化和接触互联网后的差异就不应该那么明显了。考虑到这一目标,本研究分析了大学生的颜色启发行为。他们的描述能力和颜色词汇的可用性都是根据学生对颜色术语的使用来衡量的。此外,还提供了变异的潜在原因。
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引用次数: 0
Gender stereotyping and retro-sexism in advertising discourse from a postfeminist perspective 从后女权主义视角看广告话语中的性别刻板印象和复古性别歧视
Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.14198/FEM.2021.38.07
Antonia Montés
Negative female stereotypes and the portrayal of women in traditional and non-agentive social roles prevail in advertising. Advertisers believe that it is an effective advertising strategy to misuse postfeminist standpoints, stressing liberated womanhood and constructing a universe where women have gained it all and men have to reconquer their lost ground. This article analyses the appropriation of postfeminist discourse with the aim of showing how negative and even demeaning female stereotypes and clichés are represented, and by doing so, how a retro-sexist imagery is constructed within the advertising discourse. Undertaking a case study analysis of an advertising campaign of the brand IWC, a luxury brand for watches, and applying a feminist critical discourse perspective (Lazar, 2005, 2007), which shows the gender asymmetries in discourse, it is argued that advertising perpetuates misbeliefs about women’s roles in society and reinforces demeaning female stereotypes in the collective imaginary about the understanding of gender equality.
负面的女性刻板印象以及对女性在传统和非代理社会角色中的刻画在广告中盛行。广告商认为,滥用后女权主义立场是一种有效的广告策略,强调解放女性,构建一个女性获得一切,男性必须收复失地的世界。本文分析了后女权主义话语的挪用,目的是展示负面甚至有辱人格的女性刻板印象和陈词滥调是如何被代表的,以及通过这样做,复古的性别歧视形象是如何在广告话语中构建的。对奢侈手表品牌IWC的广告活动进行案例研究分析,并应用女权主义批判话语视角(Lazar,20052007),该视角显示了话语中的性别不对称,有人认为,广告使人们对女性在社会中的角色产生了误解,并在对性别平等理解的集体想象中强化了贬低女性的刻板印象。
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引用次数: 2
Patriarcavirus, feminist dystopias and COVID-19: reflections on the phenomenon of gender pandemics 父系病毒、女权主义反乌托邦和COVID-19:对性别流行病现象的思考
Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.14198/fem.2021.38.14
Almudena Machado-Jiménez
This essay examines contemporary feminist dystopias to study the phenomenon of gender pandemics. Gender pandemic narrative allegorises possible aftermaths of patriarcavirus, unleashing many natural disasters that force global biopolitics to hinder gender equality. The main objective of this essay is to explain how gender pandemics are appropriated in patriarchal utopian discourses as a pretext to control female empowerment, diagnosing women as diseased organisms that risk the state’s well-being. Moreover, the novels explore the interdependence between biology and sociality, portraying the acute vulnerability of female bodies during and after the pandemic conflicts, inasmuch as patriarchal power arranges a hierarchical value system of living that reinforces gender discrimination. Particularly, the COVID-19 emergency is analysed as a gender pandemic: the exacerbated machismo and the growing distress in the female population prove that women are afflicted with a suffocating patriarcavirus, which has critically gagged them in the first year of the pandemic.
本文考察了当代女权主义反乌托邦,以研究性别流行病现象。性别大流行叙事寓言了父权制病毒可能造成的后果,引发了许多自然灾害,迫使全球生物政治阻碍性别平等。本文的主要目的是解释性别流行病如何在父权乌托邦话语中被用作控制女性赋权的借口,将女性诊断为危及国家福祉的患病生物。此外,小说还探讨了生物学和社会性之间的相互依存关系,描绘了女性身体在大流行冲突期间和之后的极度脆弱性,因为父权安排了一种强化性别歧视的等级生活价值体系。特别是,COVID-19紧急情况被分析为性别大流行:女性人口中日益加剧的大男子主义和日益增长的痛苦证明,妇女受到令人窒息的父系病毒的折磨,这种病毒在大流行的第一年严重阻碍了她们。
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引用次数: 0
The Subjugation of Women through Lexical Innovation in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale 从玛格丽特·阿特伍德《使女的故事》的词汇创新看对女性的征服
Pub Date : 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.14198/FEM.2021.38.02
Paula López-Rúa
Given the importance of novel formations in science and speculative fiction, the aim of this paper is to analyse a selection of morphosemantic and semantic neologisms that occur in the feminist dystopia The Handmaid’s Tale (1985), namely those items more closely connected with women’s lives. These items are gathered, classified and discussed by resorting to the tools provided by Morphology, Lexical Semantics, Onomastics and Women’s Studies. Therefore, the paper explores how new names for people (Econowives, Offred), activities (Particicution), artifacts (Birthmobile) and places (the Colonies) play a part in the linguistic task of female subjugation. It shows how in a fictional republic where gender roles and religious totalitarianism are taken to extremes, the forms and meanings of words are manipulated to enhance power relations and gender inequality, impose an orthodox frame of mind (comply with the system), and avoid uncomfortable truths. Neologisms provide a sense of authenticity in the narrative and show how language evolves to satisfy various needs, not only pragmatic, but also social, ideological and euphemistic.
鉴于小说形式在科幻和推理小说中的重要性,本文的目的是分析女权主义反乌托邦《使女的故事》(1985)中出现的形态语义和语义新词,即那些与女性生活更紧密联系的新词。利用形态学、词汇语义学、本体论和妇女研究等提供的工具,对这些项目进行了收集、分类和讨论。因此,本文探讨了新的人名(Econowives、Offred)、活动(Particiotion)、文物(Birthmobile)和地点(Colonies)如何在女性征服的语言任务中发挥作用。它展示了在一个虚构的共和国,性别角色和宗教极权主义被推向极端,词语的形式和含义被操纵,以加强权力关系和性别不平等,强加正统的心态(遵守制度),并避免令人不安的真相。新词在叙事中提供了一种真实感,并展示了语言是如何进化来满足各种需求的,不仅是语用的,还有社会的、意识形态的和委婉的。
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引用次数: 1
Determinación sexual: ¿cómo estructura la biomedicina contemporánea su discurso sobre la génesis de la diferencia? Un estudio con foco en Argentina 性别决定:当代生物医学如何构建其关于差异起源的话语?以阿根廷为重点的研究
Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.14198/FEM.2021.38.13
Luciana Hadid, M. Belardo
El discurso biomédico contemporáneo sostiene que el elemento determinante del sexo humano es el camino de desarrollo tomado por las gónadas al comienzo de la vida. A través de un proceso conocido como determinación sexual, esas estructuras dejan de ser órganos sexualmente indiferenciados para transformarse en ovarios o testículos, en un enfoque binario. Eso define el resto del desarrollo genital. El objetivo de este artículo es identificar quiénes elaboran el discurso biomédico sobre determinación sexual entre 1990 y 2015, y qué materiales producen. Este análisis está enmarcado en la propuesta teórica de Ludwik Fleck, a partir del concepto de colectivo de pensamiento. La metodología es cualitativa, con fuentes primarias y secundarias. La determinación sexual es enunciada como un proceso estrictamente natural que no constituye un objeto epistemológico. Este discurso perpetúa condiciones opresivas y normalizadoras que resultan centrales en la estructuración de la verdad biomédica sobre el cuerpo normal.
当代生物医学话语认为,人类性别的决定因素是性腺在生命开始时所走的发展道路。通过一个被称为性决定的过程,这些结构不再是未分化的性器官,而是以二进制方式转化为卵巢或睾丸。这定义了生殖器发育的其他部分。这篇文章的目的是确定谁在1990年至2015年期间编写了关于性决定的生物医学演讲,以及他们制作了什么材料。这一分析是路德维希·弗莱克从集体思想概念出发的理论建议的一部分。该方法是定性的,有初级和次级来源。性决定被表述为一个严格自然的过程,不构成认识论对象。这种话语使压迫和正常化的条件永久化,这些条件对构建正常身体的生物医学真理至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Gender and expletives as discourse markers: Some uses of joder in young women’s interactions in Spanish and Galician 性别和咒骂语作为话语标记:西班牙语和加利西亚语中年轻女性互动中joder的一些用法
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.14198/fem.2021.38.03
Virginia Acuña Ferreira
This paper approaches young women’s speaking style by analysing the ways in which the interjection joder is employed in interactions in Spanish and Galician among young females. The analysis identifies several uses of this form at the interactional and discursive level: reinforcement of speech acts, marker of disagreement, marker of complaints, expression of minimal emotional assessments, correcting and stalling. It is concluded that joder has developed multiple functions in interaction as a discursive marker, in contrast to arguments against the inclusion of interjections in this pragmatic category. The findings also suggest that this expletive fulfils a sociolinguistic function as a marker of ‘young femininities’, since it demonstrates how it has been integrated into young women’s speaking style, in contrast to traditional gender rules and broader descriptions of ‘women’s talk’ in Language and Gender studies.
本文通过分析感叹词joder在年轻女性西班牙语和加利西亚语交际中的运用方式,探讨了年轻女性的说话风格。分析确定了这种形式在互动和话语层面的几种用法:强化言语行为,表示不同意,表示抱怨,表达最低限度的情绪评估,纠正和拖延。本文的结论是,与反对将感叹词纳入语用范畴的观点形成鲜明对比的是,感叹词在互动中作为话语标记具有多种功能。研究结果还表明,与传统的性别规则和语言与性别研究中对“女性话语”的更广泛描述相比,这种咒骂语作为“年轻女性”的标志,在社会语言学上发挥了作用,因为它表明了它是如何融入年轻女性的说话风格的。
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引用次数: 1
Gender identity in interaction: overcoming heteronormativity 互动中的性别认同:克服异性恋规范
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.14198/fem.2021.38.08
Carmen Santamaría-García
The present article reviews theoretical concepts that can contribute to the analysis of the construction of gender identity in interaction, moving on from heteronormativity, understood as the normalization of heterosexuality as the only, or more, legitimate form of sexuality. Identity is discussed together with the concepts of face, rapport and (im)politeness from a discursive approach (van der Bom & Mills, 2015). It is argued that gender identity face builds on attributes of both respectability and identity faces with differing strengths and saliency depending on the individuals and the context. Analysis is limited to the construction of hetero and gay male gender identities in interaction with women in academic contexts and draws on data from a corpus of naturally occurring interactions compiled by the author. Gay males seem to differ from hetero males in in their choice of resources for doing face-enhancing positive politeness and rapport with their female colleagues. Despite the limited size of the sample, the study hopes to contribute to a better understanding of the construction of gender identity from a discursive approach.
本文回顾了有助于分析互动中性别认同建构的理论概念,从异性恋规范开始,将异性恋理解为唯一或更合法的性形式的正常化。身份与面部、融洽关系和(im)礼貌的概念一起从话语的角度进行了讨论(van der Bom & Mills, 2015)。性别认同脸建立在受尊重和身份脸的属性基础上,根据个体和环境的不同,其优势和显著性有所不同。分析仅限于异性恋和同性恋男性在学术背景下与女性互动时的性别认同建构,并从作者汇编的自然发生的互动语料库中提取数据。男同性恋者似乎与异性恋者不同,他们选择的资源使他们的女同事看起来更有面子,更有礼貌,更融洽。尽管样本量有限,但本研究希望有助于从话语的角度更好地理解性别认同的构建。
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引用次数: 0
‘It doesn’t meet the requirements of violence or intimidation’. A discursive study of judgments of sexual abuse “它不符合暴力或恐吓的要求。”对性虐待判决的话语性研究
Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.14198/fem.2021.38.09
María Martínez-Delgado Veiga
This study delves into the main discourses found in five sexual abuse judgments, in different Spanish Courts. The analysis employs Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis in order to explore the topic of sexual violence, its understanding, and the dominant discourses revealed in these judgments of sexual abuse, and to investigate the way rape cases are treated discursively in Court from a feminist perspective. The dominant discourses found have been those of sexuality; inaction of the survivor; and lack of violence and/or intimidation. Unravelling these hidden ideologies and relationships of power is crucial to give us a better awareness of the dominant ideas surrounding violence against women.
本研究深入研究了在西班牙不同法院的五个性虐待判决中发现的主要话语。本文运用女性主义批评话语分析法,探讨性暴力这一话题及其理解,以及在这些性侵判决中所揭示的主导话语,并从女性主义的角度考察法院对强奸案件的话语处理方式。所发现的主要话语是关于性的;幸存者的不作为;没有暴力和/或恐吓。揭开这些隐藏的意识形态和权力关系,对于让我们更好地了解围绕针对妇女的暴力行为的主流观念至关重要。
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引用次数: 1
Ṯawra almar’a muš ‘awra. Feminismo árabe laico en países árabes y/o islámicos y Europa Ṯawra almar'a muš'awra。阿拉伯和/或伊斯兰国家和欧洲的世俗阿拉伯女权主义
Pub Date : 2020-12-03 DOI: 10.14198/fem.2020.36.12
María Isabel García Lafuente
En este artículo presentaremos de manera breve los vínculos entre los discursos de algunas feministas árabes muy conocidas en la actualidad sobre temas tan controvertidos como la laicidad o el uso del cuerpo como arma de batalla. Podemos considerarlas como las representantes de un movimiento que está tomando fuerza en países árabes y/o islámicos y también en Europa. Es un movimiento que lucha por los derechos de las mujeres sin amparar su discurso en ninguna religión, algo que estas feministas consideran indispensable para alcanzar el progreso social y la igualdad de género.
在这篇文章中,我们将简要介绍一些著名的阿拉伯女权主义者在世俗主义和使用身体作为战斗武器等有争议的问题上的演讲之间的联系。我们可以把他们看作是一场在阿拉伯和/或伊斯兰国家以及欧洲正在崛起的运动的代表。这是一场争取妇女权利的运动,不支持任何宗教的言论,这些女权主义者认为这对实现社会进步和性别平等至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Contestations of nationhood and belonging in contemporary African women travel writing 当代非洲女性旅行写作中的国家地位与归属之争
Pub Date : 2020-12-03 DOI: 10.14198/2020.36.07
Maureen Amimo
Contemporary African travel writing produces interesting possibilities redefining the directions of the genre. One of these promises manifests in how the crisis of nationhood and belonging impacts subjects’ navigation of sites of travel. African travel narratives by women foreground fractured intimacies encumbering journeys, especially when subjects travel «home». Such texts extensively grapple with the complexities of negotiating the personal and the collective in a bid to unravel belonging. This article examines two travelogues by African women: Leah Chishugi’s A Long Way from Paradise: Surviving the Rwandan Genocide and Noo Saro-Wiwa’s Looking for Transwonderland: Travels in Nigeria as explorations of how reading precarities of nationhood through embodied travel re-imagines private journeys as a means to tease out public anxieties of nationhood and belonging. In the process of narrating precarious journeys, African women complicate the travelogue into a political statement of belonging and its paradoxes.
当代非洲旅行写作产生了有趣的可能性,重新定义了这一类型的方向。这些承诺之一体现在国家身份和归属感的危机如何影响受试者对旅行地点的导航。女性在非洲旅行的叙述中,破裂的亲密关系会阻碍旅行,尤其是当主题旅行“回家”时。这些文本广泛地探讨了个人和集体之间谈判的复杂性,试图解开归属感。本文考察了两本非洲女性的游记:莉亚·奇舒吉的《远离天堂的漫漫长路:在卢旺达种族灭绝中幸存》和努·萨罗-维瓦的《寻找跨仙境:尼日利亚之旅》。这两本游记探讨了如何通过具身旅行解读国家身份的不稳定性,将私人旅行重新想象为梳理公众对国家身份和归属感的焦虑的一种手段。在叙述危险旅程的过程中,非洲妇女将旅行日志复杂化,成为一种关于归属感及其悖论的政治声明。
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引用次数: 0
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