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THE IMPORTANCE OF GOODS AND SERVICES REQUISITION PROCESS IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST 商品和服务征用过程在公共利益中的重要性
Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.3
Marius Milandru
Preparing the national economy and territory for defence is an important component in ensuring national security and, in the current geopolitical and military context, it is carried out in peacetime and involves the capitalization of human, material and financial resources in order to ensure the continuity of socio-economic processes and to satisfy the need for defence resources when a state of mobilisation or war is established. Thus, defence forces must be have a full range of resources at their disposal, depending on their specific needs, so that when a crisis, threat or aggression against the state arises, they should be able to carry out their specific missions. Based on the need to make resources available to national defence institutions in extreme situations that endanger the integrity or proper functioning of the State, one of the ways of ensuring the provision of resources is the requisition of goods and services in the public interest.
为国防做好国民经济和领土准备是确保国家安全的重要组成部分,在当前的地缘政治和军事背景下,它是在和平时期进行的,涉及人力、物力和财力的资本化,以确保社会经济进程的连续性,并满足动员或战争状态建立时对国防资源的需求。因此,国防部队必须根据其具体需要拥有各种资源,以便在出现对国家的危机、威胁或侵略时,他们能够执行其具体任务。在危及国家完整性或正常运作的极端情况下,需要向国防机构提供资源,因此,确保提供资源的方法之一是征用符合公共利益的货物和服务。
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引用次数: 0
BIRTH, DEVELOPMENT AND CONCEPTS FOR THE USE OF AVIATION IN WARFARE BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR 第一次世界大战前在战争中使用航空的诞生、发展和概念
Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.21
Plamen Bogdanov
The following paper examines the emergence of the world's first ideas and attempts to create aircraft and master the third dimension. The creation and first use in warfare of aircraft lighter than air is analysed. The paper further studies the creation and development of the first aircraft heavier than air, as well as the first concepts for the use of aviation in warfare before the period prior to the First World War.
下面的论文探讨了世界上第一个想法的出现,并尝试创造飞机和掌握三维空间。分析了轻于空气的飞机的研制及其在战争中的首次使用。本文进一步研究了第一架比空气重的飞机的创造和发展,以及第一次世界大战之前在战争中使用航空的第一个概念。
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引用次数: 1
STUDY ON THE INSTITUTION OF THE LAW INSURANCE OF MILITARY AIRCRAFT STAFF IN THE PRE-PRINCIPLE OF THE WAR OF NATIONAL REUNION 统一战争前期军机人员法律保险制度研究
Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.25
Cristian Manolachi
Aviation in all countries, as in our country, from the moment it began to rule the sky, paid for this victory with great blood sacrifices! These sacrifices were much higher at that time in terms of flight time and performance. It was found that no matter how rigorous the selection of personnel, the human factor, along with other factors, aeronautical and meteorological material, was a major cause, and accidents could be largely reduced, but not eliminated. Appreciating the sacrifice of the aviators and their material disinterest in this ideal, the "FLIGHT", the highest forums, have taken measures in all countries to ensure the lives of disabled aviators or their descendants due to flight accidents. In line with this unanimously implemented trend at the international level, the system of insurance premiums was first legislated in our country by the Law of the Undersecretary of State for Air of June 5, 1932 and continued later, by the laws that followed, with various amendments. to this day.
所有国家的航空,就像我国的航空一样,从它开始统治天空的那一刻起,就为这一胜利付出了巨大的鲜血牺牲!这些牺牲在当时的飞行时间和性能方面要高得多。结果发现,无论对人员的选择多么严格,人的因素,以及其他因素,航空和气象材料,都是一个主要原因,事故可以大大减少,但不能消除。鉴于飞行员的牺牲精神和他们在物质上对这一理想的不感兴趣,最高论坛“FLIGHT”已在各国采取措施,确保因飞行事故而残疾的飞行员或其后代的生命安全。与这一在国际层面一致实施的趋势相一致,保险费制度首先在我国由1932年6月5日的航空副国务卿法立法,后来由随后的法律继续进行,并进行了各种修订。直到今天。
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引用次数: 0
CAPTAIN COMMANDER MICLESCU GHEORGHE, KNIGHT OF THE ROMANIAN WINGS 米克尔斯库·乔治上尉,罗马尼亚之翼骑士
Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.24
Mihail -Cătălin Lățcan
Descendant of a large family of Moldavian boyars, Lieutenant Commander Miclescu Gheorghe represents in the history of Romanian aeronautics a complex personality, the spirit of the perfect soldier, endowed with an boundless love of country and people, tireless in his desire to improve continuously, his career beginning as cavalry, later aerial observer and pilot, specializing as a fighter pilot. With an exceptional training, with studies and specializations at the great aviation schools in France, England, Germany, fearless and bold defender of the sky of his homeland Romania, he participated in all the battles for the defense of airspace in the Second World War , the liberation of Bessarabia and the defense of the Black Sea airspace, the defense against the Anglo-American bombings, the fight against the German bombings of Bucharest. Through the position he held as commander of Hounter Group in the operations on the front, he gave an admirable personal example to his comrades through his courage, patriotism and spirit of initiative.
作为摩尔多瓦波雅尔大家族的后裔,Miclescu Gheorghe中校在罗马尼亚航空史上代表了一个复杂的人格,完美的士兵精神,被赋予了对国家和人民的无限热爱,不知疲倦地不断提高自己的愿望,他的职业生涯始于骑兵,后来是空中观察员和飞行员,专门作为战斗机飞行员。他受过特殊的训练,在法国、英国、德国的著名航空学校学习和专业,是祖国罗马尼亚天空的无畏和勇敢的捍卫者,参加了第二次世界大战中保卫领空的所有战斗,解放比萨拉比亚和保卫黑海领空,防御英美轰炸,反对德国轰炸布加勒斯特的战斗。他在前线作战中担任猎人大队司令员,以他的勇敢、爱国和主动精神,为战友们树立了令人钦佩的个人榜样。
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引用次数: 0
ROMANIAN MILITARY PARATROOPERS - 80 YEARS OF HISTORY FOR ROMANIA (PERIOD 1941-1945) 罗马尼亚伞兵——罗马尼亚80年历史(1941-1945)
Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.30
Mircea-Adrian Tanase, A. Tănase
In 2021, the military paratroopers celebrated 80 years of existence, since their establishment as a specialty, within the Romanian Aeronautics, later as a distinct weapon and generating, in turn, new military specialties, so necessary for an army that wants to be modern and performant. This specialty, established in the Romanian army at the beginning of the Second World War, was an attempt to respond and align with the needs and, why not, the modernity of the time. Passed through the fire of August 1944, disbanded immediately after the war and reborn from its own ashes in 1950, it managed, despite many hardships and sacrifices, some particularly painful, to impose itself as an elite weapon in the panoply of a modern Romanian army. Side by side with the military aviators, who always supported them with aircraft and aerodrome infrastructure, the paratroopers wrote history for Romania.
2021年,罗马尼亚伞兵部队庆祝了其成立80周年,自成立以来,他们一直是罗马尼亚航空部门的一个专业,后来成为一种独特的武器,反过来又产生了新的军事专业,这对于一支想要现代化和高性能的军队来说是非常必要的。这个专业是在第二次世界大战开始时在罗马尼亚军队中建立的,是为了回应和配合当时的需求,为什么不呢,是为了适应当时的现代化。它经历了1944年8月的战火,战后立即解散,并于1950年从自己的灰烬中重生,尽管经历了许多苦难和牺牲,其中一些尤其痛苦,但它成功地将自己作为现代罗马尼亚军队的精英武器。空降兵们与一直用飞机和机场基础设施支持他们的军事飞行员并肩作战,为罗马尼亚书写了历史。
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引用次数: 0
TRAIAN VUIA AMONG THE LIMITS OF INTELLIGENCE, PASSION AND OPTIMISM. VUIA ENGINES AND THE AFFINITY FOR THE WIDE FIELD OF AERONAUTICS 在智慧、激情和乐观的极限中训练。并对广泛的航空领域有亲和力
Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.20
Denisa–Ana Balea
Traian Vuia, a complex personality often linked to the father of mechanical flight, was, is and definitely will be one of the most debated names of the huge aeronautical sphere of all times. The path that the inventor chose without hesitation proved to be an axis mundi of his future destiny, which gained wings and, at the same time, gave him wings. Even though they seem to be fairytales, his unstoppable progress and life were sometimes paved with obstacles and slips. However, the symbiosis between the continuous desire to become the best version of himself and the need to make valuable contributions to the aviation field has resulted in his philosophy, which still provides us with remarkable achievements.
特拉安·维亚,一个复杂的性格,经常与机械飞行之父联系在一起,过去是,现在是,而且肯定会是有史以来巨大的航空领域中最具争议的名字之一。发明家毫不犹豫地选择的道路成为了他未来命运的世界轴心,这条轴心长出了翅膀,同时也给了他翅膀。尽管看起来像是童话故事,但他不可阻挡的进步和生活有时也会遇到障碍和失误。然而,不断渴望成为最好的自己和需要为航空领域做出有价值的贡献之间的共生关系,导致了他的哲学,这仍然为我们提供了显着的成就。
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引用次数: 0
TEHREEK-E-LABBAIK PAKISTAN (TLP): A RISING EXTREMIST FORCE, OR JUST THE TIP OFA LARGER RADICALISED ICEBERG IN THE AFPAK REGION? 巴基斯坦正义运动(Tehreek-e-labbaik Pakistan, tlp):一支正在崛起的极端主义力量,还是阿巴地区更大的激进主义冰山的一角?
Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.26
Ecaterina-Elena C. Matoi
As if Afghanistan’s recent takeover by the Taliban was not a sufficiently significant development in the AfPak region, reports indicate that Pakistan’s largest sect, the Barelvi, becomes increasingly militant and aggressive by the day. Since another important movement for the history of Pakistan - the Deobandi - has generally dominated the violence scene in Pakistan starting with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, this trend within the Barelvis is a rather new one, and deserves extensive attention keeping in mind the recent regional developments. Taking a brief look at the history of the region to identify possible causes that may underlie the radicalization of the Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan group, it is noticeable that emergence of Barelvi and Deobandi sects in the first part of 19th century was part of a larger movement to revive Islam in the Northern part of India, but in different manners: while the Deobandi kept close to the Hanafi Sunni teachings in a strictly manner, the Barelvi sect – developed itself mostly on a Sufi legacy, as part of a larger Folk Islam inherited from the Mughal Empire, despite being itself affiliated with the Hanafi school. The differences between the two movements became critical from a political, security and social point of view, especially after the division of British India in 1947, into two states: a Muslim one – present day Pakistan, and a Hindu one - present day India, of which, the first, became the state entity that encompassed both Hanafi revivalist movements, Deobandi and Barelvi. Therefore, this research is aiming to analyse the history of Barelvi movement starting with the British Raj, the way in which Pakistan was established as a state and the problems that arose with the partition of the former British colony, the very Islamic essence of the new established state, and the potential for destabilization of Barelvi organisations in an already prone to conflict area. Consequently, the current research aims to identify the patterns of latest developments in Pakistan, their historical roots and causes, main actors active in religious, political and military fields in this important state-actor from the AfPak region, in order to project Barelvi recent in a defined environment, mainly by using a historical approach.
似乎阿富汗最近被塔利班占领对阿富汗-巴基斯坦地区来说还不够重要,有报道指出,巴基斯坦最大的教派巴雷勒维正日益变得好战和咄咄逼人。由于巴基斯坦历史上的另一个重要运动- - Deobandi - -从苏联入侵阿富汗开始普遍主导了巴基斯坦的暴力场面,因此巴雷尔维斯内部的这一趋势是一个相当新的趋势,考虑到最近的区域事态发展,值得广泛注意。简要回顾一下该地区的历史,找出巴基斯坦Tehreek-e-Labbaik组织激进化的可能原因,值得注意的是,19世纪上半叶出现的Barelvi和Deobandi教派是印度北部复兴伊斯兰教的更大运动的一部分,但方式不同:虽然Deobandi严格遵循哈纳菲派逊尼派教义,但Barelvi教派主要是在苏菲派遗产的基础上发展起来的,作为莫卧儿帝国继承的更大的民间伊斯兰教的一部分,尽管它本身隶属于哈纳菲派。从政治、安全和社会的角度来看,这两种运动之间的差异变得至关重要,尤其是在1947年英属印度分裂为两个国家之后:一个是穆斯林国家(今天的巴基斯坦),一个是印度教国家(今天的印度),其中第一个国家成为包含哈纳菲复兴运动(Deobandi和Barelvi)的国家实体。因此,本研究旨在分析从英国统治时期开始的Barelvi运动的历史,巴基斯坦作为一个国家建立的方式,以及前英国殖民地分裂所产生的问题,新建立的国家的伊斯兰本质,以及在已经容易发生冲突的地区,Barelvi组织不稳定的可能性。因此,目前的研究旨在确定巴基斯坦最新发展的模式,其历史根源和原因,在这个来自阿富汗-巴基斯坦地区的重要国家行为者的宗教、政治和军事领域活跃的主要行为者,以便主要通过使用历史方法,在一个确定的环境中预测巴雷利维最近的情况。
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引用次数: 0
THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPTS OF USE OF ROMANIAN AVIATION IN THE TWO WORLD CONFLAGRATIONS AND IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD 罗马尼亚航空概念在两次世界大战和两次世界大战之间的演变
Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.27
Florian Răpan
Romania has dedicated to world aviation top personalities such as Traian Vuia, Aurel Vlaicu and Henri Coandă, being among the first countries in the world not only in the construction of aircraft lighter or heavier than air, but also through the procedures of conquest of airspace. Romania - as a country with significant possibilities in the field of aeronautical construction and the use of aviation for military purposes - has paid the necessary attention to capitalizing on its own and international experience. Thus, between the two world wars, in our country the concept of aviation use in combat experienced an evolution corresponding to the policy of that period of the Romanian state.
罗马尼亚致力于世界航空顶级人物,如特拉扬·维亚,奥雷尔·弗拉库和亨利·科安德雷,不仅是世界上第一个建造比空气更轻或更重的飞机的国家,而且还通过征服空域的程序。罗马尼亚- -作为一个在航空建造和将航空用于军事目的方面具有巨大可能性的国家- -对利用其自身和国际经验给予了必要的注意。因此,在两次世界大战之间,在我国,在战斗中使用航空的概念经历了与罗马尼亚国家那个时期的政策相对应的演变。
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引用次数: 0
HISTORICAL LANDMARKS REGARDING THE ACTIONS OF ATTACKING IN THE AIR OF THE AERONAUTICAL PERSONNEL THAT ARE SAVED BY PARACHUTING DURING THE WORLD CONFLICTS OF THE XXTH CENTURY 在二十世纪的世界冲突中,通过跳伞拯救的航空人员在空中攻击的历史地标
Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.22
Mihai Deaş
The use of the parachute as a means of rescuing pilots and aerospaces has become an increasingly used practice, with the progress of aeronautical technology. This article brings to the readers the problem of treating those who used this means of rescue in the periods of conflict since the beginning of aeronautics, more precisely in the first and second world wars. The question that this article tries to answer is whether the one who saves himself with the parachute during the states of conflict can be attacked in the air, and this attack can be considered legitimate and / or moral.
随着航空技术的进步,使用降落伞作为营救飞行员和航空航天的一种手段已经成为越来越多的实践。这篇文章带给读者的问题是,自航空开始以来,在冲突时期,更确切地说,在第一次和第二次世界大战中,如何对待那些使用这种救援手段的人。这篇文章试图回答的问题是,在冲突状态下用降落伞自救的人是否可以在空中受到攻击,这种攻击可以被认为是合法的和/或道德的。
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引用次数: 0
THE CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH IN ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT; JAMMING AND COUNTER JAMMING 电子监控系统管理的研究现状干扰与反干扰
Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.6
Mihai-Alin Meclea, L. Găină, M. Boșcoianu
We all saw an important development of weapons containing electronic devices and systems. Not so many years ago, military specialists were considering that precision will make the difference in combat and that precision must be increased using electronics. First, it was stated that augmenting the explosive charge ten times, will increase the effectiveness of the hit only five times. On the other hand, the precision of weapons systems increased 10 times will increase the effectiveness of the hit 100 times. A single surgical shot will be enough to annihilate the target. In the same time, when considering a defensive approach, a very sensitive issue has become the management of electronic surveillance (ES) systems, not only in the military, but also in civilian use. Those ES systems must work properly, at full capacity and in a secured and private environment. In jamming area, new techniques are developed constantly. We witness the integration of AI (artificial intelligence) in ECM (electronic counter measures) systems and the solution to bring the EW (electronic warfare) payload on UCAVs (unmanned combat aerial vehicle). Also new techniques to counter jamming are emerging.
我们都看到了包含电子装置和系统的武器的重要发展。就在几年前,军事专家们还认为,精确程度将决定战斗的成败,因此必须使用电子设备来提高精确程度。首先,据说将炸药装药量增加十倍,只会使命中效果增加五倍。另一方面,武器系统的精度提高10倍,命中效果将提高100倍。一枪就足以消灭目标。与此同时,在考虑防御方法时,一个非常敏感的问题已经成为电子监视(ES)系统的管理,不仅在军事上,而且在民用上。这些ES系统必须在安全和私密的环境中正常工作,满负荷工作。在干扰领域,新技术不断发展。我们见证了AI(人工智能)在ECM(电子对抗)系统中的集成,以及将EW(电子战)有效载荷带到UCAVs(无人作战飞行器)上的解决方案。同时,对抗干扰的新技术也在不断涌现。
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引用次数: 0
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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE
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