A graph model of computer programs has been developed in a series of studies directed toward improving analysis of the structure of programs executed on different computer configurations. One inherent weakness of the model has been the need for estimates of the mean number of times a program would cycle around its loop structures and estimates of branching probabilities. Extensive improvements were made in the model on the assumption that good estimates would be inserted during a manual transformation of a given program into a computer processable graph representation. The combination of improved tools for measurement of program activities and recently developed analysis programs now permit automatic analysis of source programs. The automatic analysis is based on more reliable measured a priori statistics. This paper discusses a valuable by-product of this measurement and analysis which directs attention toward those parts of a program which are leading candidates for application of optimization techniques. In particular we present an example of the automatic analysis of programs written in the FORTRAN IV language. FORTRAN was selected as a first target for analysis because there exists a large number of time-consuming programs written entirely in FORTRAN.
{"title":"Measurement based automatic analysis of FORTRAN programs","authors":"E. C. Russell, G. Estrin","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476915","url":null,"abstract":"A graph model of computer programs has been developed in a series of studies directed toward improving analysis of the structure of programs executed on different computer configurations. One inherent weakness of the model has been the need for estimates of the mean number of times a program would cycle around its loop structures and estimates of branching probabilities. Extensive improvements were made in the model on the assumption that good estimates would be inserted during a manual transformation of a given program into a computer processable graph representation. The combination of improved tools for measurement of program activities and recently developed analysis programs now permit automatic analysis of source programs. The automatic analysis is based on more reliable measured a priori statistics. This paper discusses a valuable by-product of this measurement and analysis which directs attention toward those parts of a program which are leading candidates for application of optimization techniques. In particular we present an example of the automatic analysis of programs written in the FORTRAN IV language. FORTRAN was selected as a first target for analysis because there exists a large number of time-consuming programs written entirely in FORTRAN.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122638502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Burner, R. Million, O. W. Richard, J. Sobolewski
In the spring of 1967 Washington State University began investigating the possibility of replacing or supplementing its IBM 2702 terminal control unit with a small computer. We hoped to realize four significant advantages from such a move: 1. A small computer---being programmable---offered the opportunity of increased flexibility in the control of remote terminals. 2. The prices of small computers had decreased to the point that it seemed reasonable to expect such a system to cost less than the IBM 2702. 3. Since IBM required that each TTY line be connected to the 2702 via a 3233 line adapter and a 103A or 103F data set, we felt that significant savings might be obtained through lower incremental costs per line, achieved by providing either direct TTY connection or the use of lower cost data sets on leased private lines. 4. By handling as many communication problems as possible in the small computer, we hoped to reduce substantially the amount and complexity of system modifications in the large computer.
{"title":"The use of a small computer as a terminal controller for a large computing system","authors":"H. Burner, R. Million, O. W. Richard, J. Sobolewski","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476925","url":null,"abstract":"In the spring of 1967 Washington State University began investigating the possibility of replacing or supplementing its IBM 2702 terminal control unit with a small computer. We hoped to realize four significant advantages from such a move:\u0000 1. A small computer---being programmable---offered the opportunity of increased flexibility in the control of remote terminals.\u0000 2. The prices of small computers had decreased to the point that it seemed reasonable to expect such a system to cost less than the IBM 2702.\u0000 3. Since IBM required that each TTY line be connected to the 2702 via a 3233 line adapter and a 103A or 103F data set, we felt that significant savings might be obtained through lower incremental costs per line, achieved by providing either direct TTY connection or the use of lower cost data sets on leased private lines.\u0000 4. By handling as many communication problems as possible in the small computer, we hoped to reduce substantially the amount and complexity of system modifications in the large computer.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124757432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The brief history of the development of large programming systems shows a persistent inability to predict cost and time associated with it. For this reason I want to discuss some of the principles and practice which experience (either good or bad) has shown can yield a higher level of predictability. I do not pretend that these principles are always easy to apply or that they do not have to be interpreted to particular situations. However, I do believe that the principles are fundamental in that predictability can be guaranteed to increase if they are followed.
{"title":"A systematic approach to the development of system programs","authors":"F. Trapnell","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476855","url":null,"abstract":"The brief history of the development of large programming systems shows a persistent inability to predict cost and time associated with it. For this reason I want to discuss some of the principles and practice which experience (either good or bad) has shown can yield a higher level of predictability. I do not pretend that these principles are always easy to apply or that they do not have to be interpreted to particular situations. However, I do believe that the principles are fundamental in that predictability can be guaranteed to increase if they are followed.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126227343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes a unique workshop structure based on the Montessori Method and utilizing both vertical and horizontal interaction in the training of systems programmers.
本文描述了一个独特的工作坊结构，基于蒙台梭利方法，利用垂直和水平的互动来培训系统程序员。
{"title":"Montessori techniques applied to programmer training in a workshop environment","authors":"E. R. Alexander","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476849","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a unique workshop structure based on the Montessori Method and utilizing both vertical and horizontal interaction in the training of systems programmers.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128725102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The acceptance of digital control for large scale industrial processes, such as chemical, refining, power, and material processing is a step towards total automation and a further improvement in control system performance. Process control oriented programming languages provide a control engineer with means to learn and hence set up, modify, and operate a control system with ease. They eliminate the complication of involving a programmer, who generally has little knowledge about process control engineering. The result is a reduction in time and dollars for digital control system generation.
{"title":"A real-time programming language and its processor for digital control of industrial processes","authors":"Liang Liang","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476933","url":null,"abstract":"The acceptance of digital control for large scale industrial processes, such as chemical, refining, power, and material processing is a step towards total automation and a further improvement in control system performance. Process control oriented programming languages provide a control engineer with means to learn and hence set up, modify, and operate a control system with ease. They eliminate the complication of involving a programmer, who generally has little knowledge about process control engineering. The result is a reduction in time and dollars for digital control system generation.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128733212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Animation is the graphic art which occurs in time. Whereas a static image (such as a Picasso or a complex graph) may convey complex information through a single picture, animation conveys equivalently complex information through a sequence of images seen in time. It is characteristic of this medium, as opposed to static imagery, that the actual graphical information at any given instant is relatively slight. The source of information for the viewer of animation is implicit in picture change: change in relative position, shape, and dynamics. Therefore, a computer is ideally suited to making animation "possible" through the fluid refinement of these changes."
{"title":"Picture-driven animation","authors":"R. Baecker","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476838","url":null,"abstract":"\"Animation is the graphic art which occurs in time. Whereas a static image (such as a Picasso or a complex graph) may convey complex information through a single picture, animation conveys equivalently complex information through a sequence of images seen in time. It is characteristic of this medium, as opposed to static imagery, that the actual graphical information at any given instant is relatively slight. The source of information for the viewer of animation is implicit in picture change: change in relative position, shape, and dynamics. Therefore, a computer is ideally suited to making animation \"possible\" through the fluid refinement of these changes.\"","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126369051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the principal advantages of a dedicated computer with on-line graphic display is that the user is able to quickly and easily interact with the program. The value of this interaction has been clearly demonstrated in the optimization of circuit and system designs. A related task on which interaction can have a significant impact is the investigation of the influence of parameter tolerances on the performance of an optimized design.
{"title":"Interactive tolerance analysis with graphic display","authors":"L. O'Neill","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476828","url":null,"abstract":"One of the principal advantages of a dedicated computer with on-line graphic display is that the user is able to quickly and easily interact with the program. The value of this interaction has been clearly demonstrated in the optimization of circuit and system designs. A related task on which interaction can have a significant impact is the investigation of the influence of parameter tolerances on the performance of an optimized design.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127309268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The terms "compatibility", commonality," and "transferability" are used in discussing the mobility of programs and programmers. The common element essential to such mobility is the establishment of standards for programs, programmers, and documentation. The adoption of high-level programming languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, ALGOL, and JOVIAL is a required element of such standards. The high-level languages are innately self-documenting---an essential for transferability. Thus, their use provides assistance in the transfer of programs among activities; the conversion from one computer generation to another; the conversion from one computer manufacturer to another; and the transfer of programs for back-up and readiness.
{"title":"Standardization of high-level languages","authors":"G. Hopper","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476890","url":null,"abstract":"The terms \"compatibility\", commonality,\" and \"transferability\" are used in discussing the mobility of programs and programmers. The common element essential to such mobility is the establishment of standards for programs, programmers, and documentation. The adoption of high-level programming languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN, ALGOL, and JOVIAL is a required element of such standards. The high-level languages are innately self-documenting---an essential for transferability. Thus, their use provides assistance in the transfer of programs among activities; the conversion from one computer generation to another; the conversion from one computer manufacturer to another; and the transfer of programs for back-up and readiness.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130008456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
No successful GO-playing program has appeared in the literature, although Remus used GO as the subject of a machine learning study, and Thorp and Walden have considered some of its mathematical aspects. Another author considered GO to be somewhat mysterious, making it a challenge to those interested in automating it. Apparently the game was described as being mysterious to indicate that people were able to play it without knowing how they were able to play so well. More study of this complex game may reward us with new insight into human perceptual and problem solving abilities as well as foster the development of new techniques for artificial intelligence. This report describes a program which plays GO. The program uses an information processing model to produce perceptual features which are seen by human GO players, and is capable of several responses to the recognition of significant configurations of these perceptual features.
{"title":"A model of visual organization for the game of GO","authors":"A. Zobrist","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476819","url":null,"abstract":"No successful GO-playing program has appeared in the literature, although Remus used GO as the subject of a machine learning study, and Thorp and Walden have considered some of its mathematical aspects. Another author considered GO to be somewhat mysterious, making it a challenge to those interested in automating it. Apparently the game was described as being mysterious to indicate that people were able to play it without knowing how they were able to play so well. More study of this complex game may reward us with new insight into human perceptual and problem solving abilities as well as foster the development of new techniques for artificial intelligence. This report describes a program which plays GO. The program uses an information processing model to produce perceptual features which are seen by human GO players, and is capable of several responses to the recognition of significant configurations of these perceptual features.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122263564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial Intelligence has received the attentions and contributions of workers in many varied disciplines and of many varied interests. As a result there has arisen a large and diverse body of research literature in the field. The task of sorting out and comparing some threads of continuity through this rich and variegated tapestry presents a tempting prospect.
{"title":"Some logical and numerical aspects of pattern recognition and artificial intelligence","authors":"W. Clark Naylor","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476818","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial Intelligence has received the attentions and contributions of workers in many varied disciplines and of many varied interests. As a result there has arisen a large and diverse body of research literature in the field. The task of sorting out and comparing some threads of continuity through this rich and variegated tapestry presents a tempting prospect.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127532057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：