The expression "computer-assisted instruction" (CAI) is generally used to describe situations in which the computer is used as a teaching surrogate in some sense---whether as drill instructor, tester, or specialized tutor. Most applications of this kind have had specific, limited, and modest educational goals. When used to administer drills or branching tests, a computer is not called upon to be intelligent---only useful. Yet it is interesting and important to ask whether the computer can become an intelligent artificial teacher, and more generally, whether there are valuable ways of using computers for teaching and learning.
{"title":"CAI problems and prospects","authors":"W. Feurzeig, S. Papert","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476894","url":null,"abstract":"The expression \"computer-assisted instruction\" (CAI) is generally used to describe situations in which the computer is used as a teaching surrogate in some sense---whether as drill instructor, tester, or specialized tutor. Most applications of this kind have had specific, limited, and modest educational goals. When used to administer drills or branching tests, a computer is not called upon to be intelligent---only useful. Yet it is interesting and important to ask whether the computer can become an intelligent artificial teacher, and more generally, whether there are valuable ways of using computers for teaching and learning.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"315 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116532175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Cambridge Computer-Aided Design group is writing some general purpose software tools that aim to assist scientists and engineers to apply their problems to the computer with maximum ease. These tools include a storage allocation system, a data structure package, a compiler-compiler for mixed graphical/verbal on-line languages, a package of procedures for generating pictures and transmitting them to a display, plotter, or file, and programs for operating a link between a multiaccess computer and a satellite computer. When the group started late in 1965 it had to determine what language to use to write these systems. After struggling with the difficulties of assembly code for some time for those programs for which FORTRAN was unsuitable, we decided to design and implement a more suitable language; Systems Assembly Language (SAL) is the result. The purpose of this article is to explain the thinking behind SAL rather than to expound on the finer details of the language itself. We feel that this type of language which combines the freedom and flexibility of assembly code with many of the facilities normally associated with high level languages, could be useful to many other workers. Further, this type of language could perhaps usefully be provided on all computers.
{"title":"SAL: systems assembly languages","authors":"C. A. Lang","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476879","url":null,"abstract":"The Cambridge Computer-Aided Design group is writing some general purpose software tools that aim to assist scientists and engineers to apply their problems to the computer with maximum ease. These tools include a storage allocation system, a data structure package, a compiler-compiler for mixed graphical/verbal on-line languages, a package of procedures for generating pictures and transmitting them to a display, plotter, or file, and programs for operating a link between a multiaccess computer and a satellite computer. When the group started late in 1965 it had to determine what language to use to write these systems. After struggling with the difficulties of assembly code for some time for those programs for which FORTRAN was unsuitable, we decided to design and implement a more suitable language; Systems Assembly Language (SAL) is the result. The purpose of this article is to explain the thinking behind SAL rather than to expound on the finer details of the language itself. We feel that this type of language which combines the freedom and flexibility of assembly code with many of the facilities normally associated with high level languages, could be useful to many other workers. Further, this type of language could perhaps usefully be provided on all computers.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126826879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ARC (Argonne Reactor Computation) System has been developed to facilitate the studies required for fast-reactor design. The areas of physics, safety, fuel utilization and core-design had initial priority. Other general engineering capabilities will be added later.
{"title":"A modular system for reactor calculations","authors":"L. Just, A. Kennedy, P. Walker, A. Rago, G. Leaf","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476920","url":null,"abstract":"The ARC (Argonne Reactor Computation) System has been developed to facilitate the studies required for fast-reactor design. The areas of physics, safety, fuel utilization and core-design had initial priority. Other general engineering capabilities will be added later.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":" 42","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120832448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For purposes of background and personal introduction, I would like to begin by stating a few facts about Keydata and its services.
出于背景和个人介绍的目的，我想首先陈述一些关于Keydata及其服务的事实。
{"title":"On-line business applications","authors":"J. Gilmore","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476798","url":null,"abstract":"For purposes of background and personal introduction, I would like to begin by stating a few facts about Keydata and its services.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130835170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this brief discussion, it is suggested that three principal functions be recognized and be performed in parallel in order to achieve a graceful and effective growth in the instructional uses of computers. These functions are described as: 1. the practice of teaching using computers as aids; 2. research and development directed toward the practical uses of computers in teaching and learning; 3. basic research in intelligent systems.
{"title":"Instructional uses of computers to grow gracefully and effectively","authors":"E. C. Koenig","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476896","url":null,"abstract":"In this brief discussion, it is suggested that three principal functions be recognized and be performed in parallel in order to achieve a graceful and effective growth in the instructional uses of computers. These functions are described as:\u0000 1. the practice of teaching using computers as aids;\u0000 2. research and development directed toward the practical uses of computers in teaching and learning;\u0000 3. basic research in intelligent systems.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"389 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116010225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As part of the Intrex experiments with a computerized model library, we are developing an experimental system for accessing the full text of the 10,000 journal articles in the Intrex data base. The essential result of the user dialog with the augmented catalog is the identification of those articles selected as relevant to the user's inquiries. The next step in the library-usage process is to retrieve the text of these articles for reading. The convenience, response time, and quality of the text-access system is likely to affect the extent to which the user negotiates with the catalog before requesting full text. The Intrex system will permit experimentation with the complete machine-aided library operation. The purpose of this paper is to outline the text access problems and our approach to them.
{"title":"Remote text access in a computerized library information retrieval system","authors":"D. R. Knudson, S. Teicher","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476864","url":null,"abstract":"As part of the Intrex experiments with a computerized model library, we are developing an experimental system for accessing the full text of the 10,000 journal articles in the Intrex data base. The essential result of the user dialog with the augmented catalog is the identification of those articles selected as relevant to the user's inquiries. The next step in the library-usage process is to retrieve the text of these articles for reading. The convenience, response time, and quality of the text-access system is likely to affect the extent to which the user negotiates with the catalog before requesting full text. The Intrex system will permit experimentation with the complete machine-aided library operation. The purpose of this paper is to outline the text access problems and our approach to them.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125938731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Project Intrex (INformation TRansfer EXperiments) is a program of research and experiments intended to provide a foundation for the design of future information-transfer systems. The library of the future is conceived as a computer-based communications network, but at this time we do not know enough details about such a network to design it. Lacking are the necessary experimental facts, especially in the area of user's interaction with such a system. To discover these facts, we want to conduct experiments not only in the laboratory, but above all, in the real-life environment of a useful operating library.
{"title":"A combined display for computer venerated data and scanned photographic images","authors":"D. R. Haring, J. Roberge","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476865","url":null,"abstract":"Project Intrex (INformation TRansfer EXperiments) is a program of research and experiments intended to provide a foundation for the design of future information-transfer systems. The library of the future is conceived as a computer-based communications network, but at this time we do not know enough details about such a network to design it. Lacking are the necessary experimental facts, especially in the area of user's interaction with such a system. To discover these facts, we want to conduct experiments not only in the laboratory, but above all, in the real-life environment of a useful operating library.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114226324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I am distressed that graduate education in computer science is forcing students into a theoretical mold, and away from the vital practical problems of software engineering. I therefore urge that graduate computer science departments pay attention to the problems of experimentation and design in computer science. This might be done, for example, by employing faculty with interests in design and experimentation, by offering courses and examinations in these areas, and/or by accepting Ph.D. dissertations involving substantial designs or experiments of high quality. I believe that the last is the most important action to be taken now.
{"title":"Let's not discriminate against good work in design or experimentation","authors":"G. Forsythe","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476875","url":null,"abstract":"I am distressed that graduate education in computer science is forcing students into a theoretical mold, and away from the vital practical problems of software engineering. I therefore urge that graduate computer science departments pay attention to the problems of experimentation and design in computer science. This might be done, for example, by employing faculty with interests in design and experimentation, by offering courses and examinations in these areas, and/or by accepting Ph.D. dissertations involving substantial designs or experiments of high quality. I believe that the last is the most important action to be taken now.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"918 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133004498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicine has developed current methods of teaching heart function over several centuries. There have been few fundamental changes in these teaching techniques over the last several decades. The method of text study followed by laboratory activity is essentially the same for both undergraduate and medical school students. For the latter, a more comprehensive study of experimental animals is involved, and surgical procedures are observed on patients. Once in medical school, almost all teaching is by demonstration, with a very small number of students per instructor.
{"title":"Teaching heart function: one application of medical computer animation","authors":"A. Gott, B. Kubert, A. Bowyer, George W. Nevatt","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476901","url":null,"abstract":"Medicine has developed current methods of teaching heart function over several centuries. There have been few fundamental changes in these teaching techniques over the last several decades. The method of text study followed by laboratory activity is essentially the same for both undergraduate and medical school students. For the latter, a more comprehensive study of experimental animals is involved, and surgical procedures are observed on patients. Once in medical school, almost all teaching is by demonstration, with a very small number of students per instructor.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128535462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The automation of libraries is a fairly recent entry to the growing number of areas of applications for computers. Is this an indication that librarians have been resisting advancing technology or could it be that the process of controlling large stores of information is so complex and the hardware, software, and brainware still too limited to cope with this complexity? Might it also be that computer specialists, underestimating the challenges, have evinced little interest in the library problem?
{"title":"Using computer technology: frustrations abound","authors":"Henriette D. Avram","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476810","url":null,"abstract":"The automation of libraries is a fairly recent entry to the growing number of areas of applications for computers. Is this an indication that librarians have been resisting advancing technology or could it be that the process of controlling large stores of information is so complex and the hardware, software, and brainware still too limited to cope with this complexity? Might it also be that computer specialists, underestimating the challenges, have evinced little interest in the library problem?","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128463213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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