Dartmouth College has recently developed a general purpose time-sharing system for its General Electric 635 computer, capable of supporting approximately 150 simultaneous users. The system provides computing services to some 3000 faculty and students on campus, as well as to more than 6000 teachers and students at over 30 colleges and secondary schools scattered throughout New England. At any given time during the school year, therefore, there are close to 10,000 potential users, of which some 4000 use the time-sharing system every month.
{"title":"A flexible user validation language for time-sharing systems","authors":"John S. McGeachie","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476905","url":null,"abstract":"Dartmouth College has recently developed a general purpose time-sharing system for its General Electric 635 computer, capable of supporting approximately 150 simultaneous users. The system provides computing services to some 3000 faculty and students on campus, as well as to more than 6000 teachers and students at over 30 colleges and secondary schools scattered throughout New England. At any given time during the school year, therefore, there are close to 10,000 potential users, of which some 4000 use the time-sharing system every month.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128251822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The certification of numerical subroutines for an automatic computer is generally a difficult job. In one sense, certification of a subroutine is an in-depth review of its documentation to determine how well the documentation describes the performance and programming of the subroutine. It involves, among other things, performance testing of the program being certified. of necessity, the details of the performance testing vary from one type of subroutine to another. Indeed, in most cases it is difficult to define a concrete measure of performance for a particular type of routine. For subroutines for computing functions, however, measures of performance are rather easy to define and much effort has gone into certifications in the past few years.
{"title":"Performance testing of function subroutines","authors":"W. Cody","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476921","url":null,"abstract":"The certification of numerical subroutines for an automatic computer is generally a difficult job. In one sense, certification of a subroutine is an in-depth review of its documentation to determine how well the documentation describes the performance and programming of the subroutine. It involves, among other things, performance testing of the program being certified. of necessity, the details of the performance testing vary from one type of subroutine to another. Indeed, in most cases it is difficult to define a concrete measure of performance for a particular type of routine. For subroutines for computing functions, however, measures of performance are rather easy to define and much effort has gone into certifications in the past few years.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117006183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cost of problem analysis and programming dominates by far the cost of computer utilization. This dominance will increase in the future as hardware elements become more powerful and economical and problems become more complex and demanding of highly skilled analysis. As this trend continues, the sophisticated user will become increasingly intolerant of a situation which prevents economic transfer of programs and data from one installation or hardware type to another. A standard machine independent environment which provides data management services at several levels to programmers and task programs should be defined. Programs would then interface with a set of virtual machines, or standard program environments, which are independent of the particular hardware configuration of the installation.
{"title":"Transferability of data and programs between computer systems","authors":"J. Sable","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476892","url":null,"abstract":"The cost of problem analysis and programming dominates by far the cost of computer utilization. This dominance will increase in the future as hardware elements become more powerful and economical and problems become more complex and demanding of highly skilled analysis. As this trend continues, the sophisticated user will become increasingly intolerant of a situation which prevents economic transfer of programs and data from one installation or hardware type to another. A standard machine independent environment which provides data management services at several levels to programmers and task programs should be defined. Programs would then interface with a set of virtual machines, or standard program environments, which are independent of the particular hardware configuration of the installation.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122703837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Disorders of heart rhythm, known as cardiac arrhythmias, are most accurately diagnosed from selected electrocardiographic (EKG) tracings. Their interpretation is necessary for the correct treatment, sometimes on an emergency basis, of a large number of patients with heart disease. Analysis of the contour and sequencing of component waveforms taken with the knowledge of the set of denned electrophysiologic mechanisms allows categorization and in most instances specific identification of the rhythm. Most of these diagnoses depend upon the specification of the site or sites of electrical impulse generation in the heart and its subsequent spread through specialized conduction pathways. The logical process leading to the diagnosis is inferential because the tissues involved in impulse generation and specialized conduction are of such small mass as to have no direct electrical representation on standard EKG leads. Only the electrical activation of larger masses of cardiac tissue as a resultant of those fundamental mechanistic events produces the component waveforms of the clinical electrocardiogram.
{"title":"Computer assisted instruction in the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias","authors":"E. J. Battersby","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476910","url":null,"abstract":"Disorders of heart rhythm, known as cardiac arrhythmias, are most accurately diagnosed from selected electrocardiographic (EKG) tracings. Their interpretation is necessary for the correct treatment, sometimes on an emergency basis, of a large number of patients with heart disease. Analysis of the contour and sequencing of component waveforms taken with the knowledge of the set of denned electrophysiologic mechanisms allows categorization and in most instances specific identification of the rhythm. Most of these diagnoses depend upon the specification of the site or sites of electrical impulse generation in the heart and its subsequent spread through specialized conduction pathways. The logical process leading to the diagnosis is inferential because the tissues involved in impulse generation and specialized conduction are of such small mass as to have no direct electrical representation on standard EKG leads. Only the electrical activation of larger masses of cardiac tissue as a resultant of those fundamental mechanistic events produces the component waveforms of the clinical electrocardiogram.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132338837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A variety of diagnostic techniques have been proposed and applied to error detection and location in computers. The efficiency of the tests generated by them varies from machine to machine depending on the scale of the system, its logic organiztion, and the employed hardware technology. The impact of highly integrated circuitry is changing the trend in logical design of computers.
{"title":"A method of diagnostic test generation","authors":"A. B. Carroll, M. Kato, Y. Koga, K. Naemura","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476830","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of diagnostic techniques have been proposed and applied to error detection and location in computers. The efficiency of the tests generated by them varies from machine to machine depending on the scale of the system, its logic organiztion, and the employed hardware technology. The impact of highly integrated circuitry is changing the trend in logical design of computers.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123687801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since early in this decade urban planners and systems analysts have advocated the development of computer-based urban information systems. Such systems would store detailed data about the environment in which planning agencies and governments operate. They would be organized to lend integration to data from diverse sources, to provide quick preparation of reports and to simplify and automate numerous clerical functions. Many attempts have been made to develop urban information systems with the characteristics mentioned above. Most have been unsuccessful for a combination of technical and organizational reasons. This paper considers some technical requirements for planning information systems which deal with data associated with urban locations. The requirements are developed on the basis of experience in providing a prototype urban information system to the Boston Model Cities program. The next section describes briefly the experience of providing an infoimation system to the Boston Model Cities program. Succeeding sections draw on this experience to develop general technical requirements for urban information systems. A technique for aggregating data by geographic area is presented and its implications for system file structure and utilization are explored.
{"title":"Requirements for the development of computer-based urban information systems","authors":"S. Lipner","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476871","url":null,"abstract":"Since early in this decade urban planners and systems analysts have advocated the development of computer-based urban information systems. Such systems would store detailed data about the environment in which planning agencies and governments operate. They would be organized to lend integration to data from diverse sources, to provide quick preparation of reports and to simplify and automate numerous clerical functions. Many attempts have been made to develop urban information systems with the characteristics mentioned above. Most have been unsuccessful for a combination of technical and organizational reasons. This paper considers some technical requirements for planning information systems which deal with data associated with urban locations. The requirements are developed on the basis of experience in providing a prototype urban information system to the Boston Model Cities program. The next section describes briefly the experience of providing an infoimation system to the Boston Model Cities program. Succeeding sections draw on this experience to develop general technical requirements for urban information systems. A technique for aggregating data by geographic area is presented and its implications for system file structure and utilization are explored.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124261314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A computer program has been prepared that calculates the position of equipotential lines in cylindrical geometry for a multidielectric and multiconductor environment using a modified extrapolated Liebmann method. The output consists of printed voltages on evenly spaced grid coordinates, and an automatic drafting machine drawing of the dielectric and conductor boundaries and the equipotentials. The program has been used to design Corona-free high voltage bushings and terminals, and has been applied to other problems where knowledge of the electrostatic field was desired. The program is an example of how the advent of large, high-speed digital computers has made possible easy solutions of previously intractable engineering problems. Running time on the Univac 1108 computer is typically one to two minutes.
{"title":"Calculating and plotting equipotential lines for objects with cylindrical geometry","authors":"W. Shrader","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476919","url":null,"abstract":"A computer program has been prepared that calculates the position of equipotential lines in cylindrical geometry for a multidielectric and multiconductor environment using a modified extrapolated Liebmann method. The output consists of printed voltages on evenly spaced grid coordinates, and an automatic drafting machine drawing of the dielectric and conductor boundaries and the equipotentials. The program has been used to design Corona-free high voltage bushings and terminals, and has been applied to other problems where knowledge of the electrostatic field was desired. The program is an example of how the advent of large, high-speed digital computers has made possible easy solutions of previously intractable engineering problems. Running time on the Univac 1108 computer is typically one to two minutes.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125366978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Real Time Operating System/360 (RTOS/360), a modified version of the standard IBM System/360 Operating System (OS/360), was developed by the Federal Systems Division (FSD) of IBM for support of the Real Time Computer Complex (RTCC) during NASA's Apollo spaceflights. RTOS/360 is a real time, multi-tasking, multi-jobbing operating system that extends the basic features of OS/360 and adds additional features to: • Process real time data • Provide simplicity of use for the applications programmer • Ensure fast response system activity (requirements range from one-tenth of a second to one second) • Improve efficiency • Provide support for special devices not supported by OS/360 • Provide a fail-safe system • Increase job shop throughput
{"title":"RTOS: extending OS/360 for real time spaceflight control","authors":"J. Johnstone","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476796","url":null,"abstract":"The Real Time Operating System/360 (RTOS/360), a modified version of the standard IBM System/360 Operating System (OS/360), was developed by the Federal Systems Division (FSD) of IBM for support of the Real Time Computer Complex (RTCC) during NASA's Apollo spaceflights. RTOS/360 is a real time, multi-tasking, multi-jobbing operating system that extends the basic features of OS/360 and adds additional features to:\u0000 • Process real time data\u0000 • Provide simplicity of use for the applications programmer\u0000 • Ensure fast response system activity (requirements range from one-tenth of a second to one second)\u0000 • Improve efficiency\u0000 • Provide support for special devices not supported by OS/360\u0000 • Provide a fail-safe system\u0000 • Increase job shop throughput","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133186042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1963, Dartmouth College developed a time-sharing system for the GE-235 and Datanet-30 computers. This was a general-purpose multilingual computing system in which the language BASIC achieved great popularity. This system had a great impact on the Dartmouth campus, and its successes led to its adoption by GE as a commerical time-sharing system. But at Dartmouth, the success of this system led to its own demise; the demand for the use of the computer by students, faculty members, and a substantial number of outside users meant that the system always operated near its peak capacity---just under 40 users. Thus this system which initially was judged to provide a convenient and powerful computing service grew (in the view of those grown accustomed) to have certain unsatisfactory characteristics. Nonetheless, the system continued to provide good service for the functions for which it was specifically tailored--- providing good edit-compile-and-go service for short BASIC programs. In fact, it was this service which drew more and more people to use the computer.
{"title":"Design considerations for an educational time-sharing system","authors":"R. Hargraves, Andrew G. Stephenson","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476904","url":null,"abstract":"In 1963, Dartmouth College developed a time-sharing system for the GE-235 and Datanet-30 computers. This was a general-purpose multilingual computing system in which the language BASIC achieved great popularity. This system had a great impact on the Dartmouth campus, and its successes led to its adoption by GE as a commerical time-sharing system. But at Dartmouth, the success of this system led to its own demise; the demand for the use of the computer by students, faculty members, and a substantial number of outside users meant that the system always operated near its peak capacity---just under 40 users. Thus this system which initially was judged to provide a convenient and powerful computing service grew (in the view of those grown accustomed) to have certain unsatisfactory characteristics. Nonetheless, the system continued to provide good service for the functions for which it was specifically tailored--- providing good edit-compile-and-go service for short BASIC programs. In fact, it was this service which drew more and more people to use the computer.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132982920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is a truism that we are in the throes of an information revolution of which one obvious manifestation is a very rapid growth in the number of users of computers and computer-like information processing systems.
{"title":"Applied computer science","authors":"L. Zadeh","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476876","url":null,"abstract":"It is a truism that we are in the throes of an information revolution of which one obvious manifestation is a very rapid growth in the number of users of computers and computer-like information processing systems.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116161331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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