The present is a critical, frustrating, and exciting time in the history of computer graphics. A dozen significant trends are developing in the same field of view. Several much-needed trends are not developing. The technology is changing so rapidly that four generations of graphical systems are in operation at once. "Computer graphics" means different things to different people. This is therefore a difficult session to "introduce."
{"title":"A picture is worth a thousand words: and it costs...","authors":"J. Licklider","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476898","url":null,"abstract":"The present is a critical, frustrating, and exciting time in the history of computer graphics. A dozen significant trends are developing in the same field of view. Several much-needed trends are not developing. The technology is changing so rapidly that four generations of graphical systems are in operation at once. \"Computer graphics\" means different things to different people. This is therefore a difficult session to \"introduce.\"","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125721106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Computation Center of The University of Texas at Austin provides remote console access to a CDC 6600 computer through a system called RESPOND. RESPOND was written by Control Data Corporation and has been in operation at The University for more than two years.
德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的计算中心通过一个名为RESPOND的系统提供对CDC 6600计算机的远程控制台访问。response由Control Data Corporation编写，并已在该大学运行了两年多。
{"title":"An operational analysis of a remote console system","authors":"H. Schwetman, Jim Deline","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476835","url":null,"abstract":"The Computation Center of The University of Texas at Austin provides remote console access to a CDC 6600 computer through a system called RESPOND. RESPOND was written by Control Data Corporation and has been in operation at The University for more than two years.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"331 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124671035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem of developing an adequate formal model for the semantics of programming languages has been under intensive study in recent years. Unlike the area of syntax specification, where adequate models have existed for some time, the area of semantic specification is still in the formative stages. Development of formal semantic models has proceeded along two main lines, lambda-calculus models (e.g., Landin, Strachey) and directed graph models (e.g., Narasimhan, Floyd). This paper describes a model for the semantics of programs based on hierarchies of directed graphs.
{"title":"A hierarchical graph model of the semantics of programs","authors":"T. W. Pratt","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476930","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of developing an adequate formal model for the semantics of programming languages has been under intensive study in recent years. Unlike the area of syntax specification, where adequate models have existed for some time, the area of semantic specification is still in the formative stages. Development of formal semantic models has proceeded along two main lines, lambda-calculus models (e.g., Landin, Strachey) and directed graph models (e.g., Narasimhan, Floyd). This paper describes a model for the semantics of programs based on hierarchies of directed graphs.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"22 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120987132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The major portion of graduates from curricula in computer science will be professionally involved in the design, specification, implementation or theoretical foundations of computer-based information systems. They will participate in the selection of computer hardware, or will be called on to judge the merits of proposals from suppliers. To be competent in exercising these responsibilities, it is essential that students of computer science thoroughly understand the relationship between computer organization and the implementation of programming languages and information systems.
{"title":"Inter-relating hardware and software in computer science education","authors":"J. Dennis","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476874","url":null,"abstract":"The major portion of graduates from curricula in computer science will be professionally involved in the design, specification, implementation or theoretical foundations of computer-based information systems. They will participate in the selection of computer hardware, or will be called on to judge the merits of proposals from suppliers. To be competent in exercising these responsibilities, it is essential that students of computer science thoroughly understand the relationship between computer organization and the implementation of programming languages and information systems.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127145254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The testing of a computer may take on many forms, one form is as follows. The computer may be tested in a segmented manner.
计算机的测试可以采取多种形式，其中一种形式如下。计算机可以分段测试。
{"title":"Automatic checkout of small computers","authors":"Marvin S. Horovitz","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476847","url":null,"abstract":"The testing of a computer may take on many forms, one form is as follows. The computer may be tested in a segmented manner.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125325634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The feasibility and the problems associated with the design of asynchronous digital systems have been variously studied and reported. J. B. Dennis has characterized modular design of asynchronous digital systems in the following manner: The structure of an asynchronous digital system may be divided into the data flow structure and the control structure. The storage of data, the flow of data and the operations performed on them take place in the data flow structure. The different operations taking place concurrently in the data flow structure are co-ordinated by the control structure. Each operational unit of the data-flow structure has, in addition to data links (data input lines), a control link connecting it to some part of the control structure. A control link consists of two wires called the ready line and the acknowledge line. To cause an operator to operate on an input, the input is made available to it (the operator) on the input data link and a ready signal is sent to it (the operator) on the ready line of the control link. After the operation has been performed on the output placed on the output data link the operator returns an acknowledge signal on the acknowledge line. The time difference between the arrival of the ready signal and the return of the acknowledge signal is arbitrary and may depend on the operator, the input, and can even be random so long as the acknowledge signal correctly implies completion of the operation. The control structure consists of control modules interconnected among themselves and to the dataflow structure through control links. Signals propagate in the forward direction on the ready line. The direction of a control link is the direction in which the signals propagate on its ready line. In addition to control links a control module can have conditional inputs and outputs. The conditional inputs convey information about the condition of some operation or control modules to this module (and thereby affect the operation of the module), and the conditional outputs convey the condition of this module to other circuits.
异步数字系统设计的可行性和相关问题已经得到了各种各样的研究和报道。J. B. Dennis对异步数字系统的模块化设计作了如下描述:异步数字系统的结构可分为数据流结构和控制结构。数据的存储、数据流以及对其执行的操作都发生在数据流结构中。数据流结构中并发发生的不同操作由控制结构协调。数据流结构的每个操作单元，除了数据链路(数据输入线)外，还有一条控制链路将其连接到控制结构的某些部分。控制链路由两条线组成，分别称为准备线和确认线。为了使操作员对输入进行操作，在输入数据链路上使其(操作员)可以使用该输入，并在控制链路的就绪线上向其(操作员)发送就绪信号。在对输出数据链路上的输出执行操作后，操作员在确认线上返回一个确认信号。就绪信号到达和确认信号返回之间的时间差是任意的，可能取决于操作者和输入，甚至可以是随机的，只要确认信号正确地意味着操作的完成。控制结构由相互连接的控制模块组成，并通过控制链路连接到数据流结构。信号在就绪线上向前传播。控制链路的方向是信号在其就绪线上传播的方向。除了控制链接之外，控制模块还可以有条件输入和输出。条件输入将某个操作或控制模块的状态信息传递给本模块(从而影响本模块的运行)，条件输出将本模块的状态信息传递给其他电路。
{"title":"Systematic design for modular realization of control functions","authors":"Stanley M. Altman, A. Lo","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476884","url":null,"abstract":"The feasibility and the problems associated with the design of asynchronous digital systems have been variously studied and reported. J. B. Dennis has characterized modular design of asynchronous digital systems in the following manner:\u0000 The structure of an asynchronous digital system may be divided into the data flow structure and the control structure. The storage of data, the flow of data and the operations performed on them take place in the data flow structure. The different operations taking place concurrently in the data flow structure are co-ordinated by the control structure.\u0000 Each operational unit of the data-flow structure has, in addition to data links (data input lines), a control link connecting it to some part of the control structure. A control link consists of two wires called the ready line and the acknowledge line. To cause an operator to operate on an input, the input is made available to it (the operator) on the input data link and a ready signal is sent to it (the operator) on the ready line of the control link. After the operation has been performed on the output placed on the output data link the operator returns an acknowledge signal on the acknowledge line. The time difference between the arrival of the ready signal and the return of the acknowledge signal is arbitrary and may depend on the operator, the input, and can even be random so long as the acknowledge signal correctly implies completion of the operation.\u0000 The control structure consists of control modules interconnected among themselves and to the dataflow structure through control links. Signals propagate in the forward direction on the ready line. The direction of a control link is the direction in which the signals propagate on its ready line.\u0000 In addition to control links a control module can have conditional inputs and outputs. The conditional inputs convey information about the condition of some operation or control modules to this module (and thereby affect the operation of the module), and the conditional outputs convey the condition of this module to other circuits.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128222977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One basis for developing an education program is the recognition of a continuing need for a certain class of professionals in our society.
制定教育计划的一个基础是认识到我们社会对某一类专业人员的持续需求。
{"title":"Identifying and developing curricula in software engineering","authors":"A. Perlis","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476877","url":null,"abstract":"One basis for developing an education program is the recognition of a continuing need for a certain class of professionals in our society.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126442544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of computer-graphic technology to produce low-cost films for education promises enormous educational benefit at modest cost. For educators, these technical developments are but a means to an end which has thus far received too little attention---the production of visual images that in their ability to communicate ideas are superior to traditional graphical images on paper or blackboard.
{"title":"Computer animation for the academic community","authors":"W. Huggins, D. Entwisle","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476899","url":null,"abstract":"The use of computer-graphic technology to produce low-cost films for education promises enormous educational benefit at modest cost. For educators, these technical developments are but a means to an end which has thus far received too little attention---the production of visual images that in their ability to communicate ideas are superior to traditional graphical images on paper or blackboard.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130176792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a growing consensus among predictors of science that the world is about to witness the evolution of what might be called a new species---the robot. Whereas, animal evolution was a trial-and-error process, robot evolution appears likely to be carefully contrived. Starting where animal evolution left off, that is, with man, robot evolution promises to excel man is some respects, and be excelled by him in others.
{"title":"Assembly of computers to command and control a robot","authors":"L. Sutro, W. Kilmer","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476820","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing consensus among predictors of science that the world is about to witness the evolution of what might be called a new species---the robot. Whereas, animal evolution was a trial-and-error process, robot evolution appears likely to be carefully contrived. Starting where animal evolution left off, that is, with man, robot evolution promises to excel man is some respects, and be excelled by him in others.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124220700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports on progress in the development and application of computer programs for storage and retrieval operations associated with the Project Intrex augmented catalog experiments. A general review of Project Intrex and details of other Intrex developments are given in companion papers.
{"title":"An experimental computer-stored, augmented catalog of professional literature","authors":"R. S. Marcus, Peter Kugel, Robert L. Kusik","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476863","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on progress in the development and application of computer programs for storage and retrieval operations associated with the Project Intrex augmented catalog experiments. A general review of Project Intrex and details of other Intrex developments are given in companion papers.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1899-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131324715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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