The TX-2 computer, an experimental machine at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory, has been in operation for almost 10 years as an on-line, graphically oriented facility. In 1964, a time-sharing system for the TX-2 was started. This system, APEX, was to service a small number of consoles with graphic display capability. To achieve hardware economy, displays were to be refreshed from main core memory through a time-shared vector generator providing analog signals distributed to the individual console scopes. The displays were to be refreshed directly from a structured display file as experience with the Sketchpad developments of the early 1960's had indicated was highly desirable for interactive graphic applications. Although the APEX graphic system has evolved through several generations of display hardware and corresponding software changes, the initial design principles of displays refreshed from structured information in main core by a time-shared generator have remained. This paper is an attempt to collect and evaluate some lessons learned from our experience in developing and using this system.
{"title":"Graphics in time-sharing: a summary of the TX-2 experience","authors":"W. R. Sutherland, J. Forgie, Marie V. Morello","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476900","url":null,"abstract":"The TX-2 computer, an experimental machine at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory, has been in operation for almost 10 years as an on-line, graphically oriented facility. In 1964, a time-sharing system for the TX-2 was started. This system, APEX, was to service a small number of consoles with graphic display capability. To achieve hardware economy, displays were to be refreshed from main core memory through a time-shared vector generator providing analog signals distributed to the individual console scopes. The displays were to be refreshed directly from a structured display file as experience with the Sketchpad developments of the early 1960's had indicated was highly desirable for interactive graphic applications. Although the APEX graphic system has evolved through several generations of display hardware and corresponding software changes, the initial design principles of displays refreshed from structured information in main core by a time-shared generator have remained. This paper is an attempt to collect and evaluate some lessons learned from our experience in developing and using this system.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"353 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115923023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The introduction of computer techniques into the hospital environment offers an exceptional opportunity to reassess traditions and procedures developed over the years of a non-automated era. However, there is an apparent danger that computer applications evolving in many hospitals tend to perpetuate the stereo-typed roles of departments and personnel confined within traditional organizational boundaries. Their primary emphasis on conventional business or other specialized areas serves to sustain long standing and often outmoded rituals and procedures, imbuing them with the aura of modern automation. Such stereotype can be avoided by centering design of the computer system on the patient and his care as the crucial basic unit, thereby optimally meeting the needs of both patient and staff.
{"title":"Hospital automation: something more than a computer","authors":"W. Bennett, C. Stroebel, B. Glueck","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476911","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction of computer techniques into the hospital environment offers an exceptional opportunity to reassess traditions and procedures developed over the years of a non-automated era. However, there is an apparent danger that computer applications evolving in many hospitals tend to perpetuate the stereo-typed roles of departments and personnel confined within traditional organizational boundaries. Their primary emphasis on conventional business or other specialized areas serves to sustain long standing and often outmoded rituals and procedures, imbuing them with the aura of modern automation. Such stereotype can be avoided by centering design of the computer system on the patient and his care as the crucial basic unit, thereby optimally meeting the needs of both patient and staff.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115470173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The language BCPL (Basic CPL) was originally developed as a compiler writing tool and as its name suggests it is closely related to CPL (Combined Programming Language) which was jointly developed at Cambridge and London Universities. BCPL adopted much of the syntactic richness of CPL and strived for the same high standard of linguistic elegance; however, in order to achieve the efficiency necessary for system programming its scale and complexity is far less than that of CPL. The most significant simplification is that BCPL has only one data type---the binary bit pattern---and this feature alone gives BCPL a characteristic flavour which is very different of that of CPL and most other current programming languages.
{"title":"BCPL: a tool for compiler writing and system programming","authors":"M. Richards","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476880","url":null,"abstract":"The language BCPL (Basic CPL) was originally developed as a compiler writing tool and as its name suggests it is closely related to CPL (Combined Programming Language) which was jointly developed at Cambridge and London Universities. BCPL adopted much of the syntactic richness of CPL and strived for the same high standard of linguistic elegance; however, in order to achieve the efficiency necessary for system programming its scale and complexity is far less than that of CPL. The most significant simplification is that BCPL has only one data type---the binary bit pattern---and this feature alone gives BCPL a characteristic flavour which is very different of that of CPL and most other current programming languages.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125912075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The federal government is destined to play a key role in the future development of on-line business systems and the structure of the new industry growing up around them. Six points of contact already are evident: 1. Anti-trust action (real and implied) as in the current cases against IBM and AT&T. 2. Inquiries on the practices and policies of the communications common carriers as in the recent FCC inquiry on the relationship between computers and communications, and the now discharged Task Force on Telecommunications appointed by Lyndon Baines Johnson. 3. Hearings on privacy and associated rights of the individual as conducted last year by Congressman Gallagher and Senator Long. 4. Legislation on copyrights and other possible mechanisms for protecting computer software. 5. Encouragement of standardization and economy measures as in the Brooks Bill and intended activities by the National Bureau of Standards, the General Services Administration, and the Bureau of the Budget. 6. Direct and indirect subsidies of development through research grants, purchase of services and equipment, and support of education.
{"title":"On-line business applications","authors":"M. Greenberger","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476800","url":null,"abstract":"The federal government is destined to play a key role in the future development of on-line business systems and the structure of the new industry growing up around them. Six points of contact already are evident:\u0000 1. Anti-trust action (real and implied) as in the current cases against IBM and AT&T.\u0000 2. Inquiries on the practices and policies of the communications common carriers as in the recent FCC inquiry on the relationship between computers and communications, and the now discharged Task Force on Telecommunications appointed by Lyndon Baines Johnson.\u0000 3. Hearings on privacy and associated rights of the individual as conducted last year by Congressman Gallagher and Senator Long.\u0000 4. Legislation on copyrights and other possible mechanisms for protecting computer software.\u0000 5. Encouragement of standardization and economy measures as in the Brooks Bill and intended activities by the National Bureau of Standards, the General Services Administration, and the Bureau of the Budget.\u0000 6. Direct and indirect subsidies of development through research grants, purchase of services and equipment, and support of education.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126868293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current developments of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) can be characterized as a phased transition from the creation of hardware and language systems for implementation into the more fundamental examination of the features of optimal instructional strategies for CAI applications. Instructional strategies are the plans by which informational presentations are matched with the current requirements of a learner in order to optimize on a set of criterion objectives. The research approaches into the nature and process of instructional strategies has been twofold, namely, naturalistic and systematic.
{"title":"CAI: research requirements for instructional strategies","authors":"D. Hansen","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476895","url":null,"abstract":"The current developments of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) can be characterized as a phased transition from the creation of hardware and language systems for implementation into the more fundamental examination of the features of optimal instructional strategies for CAI applications. Instructional strategies are the plans by which informational presentations are matched with the current requirements of a learner in order to optimize on a set of criterion objectives. The research approaches into the nature and process of instructional strategies has been twofold, namely, naturalistic and systematic.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127287366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is widespread opinion that we are fast approaching the physical limit in speeds for computers. The grounds for such conclusions are traceable to signal propagation delays in interconnections, delays encountered in traversing several levels of combinatorial logic, and to systems organizations. Clearly, these areas must be addressed if we are to realize phenomenal improvements in computer logic speeds over the next decade. Subnanosecond logic circuits will be available; however, design innovations are needed to exploit this performance at the systems level.
{"title":"Maximum-rate pipeline systems","authors":"L. Cotten","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476883","url":null,"abstract":"There is widespread opinion that we are fast approaching the physical limit in speeds for computers. The grounds for such conclusions are traceable to signal propagation delays in interconnections, delays encountered in traversing several levels of combinatorial logic, and to systems organizations. Clearly, these areas must be addressed if we are to realize phenomenal improvements in computer logic speeds over the next decade. Subnanosecond logic circuits will be available; however, design innovations are needed to exploit this performance at the systems level.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121673919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the thorniest problems in America today is that of the habitually unemployed people living within the inner core of our 50 largest cities. For a long time employers and organized labor have written them off as unemployables. The U.S. Department of Labor has, over the years, tried various approaches to these hard-core jobless, with uncertain success.
{"title":"What the JOBS program is all about","authors":"W. B. Lewis","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476805","url":null,"abstract":"One of the thorniest problems in America today is that of the habitually unemployed people living within the inner core of our 50 largest cities. For a long time employers and organized labor have written them off as unemployables. The U.S. Department of Labor has, over the years, tried various approaches to these hard-core jobless, with uncertain success.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128313014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a previous paper, an evaluation was made of the state-of-the-art at that time in the use of the computer in hospitals, and as with any state-of-the-art evaluation, it serves only as a static focal point along a somewhat dynamic continuum. Various problems of using the computer in hospitals (and in the wider framework of health care), as well as some of the then-current issues in hospital automation, were also discussed briefly.
{"title":"Health information and planning systems: the need for consolidation","authors":"P. F. Gross","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476909","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous paper, an evaluation was made of the state-of-the-art at that time in the use of the computer in hospitals, and as with any state-of-the-art evaluation, it serves only as a static focal point along a somewhat dynamic continuum. Various problems of using the computer in hospitals (and in the wider framework of health care), as well as some of the then-current issues in hospital automation, were also discussed briefly.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130978479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes an advance in the art of writing assemblers. It embodies an idea which has been suggested at least twice, but never actually implemented. In a compiled macro assembler, ordinary source language statements are processed in the usual way, but macros are processed in a novel way. The advantage of the compiled macro assembler is the speed with which it processes macros. An actual compiled macro assembler has been written by the author and his students, and the speed with which it processes macros, as distinguished from ordinary statements, has been rigorously tested.
{"title":"The compiled macro assembler","authors":"W. D. Maurer","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476816","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an advance in the art of writing assemblers. It embodies an idea which has been suggested at least twice, but never actually implemented. In a compiled macro assembler, ordinary source language statements are processed in the usual way, but macros are processed in a novel way. The advantage of the compiled macro assembler is the speed with which it processes macros. An actual compiled macro assembler has been written by the author and his students, and the speed with which it processes macros, as distinguished from ordinary statements, has been rigorously tested.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122597991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New York City has begun the coordinated development of a network of information systems which will assist all agencies of the City government in exchanging information needed for routine operations, planning and analysis. The approach used here places operational requirements in the paramount position. That is, the methods by which agencies can receive, use and transmit data vary widely and depend largely on the services each agency is required to provide. Thus, the concept frequently proposed, of a massive, centralized urban data bank was found to be inadequate. Instead, New York is developing a series of systems using various methods for data handling as determined by the requirements on each system. The heart of this network is a system which stores and transmits current information on the data elements which are used by agencies throughout the City government. These are elements relating to the basic geographic environment of the city; the land, streets, buildings and location of public facilities.
{"title":"Development of New York City's geographic data network","authors":"R. Amsterdam","doi":"10.1145/1476793.1476870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1476793.1476870","url":null,"abstract":"New York City has begun the coordinated development of a network of information systems which will assist all agencies of the City government in exchanging information needed for routine operations, planning and analysis. The approach used here places operational requirements in the paramount position. That is, the methods by which agencies can receive, use and transmit data vary widely and depend largely on the services each agency is required to provide. Thus, the concept frequently proposed, of a massive, centralized urban data bank was found to be inadequate. Instead, New York is developing a series of systems using various methods for data handling as determined by the requirements on each system. The heart of this network is a system which stores and transmits current information on the data elements which are used by agencies throughout the City government. These are elements relating to the basic geographic environment of the city; the land, streets, buildings and location of public facilities.","PeriodicalId":326625,"journal":{"name":"AFIPS '69 (Spring)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125366787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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