Pub Date : 2025-12-05Epub Date: 2025-11-18DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108368
Jakub Lachman, Marek Baláš, Martin Lisý, Tereza Zlevorová, Hana Lisá
The inorganic matter of solid biofuels can be categorized into three different ash types: type-S (Si, Al, Fe, Ti), type-K (K, Na, P, Cl, S) and type-C (Ca, Mg, Mn). A total of 9 different biofuels (3 for each ash type) has been analyzed and then combusted in a 25 kW grate fired boiler. Emission factors and partitioning of typical particle forming elements (Ca, K, Na, P and Zn) were determined and show a strong correlation (R2 = 0.88) with their content in the feedstock. Additionally, gaseous emissions, particle size distribution and emission factors of other major and trace elements were also established. The total ash content of the tested biofuels varied from 0.4 % for spruce up to 32.9 % for paper, however most fuels contained between 5 and 10 %. The emission factors show that the most prevalent element in the flue gas was K (generally contributing over 25 % to total particulate emissions). The release of K into the flue gas varied, with type-K fuels reaching values over 10 %, while type-S fuels only around 6 %, most likely due to the formation of refractory aluminosilicate phases. Moreover, with growing K release, the particle size distribution gradually shifted from 0.14 up to 0.59 μm.
{"title":"Inorganic matter partitioning in boilers with grate burners and rated output below 25 kW: Ash type and particle forming elements","authors":"Jakub Lachman, Marek Baláš, Martin Lisý, Tereza Zlevorová, Hana Lisá","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inorganic matter of solid biofuels can be categorized into three different ash types: type-S (Si, Al, Fe, Ti), type-K (K, Na, P, Cl, S) and type-C (Ca, Mg, Mn). A total of 9 different biofuels (3 for each ash type) has been analyzed and then combusted in a 25 kW grate fired boiler. Emission factors and partitioning of typical particle forming elements (Ca, K, Na, P and Zn) were determined and show a strong correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.88) with their content in the feedstock. Additionally, gaseous emissions, particle size distribution and emission factors of other major and trace elements were also established. The total ash content of the tested biofuels varied from 0.4 % for spruce up to 32.9 % for paper, however most fuels contained between 5 and 10 %. The emission factors show that the most prevalent element in the flue gas was K (generally contributing over 25 % to total particulate emissions). The release of K into the flue gas varied, with type-K fuels reaching values over 10 %, while type-S fuels only around 6 %, most likely due to the formation of refractory aluminosilicate phases. Moreover, with growing K release, the particle size distribution gradually shifted from 0.14 up to 0.59 μm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108368"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05Epub Date: 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108370
Yingnan Sun , Cuicui Sun , Zhengkai Wu , Weilong Che , Qingkun Shang
The preparation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from glucose is an important reaction in the field of solid acid-catalyzed biomass conversion. The reaction is usually carried out at high temperatures and pressures. In this paper, a nonmetallic solid acid catalyst CNs-PF6 was synthesized from cheap melamine and hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF6) by low-temperature calcination and immersion method. The catalyst achieved the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF by photo-induction at a lower temperature (80 °C) and atmospheric pressure. And it also has a very high stability for recycling. The unique mechanism of photo-induced CNs-PF6 catalyzing the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF has been elucidated by photoelectron characterization, transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Namely, under photoinduction, CNs-PF6 possesses both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid properties. Since light simultaneously provides energy for the conversion reaction, it enables the reaction to proceed at lower temperatures and pressures. Combining light induction with acid catalysis fully leverages the synergistic effects between photocatalysts and solid acid catalysts. This research provides a new successful model for achieving biomass conversion at lower temperatures and pressures.
{"title":"Mechanism of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural preparation from glucose by a nonmetallic Lewis/Brønsted bifunctional solid acid catalyst CNs-PF6 under photo-induction","authors":"Yingnan Sun , Cuicui Sun , Zhengkai Wu , Weilong Che , Qingkun Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The preparation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from glucose is an important reaction in the field of solid acid-catalyzed biomass conversion. The reaction is usually carried out at high temperatures and pressures. In this paper, a nonmetallic solid acid catalyst CNs-PF<sub>6</sub> was synthesized from cheap melamine and hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF<sub>6</sub>) by low-temperature calcination and immersion method. The catalyst achieved the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF by photo-induction at a lower temperature (80 °C) and atmospheric pressure. And it also has a very high stability for recycling. The unique mechanism of photo-induced CNs-PF<sub>6</sub> catalyzing the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF has been elucidated by photoelectron characterization, transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Namely, under photoinduction, CNs-PF<sub>6</sub> possesses both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid properties. Since light simultaneously provides energy for the conversion reaction, it enables the reaction to proceed at lower temperatures and pressures. Combining light induction with acid catalysis fully leverages the synergistic effects between photocatalysts and solid acid catalysts. This research provides a new successful model for achieving biomass conversion at lower temperatures and pressures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108370"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05Epub Date: 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108366
Yingjie Fan , Hao Wu , Tao Rong , Wenguo Liu , Huafang Yu , Jingsong Wang , Qingguo Xue , Mingyong Wang , Haibin Zuo
Coke, as the core skeletal material, plays an irreplaceable role in blast furnace ironmaking; however, the structural degradation mechanisms under alkali metal (K/Na) adsorption conditions remain controversial. This study systematically reveals the deterioration mechanism of alkali-induced coke through adsorption experiments conducted in simulated blast furnace conditions, combined with multi-scale characterization techniques (ICP, XRD, CT, Raman, FTIR, SEM, and DFT). Results demonstrate that K induces more significant lattice distortion as its larger ionic radius, resulting in a 14.6 % reduction in crystallite size. Alkali metals adsorption increases porosity by 15 %, and K dominates the formation of medium/large pores through fragmentation of high-density matrices, whereas Na primarily enhances surface roughness. The catalytic effects accelerate sp3 → sp2 transformation, promoting aromatization and hydroxyl network formation while inhibiting small carbon molecule restructuring. K shifts the p-band center upward by 2.24 eV through a strong charge transfer, reducing the energy barrier of CO₂ gasification by 34 %. This behavior of K exhibits significantly higher catalytic activity than Na. K and Na demonstrate a competitive pattern between K-priority adsorption and Na-dominated destruction without synergistic effects. These findings provide atomic-scale theoretical support for coke quality control and alkali hazard mitigation in modern high-coal-ratio blast furnaces.
{"title":"The degradation mechanism analysis of alkali metal adsorption-induced coke","authors":"Yingjie Fan , Hao Wu , Tao Rong , Wenguo Liu , Huafang Yu , Jingsong Wang , Qingguo Xue , Mingyong Wang , Haibin Zuo","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coke, as the core skeletal material, plays an irreplaceable role in blast furnace ironmaking; however, the structural degradation mechanisms under alkali metal (K/Na) adsorption conditions remain controversial. This study systematically reveals the deterioration mechanism of alkali-induced coke through adsorption experiments conducted in simulated blast furnace conditions, combined with multi-scale characterization techniques (ICP, XRD, CT, Raman, FTIR, SEM, and DFT). Results demonstrate that K induces more significant lattice distortion as its larger ionic radius, resulting in a 14.6 % reduction in crystallite size. Alkali metals adsorption increases porosity by 15 %, and K dominates the formation of medium/large pores through fragmentation of high-density matrices, whereas Na primarily enhances surface roughness. The catalytic effects accelerate sp<sup>3</sup> → sp<sup>2</sup> transformation, promoting aromatization and hydroxyl network formation while inhibiting small carbon molecule restructuring. K shifts the p-band center upward by 2.24 eV through a strong charge transfer, reducing the energy barrier of CO₂ gasification by 34 %. This behavior of K exhibits significantly higher catalytic activity than Na. K and Na demonstrate a competitive pattern between K-priority adsorption and Na-dominated destruction without synergistic effects. These findings provide atomic-scale theoretical support for coke quality control and alkali hazard mitigation in modern high-coal-ratio blast furnaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108366"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A novel imidazolium-based ionic liquid ([HC14Im]Br) and two gemini cationic surfactants with different spacers constructed based on this ionic liquid (IL) monomer, abbreviated to [HC14Im-S-HC14Im]Br2, where S represents the spacer including propane 2-bromoacetate S1 (C7H10O4Br2) and hydroxypropane 2-bromoacetate S2 (C7H10O5Br2), were designed and synthesized. The characterization results confirm the structure of obtained surfactants. The results also confirmed that both GSs have higher surface activities compared to the conventional monomeric ionic liquid. Based on the surface tension of surfactant solutions (γ) and interfacial tensions (IFTs) of crude oil/surfactant solutions (σ), the effect of the hydroxyl functional group in the spacer on CMC, the γ and γ at the CMC point, and surface activities were evaluated. The lowest CMC value with high surface activity was achieved for [HC14Im-S-HC14Im]Br2 gemini surfactant with the spacer of C7H10O5Br2 (CMC = 1.4 × 10−6 mol/L based on SFT measurement and CMC = 3.13 × 10−6 mol/L based on IFT measurement). Ultralow IFT value after CMC point (σ < 0.1 mN/m) and wettability alteration toward neutral (θ = 88° at 4.64 × 10−7 mol/L) and water-wet (θ = 55° at 1.16× 10−7 mol/L) states lead to outstanding spreading coefficient and capillary number improvements.
{"title":"Synthesis of imidazolium based gemini surfactants with ultralow critical micelle concentration for chemical enhanced oil recovery process","authors":"Ghazal Hoseintabar , Mostafa Lashkarbolooki , Turaj Behrouz","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel imidazolium-based ionic liquid ([HC<sub>14</sub>Im]Br) and two gemini cationic surfactants with different spacers constructed based on this ionic liquid (IL) monomer, abbreviated to [HC<sub>14</sub>Im-S-HC<sub>14</sub>Im]Br<sub>2</sub>, where S represents the spacer including propane 2-bromoacetate S1 (C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>4</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>) and hydroxypropane 2-bromoacetate S2 (C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>), were designed and synthesized. The characterization results confirm the structure of obtained surfactants. The results also confirmed that both GSs have higher surface activities compared to the conventional monomeric ionic liquid. Based on the surface tension of surfactant solutions (<em>γ)</em> and interfacial tensions (IFTs) of crude oil/surfactant solutions (σ), the effect of the hydroxyl functional group in the spacer on CMC, the <em>γ</em> and <em>γ</em> at the CMC point, and surface activities were evaluated. The lowest CMC value with high surface activity was achieved for [HC<sub>14</sub>Im-S-HC<sub>14</sub>Im]Br<sub>2</sub> gemini surfactant with the spacer of C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>5</sub>Br<sub>2</sub> (CMC = 1.4 × 10<sup>−6</sup> mol/L based on SFT measurement and CMC = 3.13 × 10<sup>−6</sup> mol/L based on IFT measurement). Ultralow IFT value after CMC point (σ < 0.1 mN/m) and wettability alteration toward neutral (θ = 88° at 4.64 × 10<sup>−7</sup> mol/L) and water-wet (θ = 55° at 1.16× 10<sup>−7</sup> mol/L) states lead to outstanding spreading coefficient and capillary number improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108363"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05Epub Date: 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108359
Niklas Netsch, Luca Weigel, Tim Schmedding, Michael Zeller, Britta Bergfeldt, Grazyna Straczewski, Salar Tavakkol, Dieter Stapf
Pyrolysis oils are the crucial link between waste and chemicals in plastic recycling via pyrolysis. Oils from mixed plastic waste pyrolysis are complex mixtures of organic compounds typically containing impurities of nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine. Therefore, their characterization is challenging. This study presents a tailored two-dimensional gas chromatography method supporting in-depth analysis of the chemical composition. It covers a boiling range from the naphtha cut to the middle distillate. These fractions represent the preferred feedstocks to be substituted by plastic pyrolysis oils in the future. The oil characterization is complemented by elemental analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and simulated distillation. The enhanced separation by two-dimensional chromatography results in significantly higher resolution than conventional one-dimensional methods. The most relevant oil compounds can be clustered, distinguished, and quantified based on compound grouping. Depending on the boiling range of the pyrolysis oils, 77 wt% to 96 wt% of the sample composition can be elucidated. Detecting main heteroatom-containing species such as benzoic acid, ε-caprolactam, acetophenone, and various aromatic nitriles provides detailed information for further pyrolysis oil utilization. The combination of the developed method with common analyses offers an advanced approach to evaluate the reintegration of contaminated mixed plastics oils into existing petrochemical value chains.
{"title":"Chemical characterization of mixed plastic pyrolysis oils relevant for cracker reintegration by advanced two-dimensional gas chromatography","authors":"Niklas Netsch, Luca Weigel, Tim Schmedding, Michael Zeller, Britta Bergfeldt, Grazyna Straczewski, Salar Tavakkol, Dieter Stapf","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108359","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108359","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrolysis oils are the crucial link between waste and chemicals in plastic recycling via pyrolysis. Oils from mixed plastic waste pyrolysis are complex mixtures of organic compounds typically containing impurities of nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine. Therefore, their characterization is challenging. This study presents a tailored two-dimensional gas chromatography method supporting in-depth analysis of the chemical composition. It covers a boiling range from the naphtha cut to the middle distillate. These fractions represent the preferred feedstocks to be substituted by plastic pyrolysis oils in the future. The oil characterization is complemented by elemental analyses, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and simulated distillation. The enhanced separation by two-dimensional chromatography results in significantly higher resolution than conventional one-dimensional methods. The most relevant oil compounds can be clustered, distinguished, and quantified based on compound grouping. Depending on the boiling range of the pyrolysis oils, 77 wt% to 96 wt% of the sample composition can be elucidated. Detecting main heteroatom-containing species such as benzoic acid, ε-caprolactam, acetophenone, and various aromatic nitriles provides detailed information for further pyrolysis oil utilization. The combination of the developed method with common analyses offers an advanced approach to evaluate the reintegration of contaminated mixed plastics oils into existing petrochemical value chains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108359"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145499637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108373
Yanjie Qi , Bo Wei , Kunpeng Liu , Jianjiang Wang , Shan Wang , Lijuan Chen , Rui Ma
As a pivotal renewable energy source, biomass energy suffers from ash deposition induced by KCl condensation during thermal conversion, which impairs its efficient utilization; yet pressure's impact on KCl condensation remains unclear. Here, the effects of pressure on KCl vaporization and condensation were investigated via a pressurized experimental system, thermodynamic calculations, and characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that pressure significantly affected solid KCl's vaporization temperature: at 0.1 MPa, KCl began to vaporize at 725 °C and fully vaporized at 1300 °C, while at 1.4 MPa, these temperatures increased to 900 °C and 1700 °C, respectively. Similarly, gaseous KCl's condensation temperature rose with pressure, with solid KCl precipitating at approximately 1200 °C under 0.1 MPa and 1700 °C under 1.4 MPa. At 1000 °C, increasing pressure reduced KCl's vaporization rate from 52.0 % (0.1 MPa) to 35.2 % (1.4 MPa) and made condensation products smaller, more uniform-the average size fell from 5.89 ± 1.74 μm (0.1 MPa) to 1.20 ± 0.49 μm (1.4 MPa). XRD analysis indicated that pressure minimally influenced KCl's crystal structure but significantly altered the intensity and width of diffraction peaks. This study proposes a KCl condensation mechanism under different pressures and temperatures, providing a basis for addressing ash deposition and slagging in biomass thermal conversion.
{"title":"Study on the condensation behavior of KCl vapor on wall surfaces under pressurized condition","authors":"Yanjie Qi , Bo Wei , Kunpeng Liu , Jianjiang Wang , Shan Wang , Lijuan Chen , Rui Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a pivotal renewable energy source, biomass energy suffers from ash deposition induced by KCl condensation during thermal conversion, which impairs its efficient utilization; yet pressure's impact on KCl condensation remains unclear. Here, the effects of pressure on KCl vaporization and condensation were investigated via a pressurized experimental system, thermodynamic calculations, and characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that pressure significantly affected solid KCl's vaporization temperature: at 0.1 MPa, KCl began to vaporize at 725 °C and fully vaporized at 1300 °C, while at 1.4 MPa, these temperatures increased to 900 °C and 1700 °C, respectively. Similarly, gaseous KCl's condensation temperature rose with pressure, with solid KCl precipitating at approximately 1200 °C under 0.1 MPa and 1700 °C under 1.4 MPa. At 1000 °C, increasing pressure reduced KCl's vaporization rate from 52.0 % (0.1 MPa) to 35.2 % (1.4 MPa) and made condensation products smaller, more uniform-the average size fell from 5.89 ± 1.74 μm (0.1 MPa) to 1.20 ± 0.49 μm (1.4 MPa). XRD analysis indicated that pressure minimally influenced KCl's crystal structure but significantly altered the intensity and width of diffraction peaks. This study proposes a KCl condensation mechanism under different pressures and temperatures, providing a basis for addressing ash deposition and slagging in biomass thermal conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108373"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108372
Kunpeng Liu , Bo Wei , Shan Wang , Jianjiang Wang , Shihai Wang , Xinyi Ma , Lijuan Chen , Xian Li
Due to the influence of the special coal formation environment, the distribution of minerals in coal was not uniform, especially for the Zhundong high iron coal. The impact of this uneven distribution on slagging formation during coal combustion process was still unclear. In this study, three types of Zhundong coal with varying iron contents were selected, the coal and ash characteristics of different density fractions were analyzed after density fractionation. The minerals transformation characteristics of coal ash were also calculated by Factsage. The results showed that the density distributions of the three coal samples differ significantly. HSQ and JJM was primarily concentrated in below 1.4 g/cm3 and 1.4–1.5 g/cm3 two density fractions, but the proportion of >1.6 g/cm3 fraction of JJM was higher than that of HSQ. While the mass distribution of WCW across density ranges showed minor differences. The ash characteristics also exhibited significant differences across the density fractions. As coal density increases, the Na and Ca contents decreased, whereas the Si and Al contents gradually increased, and the Fe content increased substantially. This was particularly evident in JJM coal, where the iron content in the JJM4 ash exceeded 55 %. In the ash of low-density fractions, Na and Ca mainly existed in the form of Na2SO4 and CaSO4, while they mainly existed in the form of combined with Si and Al in the ash of high-density fractions. Besides, Fe2O3 was rich in the ash of high-density fractions, especially in the JJM, which can cause severe slagging and fouling problems under reducing atmosphere. The research results contribute to a deeper understanding of the uneven deposition behavior during Zhundong high iron coal combustion process.
{"title":"The uneven distribution characteristics of minerals in Zhundong high iron coal and its influence on the slagging process","authors":"Kunpeng Liu , Bo Wei , Shan Wang , Jianjiang Wang , Shihai Wang , Xinyi Ma , Lijuan Chen , Xian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the influence of the special coal formation environment, the distribution of minerals in coal was not uniform, especially for the Zhundong high iron coal. The impact of this uneven distribution on slagging formation during coal combustion process was still unclear. In this study, three types of Zhundong coal with varying iron contents were selected, the coal and ash characteristics of different density fractions were analyzed after density fractionation. The minerals transformation characteristics of coal ash were also calculated by Factsage. The results showed that the density distributions of the three coal samples differ significantly. HSQ and JJM was primarily concentrated in below 1.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and 1.4–1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> two density fractions, but the proportion of >1.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> fraction of JJM was higher than that of HSQ. While the mass distribution of WCW across density ranges showed minor differences. The ash characteristics also exhibited significant differences across the density fractions. As coal density increases, the Na and Ca contents decreased, whereas the Si and Al contents gradually increased, and the Fe content increased substantially. This was particularly evident in JJM coal, where the iron content in the JJM4 ash exceeded 55 %. In the ash of low-density fractions, Na and Ca mainly existed in the form of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and CaSO<sub>4</sub>, while they mainly existed in the form of combined with Si and Al in the ash of high-density fractions. Besides, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was rich in the ash of high-density fractions, especially in the JJM, which can cause severe slagging and fouling problems under reducing atmosphere. The research results contribute to a deeper understanding of the uneven deposition behavior during Zhundong high iron coal combustion process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108372"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108371
Yi Lin , Yulong Wang , Hongxiang Huang , Feng Wang , Zaixing Wang , Shi Jiang , Xiaoqin Liu , Yu Guo
This study focuses on a Pt-promoted Ni/NiAl (Ni/NiO-Al2O3) catalyst for butane steam reforming, designed to overcome hydrothermal oxidation and sulfur poisoning in Ni-based systems. A series of Ni/Al (Ni/Al2O3) and Ni/NiO-Al2O3 catalysts, with and without Pt modification, were synthesized and systematically evaluated under severe reforming conditions. Compared with conventional Ni/Al, Ni/NiAl exhibited stronger metal-support interaction through NiAl2O4 formation but suffered rapid deactivation in steam-rich and sulfur-containing atmospheres. Incorporating 0.5 wt% Pt markedly improved stability, maintaining high activity and hydrogen selectivity during both steam and H2S exposure. Characterization by XRD, TEM, H2-TPR, and XPS revealed that Pt induces a synergistic protection mechanism, in which hydrogen spillover dynamically regenerates oxidized Ni species and weakens NiS interactions. This effect reduces sulfur coverage on active Ni sites, preserving highly dispersed metallic Ni0. Time-resolved outlet gas analysis further indicated that sulfur preferentially deactivates reforming sites, followed by progressive inhibition of the water-gas shift reaction via a COS-mediated pathway. The catalyst demonstrated excellent stability under 5 ppm H2S at 850 °C, confirming the dual protective role of Pt against oxidation and sulfur poisoning. These findings provide mechanistic insights and design principles for robust, regenerable Ni-based catalysts tailored for distributed hydrogen production from LPG.
{"title":"Enhanced steam and sulfur resistance of Ni-based catalysts in LPG steam reforming via trace pt-induced hydrogen spillover","authors":"Yi Lin , Yulong Wang , Hongxiang Huang , Feng Wang , Zaixing Wang , Shi Jiang , Xiaoqin Liu , Yu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on a Pt-promoted Ni/NiAl (Ni/NiO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) catalyst for butane steam reforming, designed to overcome hydrothermal oxidation and sulfur poisoning in Ni-based systems. A series of Ni/Al (Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and Ni/NiO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalysts, with and without Pt modification, were synthesized and systematically evaluated under severe reforming conditions. Compared with conventional Ni/Al, Ni/NiAl exhibited stronger metal-support interaction through NiAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> formation but suffered rapid deactivation in steam-rich and sulfur-containing atmospheres. Incorporating 0.5 wt% Pt markedly improved stability, maintaining high activity and hydrogen selectivity during both steam and H<sub>2</sub>S exposure. Characterization by XRD, TEM, H<sub>2</sub>-TPR, and XPS revealed that Pt induces a synergistic protection mechanism, in which hydrogen spillover dynamically regenerates oxidized Ni species and weakens Ni<img>S interactions. This effect reduces sulfur coverage on active Ni sites, preserving highly dispersed metallic Ni<sup>0</sup>. Time-resolved outlet gas analysis further indicated that sulfur preferentially deactivates reforming sites, followed by progressive inhibition of the water-gas shift reaction via a COS-mediated pathway. The catalyst demonstrated excellent stability under 5 ppm H<sub>2</sub>S at 850 °C, confirming the dual protective role of Pt against oxidation and sulfur poisoning. These findings provide mechanistic insights and design principles for robust, regenerable Ni-based catalysts tailored for distributed hydrogen production from LPG.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108371"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05Epub Date: 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108367
Syarif Hidayat , Jeonghun Han , Jinsoo Kim , Hyun Tae Hwang , Xinxing Zhou , Jong In Choi , Haoxing Zhang , Do-Young Hong , Jeong-Myeong Ha , Seung-Soo Kim
In this research, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), an essential monomer obtained from the glycolysis of PET, served as a model compound for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) over bimetallic Pt-Sn/γ-Al2O3 catalysts within a fixed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure. A series of catalysts with varying Pt/Sn ratios (Pt7Sn3, Pt7.5Sn2.5, Pt8Sn2, and Pt8.5Sn1.5) were prepared via incipient wetness impregnation method and extensively characterized using XRD, BET, H2-TPR, NH₃-TPD, SEM-EDX, and XPS. Among the formulations, Pt7.5Sn2.5 exhibited optimal performance, achieving complete BHET conversion (100 %) and a deoxygenation degree of 94 % at 400 °C, with high selectivity toward benzene (40.56 %), toluene (7.59 %), and ethylbenzene (45.42 %). This superior activity is attributed to the synergistic interaction between Pt and Sn, which promotes efficient CO bond cleavage while minimizing over‑hydrogenation and cracking. Temperature studies revealed 400 °C to be the most favorable temperature for hydrocarbon selectivity and minimal gas-phase carbon loss, while 5 h time on stream testing confirmed catalyst with minimal coke formation. Reaction pathway analysis showed that BHET deoxygenation proceeded via benzoic acid and benzaldehyde intermediates. This study highlights the potential of PtSn catalysts to enable the mild and efficient deoxygenation of PET-derived compounds, promoting the sustainable upcycling of polyester waste. The proposed strategy provides a scalable and practical route for the chemical recycling of PET, contributing to a circular economy in plastic waste management.
{"title":"Selective hydrodeoxygenation of BHET using bimetallic Pt–Sn/γ-Al2O3 catalysts: Catalyst design, reaction pathway, and performance evaluation","authors":"Syarif Hidayat , Jeonghun Han , Jinsoo Kim , Hyun Tae Hwang , Xinxing Zhou , Jong In Choi , Haoxing Zhang , Do-Young Hong , Jeong-Myeong Ha , Seung-Soo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this research, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), an essential monomer obtained from the glycolysis of PET, served as a model compound for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) over bimetallic Pt-Sn/γ-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalysts within a fixed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure. A series of catalysts with varying Pt/Sn ratios (Pt7Sn3, Pt7.5Sn2.5, Pt8Sn2, and Pt8.5Sn1.5) were prepared via incipient wetness impregnation method and extensively characterized using XRD, BET, H<sub>2</sub>-TPR, NH₃-TPD, SEM-EDX, and XPS. Among the formulations, Pt7.5Sn2.5 exhibited optimal performance, achieving complete BHET conversion (100 %) and a deoxygenation degree of 94 % at 400 °C, with high selectivity toward benzene (40.56 %), toluene (7.59 %), and ethylbenzene (45.42 %). This superior activity is attributed to the synergistic interaction between Pt and Sn, which promotes efficient C<img>O bond cleavage while minimizing over‑hydrogenation and cracking. Temperature studies revealed 400 °C to be the most favorable temperature for hydrocarbon selectivity and minimal gas-phase carbon loss, while 5 h time on stream testing confirmed catalyst with minimal coke formation. Reaction pathway analysis showed that BHET deoxygenation proceeded via benzoic acid and benzaldehyde intermediates. This study highlights the potential of Pt<img>Sn catalysts to enable the mild and efficient deoxygenation of PET-derived compounds, promoting the sustainable upcycling of polyester waste. The proposed strategy provides a scalable and practical route for the chemical recycling of PET, contributing to a circular economy in plastic waste management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108367"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05Epub Date: 2025-11-29DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108369
Zhaoxiang Liu , Guihua Yang , Yu Xue , Kai Zhang , Peng Gan , Kefeng Liu , Lingsong Meng , Peihua Zhu
Low particulate matter(PM) emissions are a research hotspot pursued in biomass fuel fields. Herein, pulping effluent, an industrial byproduct of the pulping industry, was employed to prepare biomass pellet fuel by combining with reed residue through biomass densification technology. The pyrolysis behavior of pellet fuel particle size and concentration of PM emissions, as well as the composition of solid residual after combustion were investigated to study the influence mechanism of pulping effluent on PM emissions. Results showed that the organic component in pulping effluent can act as adhesive to endow pellet fuel with high density, which effectively enhanced the mechanical properties of pellet fuel by 46 % and notably reduced the concentration and size of PM emission by hindering the discharge of alkaline metals. Meanwhile, the mineral in pulping effluent diminished the production of PM pollutants via limiting the conversion of alkaline metals to PM. The concentration of PM emissions of pellet fuel at 10 % pulping effluent addition was 0.15 mg/g, significantly lower than that of pellet fuel without pulping effluent(4.05 mg/g), representing a 96 % reduction. The beneficial effect of pulping effluent addition on the discharge of PM pollutants can provide a new approach to construct high-performance biomass-based pellet fuels.
{"title":"Improvement of particulate matter emission from biomass pellet fuel combustion by adding pulping effluent during preparation","authors":"Zhaoxiang Liu , Guihua Yang , Yu Xue , Kai Zhang , Peng Gan , Kefeng Liu , Lingsong Meng , Peihua Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low particulate matter(PM) emissions are a research hotspot pursued in biomass fuel fields. Herein, pulping effluent, an industrial byproduct of the pulping industry, was employed to prepare biomass pellet fuel by combining with reed residue through biomass densification technology. The pyrolysis behavior of pellet fuel particle size and concentration of PM emissions, as well as the composition of solid residual after combustion were investigated to study the influence mechanism of pulping effluent on PM emissions. Results showed that the organic component in pulping effluent can act as adhesive to endow pellet fuel with high density, which effectively enhanced the mechanical properties of pellet fuel by 46 % and notably reduced the concentration and size of PM emission by hindering the discharge of alkaline metals. Meanwhile, the mineral in pulping effluent diminished the production of PM pollutants via limiting the conversion of alkaline metals to PM. The concentration of PM emissions of pellet fuel at 10 % pulping effluent addition was 0.15 mg/g, significantly lower than that of pellet fuel without pulping effluent(4.05 mg/g), representing a 96 % reduction. The beneficial effect of pulping effluent addition on the discharge of PM pollutants can provide a new approach to construct high-performance biomass-based pellet fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108369"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号