Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108383
Hyoungjoon Kwon , Seunguk Jung , Soonho Song
This study investigates the enhancement of CO2 reforming efficiency in biomass through the use of a rotating gliding arc (RGA) plasma system. This study investigates how the synergistic effects of biomass and catalytic metals influence CO2 reforming to enhance CO2 conversion and energy efficiency. The addition of biomass suppressed recombination reactions by consuming reactive oxygen species, leading to increased CO2 conversion. The CO2 conversion increased from 6.8 % (CO2-Only) to 8.5 % (CO2-Biomass) and further to 10.3 % (CO2-Biomass-Catalyst) at an input power of 1200 W. Energy efficiency reached 33 % in the CO2-BMC (biomass loaded with alkali or alkaline earth metal catalysts) experiment; a 3.3-fold increase compared to 10 % in the CO2-Only experiment. Additionally, the CO2 consumption rate increased from 0.40 mmol/s to 0.66 mmol/s, representing a 64.1 % increase, while the CO production rate rose from 0.83 mmol/s to 1.23 mmol/s. These results confirm that plasma-catalyst synergy can enhance CO2 reforming efficiency, providing a sustainable approach to both energy production and CO2 utilization.
{"title":"Feasibility of plasma-assisted CO2 conversion of biomass with enhanced conversion and efficiency in a rotating gliding arc-spouted bed system","authors":"Hyoungjoon Kwon , Seunguk Jung , Soonho Song","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the enhancement of CO<sub>2</sub> reforming efficiency in biomass through the use of a rotating gliding arc (RGA) plasma system. This study investigates how the synergistic effects of biomass and catalytic metals influence CO<sub>2</sub> reforming to enhance CO<sub>2</sub> conversion and energy efficiency. The addition of biomass suppressed recombination reactions by consuming reactive oxygen species, leading to increased CO<sub>2</sub> conversion. The CO<sub>2</sub> conversion increased from 6.8 % (CO<sub>2</sub>-Only) to 8.5 % (CO<sub>2</sub>-Biomass) and further to 10.3 % (CO<sub>2</sub>-Biomass-Catalyst) at an input power of 1200 W. Energy efficiency reached 33 % in the CO<sub>2</sub>-BMC (biomass loaded with alkali or alkaline earth metal catalysts) experiment; a 3.3-fold increase compared to 10 % in the CO<sub>2</sub>-Only experiment. Additionally, the CO<sub>2</sub> consumption rate increased from 0.40 mmol/s to 0.66 mmol/s, representing a 64.1 % increase, while the CO production rate rose from 0.83 mmol/s to 1.23 mmol/s. These results confirm that plasma-catalyst synergy can enhance CO<sub>2</sub> reforming efficiency, providing a sustainable approach to both energy production and CO<sub>2</sub> utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 108383"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108380
Hafiz Ali Raza , Viktoria Scheff , Matthias Karl von Ahn , David Laner , Kathrin Stenchly , Michael Wachendorf , Korbinian Kaetzl
The conversion of species-rich, structurally complex grassland biomass from landscape management into high-quality solid fuel and biogas poses significant environmental and technological challenges due to its high mineral content and low energy density. This study explores an advanced adaptation of the Integrated Generation of Solid Fuel and Biogas from Biomass (IFBB) process, incorporating a sequential base–acid treatment (IFBB-B/A) with sodium hydroxide and acetic acid, tailored for such feedstocks. Optimised through systematic lab-scale trials, the improved IFBB-B/A process demonstrated superior enrichment of energy-relevant constituents (cellulose +54 %, volatile matter +13 %, carbon +6.4 %) compared to conventional IFBB, enhancing higher heating value (+5.5 %) and significantly reducing ash content (−81 %). Upon scaling to industrial screw-press equipment, IFBB-B/A maintained robust performance, achieving high ash reduction (−71 %), improved thermochemical fuel quality, reduced slagging potential (slagging index reduced from 5.2 to 2.1), and increased sulphur-to‑chlorine ratio (from 1.9 to 13.5), thus minimising corrosion risk. Press fluid from industrial-scale IFBB-B/A yielded over 500 Ln CH₄/kgVS and methane concentrations above 85 vol%, underscoring the process's capability for efficient production of high-quality biogas and solid fuels from challenging biomass sources. The findings confirm the potential role of species-rich grassland biomass for decentralised provision of renewable energy.
由于高矿物质含量和低能量密度，将物种丰富、结构复杂的草地生物质从景观管理转化为高质量的固体燃料和沼气带来了重大的环境和技术挑战。本研究探索了生物质固体燃料和沼气综合生产（IFBB）工艺的高级适应性，结合了为此类原料量身定制的氢氧化钠和乙酸的顺序碱酸处理（IFBB- b / a）。经过系统的实验室规模试验优化，改进的IFBB- b /A工艺与传统IFBB相比，具有更高的能量相关成分（纤维素+ 54%，挥发物+ 13%，碳+ 6.4%）富集，提高了热值（+ 5.5%），显著降低了灰分含量（- 81%）。在扩展到工业螺杆压机设备后，IFBB-B/A保持了强大的性能，实现了高灰分减少（- 71%），改善了热化学燃料质量，降低了结渣潜力（结渣指数从5.2降至2.1），提高了硫氯比（从1.9降至13.5），从而最大限度地降低了腐蚀风险。工业级IFBB-B/A的压榨液产量超过500 Ln CH₄/kgVS，甲烷浓度超过85 vol%，强调了该工艺从具有挑战性的生物质资源中高效生产高质量沼气和固体燃料的能力。这些发现证实了物种丰富的草地生物量在分散提供可再生能源方面的潜在作用。
{"title":"Optimising and up-scaling residual grassland biomass use through sequential base-acid conditioning","authors":"Hafiz Ali Raza , Viktoria Scheff , Matthias Karl von Ahn , David Laner , Kathrin Stenchly , Michael Wachendorf , Korbinian Kaetzl","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The conversion of species-rich, structurally complex grassland biomass from landscape management into high-quality solid fuel and biogas poses significant environmental and technological challenges due to its high mineral content and low energy density. This study explores an advanced adaptation of the Integrated Generation of Solid Fuel and Biogas from Biomass (IFBB) process, incorporating a sequential base–acid treatment (IFBB-B/A) with sodium hydroxide and acetic acid, tailored for such feedstocks. Optimised through systematic lab-scale trials, the improved IFBB-B/A process demonstrated superior enrichment of energy-relevant constituents (cellulose +54 %, volatile matter +13 %, carbon +6.4 %) compared to conventional IFBB, enhancing higher heating value (+5.5 %) and significantly reducing ash content (−81 %). Upon scaling to industrial screw-press equipment, IFBB-B/A maintained robust performance, achieving high ash reduction (−71 %), improved thermochemical fuel quality, reduced slagging potential (slagging index reduced from 5.2 to 2.1), and increased sulphur-to‑chlorine ratio (from 1.9 to 13.5), thus minimising corrosion risk. Press fluid from industrial-scale IFBB-B/A yielded over 500 Ln CH₄/kgVS and methane concentrations above 85 vol%, underscoring the process's capability for efficient production of high-quality biogas and solid fuels from challenging biomass sources. The findings confirm the potential role of species-rich grassland biomass for decentralised provision of renewable energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 108380"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work investigates the chemical upcycling of non-biodegradable polystyrene waste into useful industrial products via catalytic hydrocracking. Zeolite-Y and ZSM-5 catalysts were impregnated with platinum and ruthenium and used in the conversion of polystyrene waste into the highly-desirable liquified natural gases and liquid ethylbenzene. Reactions carried out in a Parr reactor gave C3C4 gas selectivity of 60–67% for Pt-doped and 41–74 % for Ru-doped HY catalyst, while the Pt-doped ZSM-5 gave 94–96% C2C4 selectivity of the total gas products. Liquid analysis revealed both Pt and Ru were selective towards single-ring aromatics, notably ethylbenzene: 37–44%. However, Pt-ZSM-5 gave negligible liquid products due to its relatively larger pore sizes (3.8 nm) which promotes faster mass transport leading to more cracking and less secondary reactions. Higher pressures significantly increased feedstock to fluid conversion from 37 to 73% at 15 and 25 bar H2 respectively. Longer reaction times and lower polymer : catalyst ratios enhanced hydrogenation and ring opening reactions to give lower molecular weight compounds C8 and cycloalkanes. Spent catalysts were reused four times and similar ethylbenzene selectivity obtained, hence indicating excellent catalyst stability. We present a waste management control strategy in the feedstock recycling of plastic waste using bifunctional catalysts to produce fuels, whilst promoting alternative sources to the growing energy demand and environmentally benign synthetic routes in the petrochemical industry.
{"title":"Selective hydrocracking of polystyrene waste over Pt- and Ru-supported zeolite catalysts into high yield LPG and ethylbenzene","authors":"Olajumoke Alabi-Babalola , Edidiong Asuquo , Hassan Alhassawi , Mujtba Alnasser , Amal Nadri , Sarayute Chansai , Carmine D'Agostino , Arthur Garforth","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigates the chemical upcycling of non-biodegradable polystyrene waste into useful industrial products via catalytic hydrocracking. Zeolite-Y and ZSM-5 catalysts were impregnated with platinum and ruthenium and used in the conversion of polystyrene waste into the highly-desirable liquified natural gases and liquid ethylbenzene. Reactions carried out in a Parr reactor gave C<sub>3</sub><span><math><mo>−</mo></math></span>C<sub>4</sub> gas selectivity of 60–67% for Pt-doped and 41–74 % for Ru-doped HY catalyst, while the Pt-doped ZSM-5 gave 94–96% C<sub>2</sub><span><math><mo>−</mo></math></span>C<sub>4</sub> selectivity of the total gas products. Liquid analysis revealed both Pt and Ru were selective towards single-ring aromatics, notably ethylbenzene: 37–44%. However, Pt-ZSM-5 gave negligible liquid products due to its relatively larger pore sizes (3.8 nm) which promotes faster mass transport leading to more cracking and less secondary reactions. Higher pressures significantly increased feedstock to fluid conversion from 37 to 73% at 15 and 25 bar H<sub>2</sub> respectively. Longer reaction times and lower polymer : catalyst ratios enhanced hydrogenation and ring opening reactions to give lower molecular weight compounds <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span>C<sub>8</sub> and cycloalkanes. Spent catalysts were reused four times and similar ethylbenzene selectivity obtained, hence indicating excellent catalyst stability. We present a waste management control strategy in the feedstock recycling of plastic waste using bifunctional catalysts to produce fuels, whilst promoting alternative sources to the growing energy demand and environmentally benign synthetic routes in the petrochemical industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 108364"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145697407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Refined oils, such as gasoline, diesel, and aviation kerosene, are primarily composed of hydrocarbon compounds. As poor electrical conductors, these oils accumulate static charges through friction during storage, transportation, and handling. When charge accumulation exceeds a critical threshold, electrostatic discharge phenomenon will occur, posing significant fire and explosion risks. The incorporation of static dissipative additives into oil products is an effective method for preventing and mitigating electrostatic hazards. In this study, polymer segment modification technology was employed to introduce hydrophobic higher alkyl acrylate segments into the unsaturated CC of the quaternary ammonium salt monomer methylacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride. This approach led to the initial synthesis of a novel hydrophobic polyquaternary ammonium compound that retained the antistatic properties inherent to quaternary ammonium groups while achieving compatibility with oil matrices. The structure and morphology of the polymeric product were characterized using instrumental analysis techniques, confirming its successful synthesis. Further evaluation demonstrated the efficacy of the product in enhancing the conductivity of refined oils. The oil conductivity increased to 1005 pS/m at an addition level of 2 ppm. The synthesized polymer shows promise as a novel static dissipative additive for refined oils and offers new guidance for advancing polymer segment modification technology.
{"title":"Synthesis, characterization, and performance of a novel static dissipative additive for refined oils via quaternary ammonium segment modification","authors":"Kunyu Li, Zhanpeng Lu, Tiantian Zhang, Zuo Wang, Zhijie Wang, Zhengsheng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108381","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108381","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refined oils, such as gasoline, diesel, and aviation kerosene, are primarily composed of hydrocarbon compounds. As poor electrical conductors, these oils accumulate static charges through friction during storage, transportation, and handling. When charge accumulation exceeds a critical threshold, electrostatic discharge phenomenon will occur, posing significant fire and explosion risks. The incorporation of static dissipative additives into oil products is an effective method for preventing and mitigating electrostatic hazards. In this study, polymer segment modification technology was employed to introduce hydrophobic higher alkyl acrylate segments into the unsaturated C<img>C of the quaternary ammonium salt monomer methylacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride. This approach led to the initial synthesis of a novel hydrophobic polyquaternary ammonium compound that retained the antistatic properties inherent to quaternary ammonium groups while achieving compatibility with oil matrices. The structure and morphology of the polymeric product were characterized using instrumental analysis techniques, confirming its successful synthesis. Further evaluation demonstrated the efficacy of the product in enhancing the conductivity of refined oils. The oil conductivity increased to 1005 pS/m at an addition level of 2 ppm. The synthesized polymer shows promise as a novel static dissipative additive for refined oils and offers new guidance for advancing polymer segment modification technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"281 ","pages":"Article 108381"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145697405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108370
Yingnan Sun , Cuicui Sun , Zhengkai Wu , Weilong Che , Qingkun Shang
The preparation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from glucose is an important reaction in the field of solid acid-catalyzed biomass conversion. The reaction is usually carried out at high temperatures and pressures. In this paper, a nonmetallic solid acid catalyst CNs-PF6 was synthesized from cheap melamine and hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF6) by low-temperature calcination and immersion method. The catalyst achieved the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF by photo-induction at a lower temperature (80 °C) and atmospheric pressure. And it also has a very high stability for recycling. The unique mechanism of photo-induced CNs-PF6 catalyzing the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF has been elucidated by photoelectron characterization, transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Namely, under photoinduction, CNs-PF6 possesses both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid properties. Since light simultaneously provides energy for the conversion reaction, it enables the reaction to proceed at lower temperatures and pressures. Combining light induction with acid catalysis fully leverages the synergistic effects between photocatalysts and solid acid catalysts. This research provides a new successful model for achieving biomass conversion at lower temperatures and pressures.
{"title":"Mechanism of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural preparation from glucose by a nonmetallic Lewis/Brønsted bifunctional solid acid catalyst CNs-PF6 under photo-induction","authors":"Yingnan Sun , Cuicui Sun , Zhengkai Wu , Weilong Che , Qingkun Shang","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The preparation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from glucose is an important reaction in the field of solid acid-catalyzed biomass conversion. The reaction is usually carried out at high temperatures and pressures. In this paper, a nonmetallic solid acid catalyst CNs-PF<sub>6</sub> was synthesized from cheap melamine and hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF<sub>6</sub>) by low-temperature calcination and immersion method. The catalyst achieved the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF by photo-induction at a lower temperature (80 °C) and atmospheric pressure. And it also has a very high stability for recycling. The unique mechanism of photo-induced CNs-PF<sub>6</sub> catalyzing the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF has been elucidated by photoelectron characterization, transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Namely, under photoinduction, CNs-PF<sub>6</sub> possesses both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid properties. Since light simultaneously provides energy for the conversion reaction, it enables the reaction to proceed at lower temperatures and pressures. Combining light induction with acid catalysis fully leverages the synergistic effects between photocatalysts and solid acid catalysts. This research provides a new successful model for achieving biomass conversion at lower temperatures and pressures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108370"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108373
Yanjie Qi , Bo Wei , Kunpeng Liu , Jianjiang Wang , Shan Wang , Lijuan Chen , Rui Ma
As a pivotal renewable energy source, biomass energy suffers from ash deposition induced by KCl condensation during thermal conversion, which impairs its efficient utilization; yet pressure's impact on KCl condensation remains unclear. Here, the effects of pressure on KCl vaporization and condensation were investigated via a pressurized experimental system, thermodynamic calculations, and characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that pressure significantly affected solid KCl's vaporization temperature: at 0.1 MPa, KCl began to vaporize at 725 °C and fully vaporized at 1300 °C, while at 1.4 MPa, these temperatures increased to 900 °C and 1700 °C, respectively. Similarly, gaseous KCl's condensation temperature rose with pressure, with solid KCl precipitating at approximately 1200 °C under 0.1 MPa and 1700 °C under 1.4 MPa. At 1000 °C, increasing pressure reduced KCl's vaporization rate from 52.0 % (0.1 MPa) to 35.2 % (1.4 MPa) and made condensation products smaller, more uniform-the average size fell from 5.89 ± 1.74 μm (0.1 MPa) to 1.20 ± 0.49 μm (1.4 MPa). XRD analysis indicated that pressure minimally influenced KCl's crystal structure but significantly altered the intensity and width of diffraction peaks. This study proposes a KCl condensation mechanism under different pressures and temperatures, providing a basis for addressing ash deposition and slagging in biomass thermal conversion.
{"title":"Study on the condensation behavior of KCl vapor on wall surfaces under pressurized condition","authors":"Yanjie Qi , Bo Wei , Kunpeng Liu , Jianjiang Wang , Shan Wang , Lijuan Chen , Rui Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a pivotal renewable energy source, biomass energy suffers from ash deposition induced by KCl condensation during thermal conversion, which impairs its efficient utilization; yet pressure's impact on KCl condensation remains unclear. Here, the effects of pressure on KCl vaporization and condensation were investigated via a pressurized experimental system, thermodynamic calculations, and characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that pressure significantly affected solid KCl's vaporization temperature: at 0.1 MPa, KCl began to vaporize at 725 °C and fully vaporized at 1300 °C, while at 1.4 MPa, these temperatures increased to 900 °C and 1700 °C, respectively. Similarly, gaseous KCl's condensation temperature rose with pressure, with solid KCl precipitating at approximately 1200 °C under 0.1 MPa and 1700 °C under 1.4 MPa. At 1000 °C, increasing pressure reduced KCl's vaporization rate from 52.0 % (0.1 MPa) to 35.2 % (1.4 MPa) and made condensation products smaller, more uniform-the average size fell from 5.89 ± 1.74 μm (0.1 MPa) to 1.20 ± 0.49 μm (1.4 MPa). XRD analysis indicated that pressure minimally influenced KCl's crystal structure but significantly altered the intensity and width of diffraction peaks. This study proposes a KCl condensation mechanism under different pressures and temperatures, providing a basis for addressing ash deposition and slagging in biomass thermal conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108373"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108372
Kunpeng Liu , Bo Wei , Shan Wang , Jianjiang Wang , Shihai Wang , Xinyi Ma , Lijuan Chen , Xian Li
Due to the influence of the special coal formation environment, the distribution of minerals in coal was not uniform, especially for the Zhundong high iron coal. The impact of this uneven distribution on slagging formation during coal combustion process was still unclear. In this study, three types of Zhundong coal with varying iron contents were selected, the coal and ash characteristics of different density fractions were analyzed after density fractionation. The minerals transformation characteristics of coal ash were also calculated by Factsage. The results showed that the density distributions of the three coal samples differ significantly. HSQ and JJM was primarily concentrated in below 1.4 g/cm3 and 1.4–1.5 g/cm3 two density fractions, but the proportion of >1.6 g/cm3 fraction of JJM was higher than that of HSQ. While the mass distribution of WCW across density ranges showed minor differences. The ash characteristics also exhibited significant differences across the density fractions. As coal density increases, the Na and Ca contents decreased, whereas the Si and Al contents gradually increased, and the Fe content increased substantially. This was particularly evident in JJM coal, where the iron content in the JJM4 ash exceeded 55 %. In the ash of low-density fractions, Na and Ca mainly existed in the form of Na2SO4 and CaSO4, while they mainly existed in the form of combined with Si and Al in the ash of high-density fractions. Besides, Fe2O3 was rich in the ash of high-density fractions, especially in the JJM, which can cause severe slagging and fouling problems under reducing atmosphere. The research results contribute to a deeper understanding of the uneven deposition behavior during Zhundong high iron coal combustion process.
{"title":"The uneven distribution characteristics of minerals in Zhundong high iron coal and its influence on the slagging process","authors":"Kunpeng Liu , Bo Wei , Shan Wang , Jianjiang Wang , Shihai Wang , Xinyi Ma , Lijuan Chen , Xian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the influence of the special coal formation environment, the distribution of minerals in coal was not uniform, especially for the Zhundong high iron coal. The impact of this uneven distribution on slagging formation during coal combustion process was still unclear. In this study, three types of Zhundong coal with varying iron contents were selected, the coal and ash characteristics of different density fractions were analyzed after density fractionation. The minerals transformation characteristics of coal ash were also calculated by Factsage. The results showed that the density distributions of the three coal samples differ significantly. HSQ and JJM was primarily concentrated in below 1.4 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and 1.4–1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> two density fractions, but the proportion of >1.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> fraction of JJM was higher than that of HSQ. While the mass distribution of WCW across density ranges showed minor differences. The ash characteristics also exhibited significant differences across the density fractions. As coal density increases, the Na and Ca contents decreased, whereas the Si and Al contents gradually increased, and the Fe content increased substantially. This was particularly evident in JJM coal, where the iron content in the JJM4 ash exceeded 55 %. In the ash of low-density fractions, Na and Ca mainly existed in the form of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and CaSO<sub>4</sub>, while they mainly existed in the form of combined with Si and Al in the ash of high-density fractions. Besides, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was rich in the ash of high-density fractions, especially in the JJM, which can cause severe slagging and fouling problems under reducing atmosphere. The research results contribute to a deeper understanding of the uneven deposition behavior during Zhundong high iron coal combustion process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108372"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108371
Yi Lin , Yulong Wang , Hongxiang Huang , Feng Wang , Zaixing Wang , Shi Jiang , Xiaoqin Liu , Yu Guo
This study focuses on a Pt-promoted Ni/NiAl (Ni/NiO-Al2O3) catalyst for butane steam reforming, designed to overcome hydrothermal oxidation and sulfur poisoning in Ni-based systems. A series of Ni/Al (Ni/Al2O3) and Ni/NiO-Al2O3 catalysts, with and without Pt modification, were synthesized and systematically evaluated under severe reforming conditions. Compared with conventional Ni/Al, Ni/NiAl exhibited stronger metal-support interaction through NiAl2O4 formation but suffered rapid deactivation in steam-rich and sulfur-containing atmospheres. Incorporating 0.5 wt% Pt markedly improved stability, maintaining high activity and hydrogen selectivity during both steam and H2S exposure. Characterization by XRD, TEM, H2-TPR, and XPS revealed that Pt induces a synergistic protection mechanism, in which hydrogen spillover dynamically regenerates oxidized Ni species and weakens NiS interactions. This effect reduces sulfur coverage on active Ni sites, preserving highly dispersed metallic Ni0. Time-resolved outlet gas analysis further indicated that sulfur preferentially deactivates reforming sites, followed by progressive inhibition of the water-gas shift reaction via a COS-mediated pathway. The catalyst demonstrated excellent stability under 5 ppm H2S at 850 °C, confirming the dual protective role of Pt against oxidation and sulfur poisoning. These findings provide mechanistic insights and design principles for robust, regenerable Ni-based catalysts tailored for distributed hydrogen production from LPG.
{"title":"Enhanced steam and sulfur resistance of Ni-based catalysts in LPG steam reforming via trace pt-induced hydrogen spillover","authors":"Yi Lin , Yulong Wang , Hongxiang Huang , Feng Wang , Zaixing Wang , Shi Jiang , Xiaoqin Liu , Yu Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on a Pt-promoted Ni/NiAl (Ni/NiO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) catalyst for butane steam reforming, designed to overcome hydrothermal oxidation and sulfur poisoning in Ni-based systems. A series of Ni/Al (Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and Ni/NiO-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalysts, with and without Pt modification, were synthesized and systematically evaluated under severe reforming conditions. Compared with conventional Ni/Al, Ni/NiAl exhibited stronger metal-support interaction through NiAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> formation but suffered rapid deactivation in steam-rich and sulfur-containing atmospheres. Incorporating 0.5 wt% Pt markedly improved stability, maintaining high activity and hydrogen selectivity during both steam and H<sub>2</sub>S exposure. Characterization by XRD, TEM, H<sub>2</sub>-TPR, and XPS revealed that Pt induces a synergistic protection mechanism, in which hydrogen spillover dynamically regenerates oxidized Ni species and weakens Ni<img>S interactions. This effect reduces sulfur coverage on active Ni sites, preserving highly dispersed metallic Ni<sup>0</sup>. Time-resolved outlet gas analysis further indicated that sulfur preferentially deactivates reforming sites, followed by progressive inhibition of the water-gas shift reaction via a COS-mediated pathway. The catalyst demonstrated excellent stability under 5 ppm H<sub>2</sub>S at 850 °C, confirming the dual protective role of Pt against oxidation and sulfur poisoning. These findings provide mechanistic insights and design principles for robust, regenerable Ni-based catalysts tailored for distributed hydrogen production from LPG.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108371"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108374
Li Fengli , Jiang Bo , Cheng Guoxi
Revealing the impact of tectonic stresses on shale kerogen molecules sheds light on the evolution mechanisms of shale organic matter. In this study, we first extracted shale kerogen samples from the undeformed and tectonically deformed shale (TDS) and then investigated how shale kerogen molecular structures respond to structural deformation by combining Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The result showed that structural deformation reduced the complexity and branching degree of molecular structures by promoting the breaking of aliphatic side chains and increased the aromaticity and structural order of kerogen molecules by enhancing condensation of aromatic rings. Additionally, shale kerogen displayed a relative enrichment of carbon by removing oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing functional groups. The removal of oxygen-containing functional groups was the most significant, showing a trend of “C-O bonds within aliphatic functional groups > C-O bonds within aromatic functional groups > C=O bonds within functional groups”. In general, the evolution of kerogen molecular structures caused by brittle and ductile deformation followed largely consistent patterns. However, the influence of ductile deformation was much more significant and pronounced than that of brittle deformation, and weak brittle deformation had little impact on kerogen molecular structures.
{"title":"Evolution characteristics and mechanisms of molecular structures of shale Kerogen during structural deformation","authors":"Li Fengli , Jiang Bo , Cheng Guoxi","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Revealing the impact of tectonic stresses on shale kerogen molecules sheds light on the evolution mechanisms of shale organic matter. In this study, we first extracted shale kerogen samples from the undeformed and tectonically deformed shale (TDS) and then investigated how shale kerogen molecular structures respond to structural deformation by combining Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The result showed that structural deformation reduced the complexity and branching degree of molecular structures by promoting the breaking of aliphatic side chains and increased the aromaticity and structural order of kerogen molecules by enhancing condensation of aromatic rings. Additionally, shale kerogen displayed a relative enrichment of carbon by removing oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing functional groups. The removal of oxygen-containing functional groups was the most significant, showing a trend of “C-O bonds within aliphatic functional groups > C-O bonds within aromatic functional groups > C=O bonds within functional groups”. In general, the evolution of kerogen molecular structures caused by brittle and ductile deformation followed largely consistent patterns. However, the influence of ductile deformation was much more significant and pronounced than that of brittle deformation, and weak brittle deformation had little impact on kerogen molecular structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108374"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108369
Zhaoxiang Liu , Guihua Yang , Yu Xue , Kai Zhang , Peng Gan , Kefeng Liu , Lingsong Meng , Peihua Zhu
Low particulate matter(PM) emissions are a research hotspot pursued in biomass fuel fields. Herein, pulping effluent, an industrial byproduct of the pulping industry, was employed to prepare biomass pellet fuel by combining with reed residue through biomass densification technology. The pyrolysis behavior of pellet fuel particle size and concentration of PM emissions, as well as the composition of solid residual after combustion were investigated to study the influence mechanism of pulping effluent on PM emissions. Results showed that the organic component in pulping effluent can act as adhesive to endow pellet fuel with high density, which effectively enhanced the mechanical properties of pellet fuel by 46 % and notably reduced the concentration and size of PM emission by hindering the discharge of alkaline metals. Meanwhile, the mineral in pulping effluent diminished the production of PM pollutants via limiting the conversion of alkaline metals to PM. The concentration of PM emissions of pellet fuel at 10 % pulping effluent addition was 0.15 mg/g, significantly lower than that of pellet fuel without pulping effluent(4.05 mg/g), representing a 96 % reduction. The beneficial effect of pulping effluent addition on the discharge of PM pollutants can provide a new approach to construct high-performance biomass-based pellet fuels.
{"title":"Improvement of particulate matter emission from biomass pellet fuel combustion by adding pulping effluent during preparation","authors":"Zhaoxiang Liu , Guihua Yang , Yu Xue , Kai Zhang , Peng Gan , Kefeng Liu , Lingsong Meng , Peihua Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108369","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fuproc.2025.108369","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low particulate matter(PM) emissions are a research hotspot pursued in biomass fuel fields. Herein, pulping effluent, an industrial byproduct of the pulping industry, was employed to prepare biomass pellet fuel by combining with reed residue through biomass densification technology. The pyrolysis behavior of pellet fuel particle size and concentration of PM emissions, as well as the composition of solid residual after combustion were investigated to study the influence mechanism of pulping effluent on PM emissions. Results showed that the organic component in pulping effluent can act as adhesive to endow pellet fuel with high density, which effectively enhanced the mechanical properties of pellet fuel by 46 % and notably reduced the concentration and size of PM emission by hindering the discharge of alkaline metals. Meanwhile, the mineral in pulping effluent diminished the production of PM pollutants via limiting the conversion of alkaline metals to PM. The concentration of PM emissions of pellet fuel at 10 % pulping effluent addition was 0.15 mg/g, significantly lower than that of pellet fuel without pulping effluent(4.05 mg/g), representing a 96 % reduction. The beneficial effect of pulping effluent addition on the discharge of PM pollutants can provide a new approach to construct high-performance biomass-based pellet fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":326,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Processing Technology","volume":"280 ","pages":"Article 108369"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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