Journal of Cognition最新文献_第10页

The Intensity of Internal and External Attention Assessed with Pupillometry 用瞳孔测量法评估内外注意力的强度

Q1 Psychology

Journal of Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.336

Damian Koevoet, M. Naber, Christoph Strauch, Stefan Van der Stigchel

Not only is visual attention shifted to objects in the external world, attention can also be directed to objects in memory. We have recently shown that pupil size indexes how strongly items are attended externally, which was reflected in more precise encoding into visual working memory. Using a retro-cuing paradigm, we here replicated this finding by showing that stronger pupil constrictions during encoding were reflective of the depth of encoding. Importantly, we extend this previous work by showing that pupil size also revealed the intensity of internal attention toward content stored in visual working memory. Specifically, pupil dilation during the prioritization of one among multiple internally stored representations predicted the precision of the prioritized item. Furthermore, the dynamics of the pupillary responses revealed that the intensity of internal and external attention independently determined the precision of internalized visual representations. Our results show that both internal and external attention are not all-or-none processes, but should rather be thought of as continuous resources that can be deployed at varying intensities. The employed pupillometric approach allows to unravel the intricate interplay between internal and external attention and their effects on visual working memory.

视觉注意力不仅会转移到外部世界的物体上，也会被引导到记忆中的物体上。我们最近的研究表明，瞳孔的大小可以反映出外部事物被注意的程度，而这也反映在视觉工作记忆中更精确的编码上。在此，我们使用逆向诱导范式重复了这一发现，表明在编码过程中瞳孔的收缩程度越强，就越能反映编码的深度。重要的是，我们通过证明瞳孔大小也能反映出对存储在视觉工作记忆中的内容的内部注意强度，从而扩展了之前的研究。具体来说，在对多个内部存储的表征中的一个进行优先排序时，瞳孔的放大可以预测被排序项目的精确度。此外，瞳孔反应的动态变化表明，内部和外部注意的强度独立地决定了内化视觉表象的精确度。我们的研究结果表明，内部和外部注意并不是全有或全无的过程，而应被视为可在不同强度下使用的连续资源。我们采用的瞳孔测量法可以揭示内部和外部注意力之间错综复杂的相互作用及其对视觉工作记忆的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Language Analytic Ability, Print Exposure, Memory and Comprehension of Complex Syntax by Adult Native Speakers 成年母语使用者的语言分析能力、印刷接触、记忆力和对复杂句法的理解能力

Q1 Psychology

Journal of Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.333

Elodie Winckel, Ewa Dąbrowska

Nativist theories of language development assume that all native speakers of a particular language ultimately converge on (more or less) the same grammar, and argue that this is only possible because they are born with a genetic blueprint for language. However, a number of recent studies have found that there are, in fact, considerable individual differences in adult native speakers’ grammatical attainment. In this study, we examine some possible reasons for these differences. We examine both learner internal cognitive factors (implicit and explicit memory for sequences, non-verbal working memory, and language analytic ability) as well as an experiential factor (print exposure). In contrast to many earlier studies which focused on the temporal aspects of language processing, we are interested in the extent to which individuals are able to use grammatical cues to extract meaning from complex sentences. To minimize the effect of performance factors, sentences remained on screen while participants responded to comprehension questions (thus easing working memory load) and participants were given as much time as they needed to respond. Our findings revealed large effects of language analytic ability and print exposure, and a much smaller effect of implicit learning. While the effect of implicit learning fits in well with current theories of language acquisition and processing, the first two findings do not. The strong relationship between print exposure and comprehension suggests that the ability to process complex syntax may depend on a particular type of language experience which is not available to all speakers. Finally, the effect of language analytic ability challenges the wide-held conviction that the ability to identify and explicitly reason about linguistic patterns is only relevant in adult second language learning.

本土语言发展理论认为，所有以某种语言为母语的人最终都会趋同于（或多或少）相同的语法，并认为这只是因为他们生来就有语言的基因蓝图。然而，最近的一些研究发现，事实上，成年母语使用者的语法水平存在相当大的个体差异。在本研究中，我们探讨了造成这些差异的一些可能原因。我们既研究了学习者的内部认知因素（序列的内隐和外显记忆、非语言工作记忆和语言分析能力），也研究了经验因素（印刷接触）。与之前许多侧重于语言处理的时间方面的研究不同，我们感兴趣的是个人能够在多大程度上利用语法线索从复杂句子中提取意义。为了最大限度地减少成绩因素的影响，在参与者回答理解问题时，句子一直显示在屏幕上（从而减轻了工作记忆的负担），参与者有足够的时间来回答问题。我们的研究结果表明，语言分析能力和印刷接触的影响较大，而内隐学习的影响要小得多。虽然内隐学习的影响与当前的语言习得和处理理论十分吻合，但前两个发现却不尽然。接触印刷品与理解能力之间的密切关系表明，处理复杂句法的能力可能取决于特定类型的语言经验，而并非所有说话者都有这种经验。最后，语言分析能力的影响挑战了人们的普遍看法，即识别和明确推理语言模式的能力只与成人第二语言学习相关。

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引用次数: 1

Mini-ACE: Validation Study Among Older People in Long-Term Care 迷你ACE：长期护理老年人验证研究

Q1 Psychology

Journal of Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.330

A. Grasina, H. Espírito-Santo, L. Lemos, Maria Manuela Vilar, Luís Simões-Cunha, Fernanda Daniel

Background: The Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (M-ACE) is a valid and reliable tool that accurately differentiates various types of cognitive impairment from Normal-cognition assessed in multiple settings. However, its validity among older individuals in long-term care (LTC) was not yet established. Therefore, we sought to assess the Portuguese M-ACE’s validity, reliability, and accuracy in detecting cognitive impairment no-dementia (CIND) in LTC users. Methods: A comprehensive assessment was performed on 196 LTC Portuguese users aged ≥ 60 years, among whom 71 had Normal-cognition, and 125 had CIND. Results: The M-ACE was found to be reliable (McDonald’s ω = .86, Cronbach’s α = .85) and consistent over time (r = .72; ICC = .83) and between raters (k = .92). Strong correlations with related measures supported construct validity (both r = .67). The M-ACE accurately distinguished CIND from Normal-cognition with a cut-off of 17 points (AUC = 0.81, Sensitivity = 81.7%, Specificity = 74.4%). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the Portuguese M-ACE is a valid and reliable cognitive assessment tool for LTC users, allowing for accurate differentiation between CIND and Normal-cognition. Thus, the M-ACE’s use could contribute to the early detection and intervention of cognitive disorders, especially among older adults in LTC.

背景：迷你艾登布鲁克认知检查（M-ACE）是一种有效而可靠的工具，可在多种环境下准确区分各种类型的认知障碍和正常认知。然而，它在长期护理（LTC）老年人中的有效性尚未得到证实。因此，我们试图评估葡萄牙 M-ACE 在检测 LTC 使用者无痴呆认知障碍（CIND）方面的有效性、可靠性和准确性。评估方法对 196 名年龄≥ 60 岁的葡萄牙语 LTC 用户进行了全面评估，其中 71 人认知正常，125 人认知障碍。结果：M-ACEM-ACE被认为是可靠的（McDonald's ω = .86，Cronbach's α = .85），并且在不同时间（r = .72；ICC = .83）和不同评分者（k = .92）之间具有一致性。与相关测量指标之间的强相关性支持了建构效度（两者的r = .67）。M-ACE 能准确区分 CIND 和正常认知，分界点为 17 点（AUC = 0.81，灵敏度 = 81.7%，特异度 = 74.4%）。结论我们的研究结果表明，葡萄牙语 M-ACE 是一种有效、可靠的认知评估工具，适用于长期护理用户，可准确区分 CIND 和正常认知。因此，M-ACE 的使用有助于认知障碍的早期检测和干预，尤其是在长期护理中心的老年人中。

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引用次数: 0

Visual Intuitions in the Absence of Visual Experience: The Role of Direct Experience in Concreteness and Imageability Judgements 缺乏视觉经验时的视觉直觉：直接经验在具体性和形象性判断中的作用

Q1 Psychology

Journal of Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.328

M. Petilli, Marco Marelli

The strongest formulations of grounded cognition assume that perceptual intuitions about concepts involve the re-activation of sensorimotor experience we have made with their referents in the world. Within this framework, concreteness and imageability ratings are indeed of crucial importance by operationalising the amount of perceptual interaction we have made with objects. Here we tested such an assumption by asking whether visual intuitions about concepts are provided accurately even when direct visual experience is absent. To this aim, we considered concreteness and imageability intuitions in blind people and tested whether these judgments are predicted by Image-based Frequency (IF, i.e. a data-driven estimate approximating the availability of the word referent in the visual environment). Results indicated that IF predicts perceptual intuitions with a larger extent in sighted compared to blind individuals, thus suggesting a role of direct experience in shaping our judgements. However, the effect of IF was significant not only in sighted but also in blind individuals. This indicates that having direct visual experience with objects does not play a critical role in making them concrete and imageable in a person’s intuitions: people do not need visual experience to develop intuition about the availability of things in the external visual environment and use this intuition to inform concreteness/imageability judgments. Our findings fit closely the idea that perceptual judgments are the outcome of introspection/abstraction tasks invoking high-level conceptual knowledge that is not necessarily acquired via direct perceptual experience.

对基础认知最有力的表述是，关于概念的知觉直觉涉及我们与世界中的概念参照物之间的感觉运动经验的再激活。在这一框架内，具体性和形象性评级确实非常重要，因为它们是我们与对象进行知觉互动的操作量。在这里，我们通过询问即使在缺乏直接视觉经验的情况下，是否也能准确地提供有关概念的视觉直觉来验证这一假设。为此，我们考虑了盲人的具体性和形象性直觉，并测试了这些判断是否能通过基于图像的频率（IF，即一种数据驱动的估计，近似于视觉环境中单词所指的可用性）来预测。结果表明，与盲人相比，明眼人的 IF 预测知觉直觉的程度更高，这表明直接经验在影响我们的判断方面发挥了作用。然而，IF 的影响不仅对明眼人显著，对盲人也同样显著。这表明，在一个人的直觉中，对物体的直接视觉经验并不是使其具体化和形象化的关键因素：人们并不需要视觉经验来形成对外部视觉环境中事物可用性的直觉，并用这种直觉来为具体化/形象化判断提供信息。我们的研究结果非常符合这样一种观点，即知觉判断是内省/抽象任务的结果，它调用了高层次的概念知识，而这些知识并不一定是通过直接的知觉经验获得的。

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引用次数: 0

Negative Space: An Alternative Framework for Archaeoacoustics 负空间：考古声学的另一种框架

Q1 Psychology

Journal of Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.331

Victoria Anh-Vy Pham, Roland Fletcher

Hearing the remote past seems impossible. Archaeoacoustics is a contemporary field intent on reconstructing the evolution of early communication systems, offering the possibility of developing methodologies relating to past sound signaling and music. Through a contribution of the emerging sensory field of archaeoacoustics and an example of acoustic assessments conducted at the site of Coves del Toll, can we understand signals of the past in order to investigate human behaviour and trace its cognitive evolution? This paper explores alternative methodological and theoretical approaches to understanding prehistoric sonic behaviours in early hominids and aims to set out a framework to theoretically and philosophically approach the “sound record” of the past. The theoretical proposition of this paper integrates the musical and sound art disciplines of spectralism and sound ecology to challenge the current limitations of listening to sound.

聆听遥远的过去似乎是不可能的。考古声学是当代一个致力于重建早期通信系统演变的领域，为开发与过去的声音信号和音乐有关的方法提供了可能性。通过考古声学这一新兴感官领域的贡献以及在 Coves del Toll 遗址进行的声学评估实例，我们能否理解过去的信号，从而研究人类行为并追溯其认知演变？本文探讨了理解早期类人猿史前声学行为的其他方法和理论途径，旨在为从理论和哲学角度研究过去的 "声音记录 "提供一个框架。本文的理论主张整合了频谱主义和声音生态学等音乐和声音艺术学科，以挑战当前聆听声音的局限性。

引用次数: 0

High-dimensional Metaverse Platforms and the Virtually Extended Self 高维元宇宙平台与虚拟扩展的自我

Q1 Psychology

Journal of Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.327

Thomas D. Parsons

The study of cognition has traditionally used low-dimensional measures and stimulus presentations that emphasize laboratory control over high-dimensional (i.e., ecologically valid) tools that reflect the activities and interactions in everyday living. Although controlled experimental presentations in laboratories have enhanced our understanding of cognition for both healthy and clinical cohorts, high dimensionality may extend reality and cognition. High-dimensional Metaverse approaches use extended reality (XR) platforms with dynamic stimulus presentations that couple humans and simulation technologies to extend cognition. The plan for this paper is as follows: The “Extending from low to high-dimensional studies of cognition” section discusses current needs for high-dimensional stimulus presentations that reflect everyday cognitive activities. In the “Algorithmic devices and digital extension of cognition” section, technologies of the extended mind are introduced with the Metaverse as a candidate cognitive process for extension. Next, in the “A neurocognitive framework for understanding technologies of the extended mind” section, a framework and model are proposed for understanding the neural correlates of human technology couplings in terms of automatic algorithmic processes (limbic-ventral striatal loop); reflective cognition (prefrontal-dorsal striatal loop); and algorithmic processing (insular cortex). The algorithmic processes of human-technology interactions can, over time, become an automated and algorithmic coupling of brain and technology. The manuscript ends with a brief summary and discussion of the ways in which the Metaverse can be used for studying how persons respond to high-dimensional stimuli in simulations that approximate real-world activities and interactions.

认知研究历来使用低维度的测量方法和刺激演示，强调实验室控制，而不是反映日常生活活动和互动的高维度（即生态学上有效的）工具。虽然实验室中的受控实验演示增强了我们对健康人群和临床人群认知的理解，但高维度可能会扩展现实和认知。高维 Metaverse 方法使用具有动态刺激演示的扩展现实（XR）平台，将人类与模拟技术结合起来，以扩展认知。本文的计划如下：从认知的低维研究扩展到高维研究 "部分讨论了当前对反映日常认知活动的高维刺激演示的需求。在 "认知的算法设备和数字扩展 "部分，介绍了扩展心智的技术，并将 Metaverse 作为扩展的候选认知过程。接下来，在 "理解扩展心智技术的神经认知框架 "部分，提出了一个框架和模型，从自动算法过程（边缘-腹侧纹状体环路）、反思认知（前额叶-背侧纹状体环路）和算法处理（岛叶皮层）三个方面理解人类技术耦合的神经相关性。随着时间的推移，人类与技术互动的算法过程可以成为大脑与技术的自动化算法耦合。手稿最后简要总结并讨论了如何利用 Metaverse 来研究人如何在近似真实世界活动和互动的模拟中对高维刺激做出反应。

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引用次数: 0

Processing of Synonyms and Homographs in Bilingual and Monolingual Speakers 双语和单语使用者对同义词和同形词的处理

Q1 Psychology

Journal of Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.5334/joc.329

Clara D. Martin, Romain Pastureau, Emilia Kerr, Angela de Bruin

Bilinguals have long-lasting experience with cross-language double-mappings (i.e., translation equivalents and interlingual homographs (or false friends)). Considering this, we examined whether bilinguals differ from monolinguals in within-language double-mapping (i.e., synonyms and homographs) processing. Across two experiments, we compared performances from Spanish monolinguals and Spanish-Basque bilinguals on a behavioral picture-word matching task. The words were all presented in Spanish, the native language of all participants. Participants responded to synonyms and homographs (both double-mappings) or single-mappings (controls). The reaction times in both experiments showed clear and significant costs in processing within-language double-mapping stimuli, as well as intrinsic differences in processing homographs versus synonyms. However, these effects did not differ between bilinguals and monolinguals. The present findings thus suggest that the bilinguals’ extensive experience with cross-linguistic double-mappings does not transfer onto within-language double-mapping processing.

双语者对跨语言双重映射（即翻译等同物和跨语言同形词（或假朋友））有着长期的经验。有鉴于此，我们研究了双语者与单语者在语言内双重映射（即同义词和同形词）处理方面是否存在差异。在两次实验中，我们比较了西班牙语单语者和西班牙语-巴斯克语双语者在图片-单词匹配任务中的表现。所有单词均以西班牙语（所有参与者的母语）呈现。参与者对同义词和同形词（均为双配对）或单配对（对照组）做出反应。这两项实验的反应时间都显示，在处理语言内双重配对刺激时有明显和显著的成本，而在处理同形词和同义词时也有内在差异。然而，这些效应在双语者和单语者之间并无差异。因此，本研究结果表明，双语者在处理跨语言双重映射时所积累的丰富经验并没有转移到语言内双重映射的处理上。

引用次数: 0

Allocation of Space-Based Attention is Guided by Efficient Comprehension of Spatial Direction 空间方向的有效理解引导了基于空间的注意力分配

Q1 Psychology

Journal of Cognition

Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.5334/joc.325

Adam J. Barnas, Natalie C. Ebner, Steven M. Weisberg

Spatial navigation is supported by visual cues (e.g., scenes, schemas like arrows, and words) that must be comprehended quickly to facilitate effective transit. People comprehend spatial directions faster from schemas and words than scenes. We hypothesize that this occurs because schemas and words efficiently engage space-based attention, allowing for less costly computations. Here, participants completed a spatial cueing paradigm, and we calculated cue validity effects – how much faster participants responded to validly than invalidly cued locations – for each cue format. We pre-registered Experiment 1 and found significant cue validity effects with schemas and words, but not scenes, suggesting space-based attention was allocated more efficiently with schemas and words than scenes. In Experiment 2, we explicitly instructed participants to interpret the scenes from an egocentric perspective and found that this instruction manipulation still did not result in a significant cue validity effect with scenes. In Experiment 3, we investigated whether the differential effects between conditions were due to costly computations to extract spatial direction and found that increasing cue duration had no influence. In Experiment 4, significant cue validity effects were observed for orthogonal but not non-orthogonal spatial directions, suggesting space-based attention was allocated more efficiently when the spatial direction precisely matched the target location. These findings confirm our hypothesis that efficient allocation of space-based attention is guided by faster spatial direction comprehension. Altogether, this work suggests that schemas and words may be more effective supports than scenes for navigation performance in the real-world.

空间导航由视觉线索（如场景、箭头等图示和文字）提供支持，必须快速理解这些视觉线索，才能有效地进行转运。与场景相比，人们从图式和文字中理解空间方向的速度更快。我们假设，之所以会出现这种情况，是因为图式和文字能有效地吸引以空间为基础的注意力，从而降低计算成本。在这里，参与者完成了一个空间线索范例，我们计算了每种线索形式的线索有效性效应--即参与者对有效线索位置的反应速度比无效线索位置的反应速度快多少。我们对实验 1 进行了预先注册，结果发现图式和单词具有显著的线索有效性效应，而场景则没有，这表明图式和单词比场景更有效地分配了空间注意力。在实验 2 中，我们明确指示被试从以自我为中心的角度解释场景，结果发现这种指示操作仍然没有对场景产生显著的线索有效性效应。在实验 3 中，我们研究了不同条件下的不同效应是否是由于提取空间方向的计算代价高昂造成的，结果发现增加提示持续时间没有任何影响。在实验 4 中，我们观察到正交空间方向有明显的提示有效性效应，而非正交空间方向则没有，这表明当空间方向与目标位置精确匹配时，以空间为基础的注意力分配更有效。这些发现证实了我们的假设，即基于空间的注意力的有效分配是由更快的空间方向理解所引导的。总之，这项研究表明，在现实世界中，图式和单词可能比场景更能有效地帮助人们提高导航能力。

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引用次数: 0

Consensus Paper: Current Perspectives on Abstract Concepts and Future Research Directions. 共识文件：抽象概念的当前视角和未来的研究方向。

Q1 Psychology

Journal of Cognition

Pub Date : 2023-10-10 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.238

Briony Banks, Anna M Borghi, Raphaël Fargier, Chiara Fini, Domicele Jonauskaite, Claudia Mazzuca, Martina Montalti, Caterina Villani, Greg Woodin

concepts are relevant to a wide range of disciplines, including cognitive science, linguistics, psychology, cognitive, social, and affective neuroscience, and philosophy. This consensus paper synthesizes the work and views of researchers in the field, discussing current perspectives on theoretical and methodological issues, and recommendations for future research. In this paper, we urge researchers to go beyond the traditional abstract-concrete dichotomy and consider the multiple dimensions that characterize concepts (e.g., sensorimotor experience, social interaction, conceptual metaphor), as well as the mediating influence of linguistic and cultural context on conceptual representations. We also promote the use of interactive methods to investigate both the comprehension and production of abstract concepts, while also focusing on individual differences in conceptual representations. Overall, we argue that abstract concepts should be studied in a more nuanced way that takes into account their complexity and diversity, which should permit us a fuller, more holistic understanding of abstract cognition.

这些概念涉及广泛的学科，包括认知科学、语言学、心理学、认知、社会和情感神经科学以及哲学。这篇共识论文综合了该领域研究人员的工作和观点，讨论了当前对理论和方法论问题的看法，并对未来的研究提出了建议。在本文中，我们敦促研究人员超越传统的抽象-具体二分法，考虑概念的多个维度（如感觉运动体验、社会互动、概念隐喻），以及语言和文化背景对概念表征的中介影响。我们还提倡使用互动方法来研究抽象概念的理解和产生，同时也关注概念表征中的个体差异。总的来说，我们认为抽象概念应该以一种更微妙的方式进行研究，考虑到它们的复杂性和多样性，这应该使我们能够更全面、更全面地理解抽象认知。

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引用次数: 0

Embodied Processing at Six Linguistic Granularity Levels: A Consensus Paper. 六个语言粒度层次的具体处理：一篇共识论文。

Q1 Psychology

Journal of Cognition

Pub Date : 2023-10-10 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.5334/joc.231

Anita Körner, Mauricio Castillo, Linda Drijvers, Martin H Fischer, Fritz Günther, Marco Marelli, Olesia Platonova, Luca Rinaldi, Samuel Shaki, James P Trujillo, Oksana Tsaregorodtseva, Arthur M Glenberg

Language processing is influenced by sensorimotor experiences. Here, we review behavioral evidence for embodied and grounded influences in language processing across six linguistic levels of granularity. We examine (a) sub-word features, discussing grounded influences on iconicity (systematic associations between word form and meaning); (b) words, discussing boundary conditions and generalizations for the simulation of color, sensory modality, and spatial position; (c) sentences, discussing boundary conditions and applications of action direction simulation; (d) texts, discussing how the teaching of simulation can improve comprehension in beginning readers; (e) conversations, discussing how multi-modal cues improve turn taking and alignment; and (f) text corpora, discussing how distributional semantic models can reveal how grounded and embodied knowledge is encoded in texts. These approaches are converging on a convincing account of the psychology of language, but at the same time, there are important criticisms of the embodied approach and of specific experimental paradigms. The surest way forward requires the adoption of a wide array of scientific methods. By providing complimentary evidence, a combination of multiple methods on various levels of granularity can help us gain a more complete understanding of the role of embodiment and grounding in language processing.

语言处理受到感觉运动体验的影响。在这里，我们回顾了六个语言粒度级别的语言处理中体现和基础影响的行为证据。我们考察了（a）子词特征，讨论了对象似性（词的形式和意义之间的系统联系）的基础性影响；（b）词语，讨论颜色、感觉模态和空间位置模拟的边界条件和概括；（c）句子，讨论动作方向模拟的边界条件和应用；（d）讨论了模拟教学如何提高初级读者的理解能力；（e）对话，讨论多模式提示如何改善转向和对齐；（f）文本语料库，讨论分布语义模型如何揭示文本中的基础知识和具体知识是如何编码的。这些方法都集中在对语言心理学的令人信服的描述上，但与此同时，也有对具体方法和特定实验范式的重要批评。最可靠的前进道路需要采用广泛的科学方法。通过提供补充证据，在不同粒度级别上结合多种方法可以帮助我们更全面地理解体现和基础在语言处理中的作用。

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引用次数: 0