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A rotor position estimator for switched reluctance motors using CMAC 基于CMAC的开关磁阻电机转子位置估计器
E. Meşe
This paper presents an approach to the rotor position estimation in switched reluctance motors (SRMs) by using a cerebellum model articulation controller (CMAC). Previous research has shown that an artificial neural network (ANN) forms an efficient mapping structure for the nonlinear SRM. Through measurement of the flux linkages and currents for the phases, a feedforward neural network (FFNN) is able to estimate the rotor position. CMAC is investigated in this paper in order to overcome high computational power requirement problem which is encountered in feedforward ANN based rotor position estimator. The issues involved in designing, training and implementing CMAC are presented. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept, a 20 kW, 6/4, 3-phase SRM is studied with training and evaluation data, which are obtained from a simulation program. A CMAC which is based on experimentally measured training and testing data for the same SRM is also used to demonstrate the promise of this approach.
提出了一种基于小脑模型关节控制器(CMAC)的开关磁阻电机转子位置估计方法。已有研究表明,人工神经网络(ANN)为非线性SRM形成了一种有效的映射结构。前馈神经网络(FFNN)通过测量磁链和相位电流来估计转子位置。为了克服基于前馈神经网络的转子位置估计对计算能力要求高的问题,本文对CMAC算法进行了研究。提出了设计、培训和实施CMAC所涉及的问题。为了证明该概念的可行性,利用仿真程序获得的训练和评估数据,对20 kW, 6/ 4,3相SRM进行了研究。基于实验测量的相同SRM训练和测试数据的CMAC也用于证明该方法的前景。
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引用次数: 18
A 1.5 V CCII-based tunable oscillator for portable industrial applications 一个1.5 V基于ccii的可调振荡器,用于便携式工业应用
H. Barthélemy, G. Ferri, N. Guerrini
In this paper a low-voltage CCII-based tunable oscillator is presented. The circuit makes use of new first and second generation current conveyors, designed to operate at typical supply voltages as low as 1.5 V, the minimum being 1.2 V. SPICE simulations, performed by 0.5 μm CMOS process from ALCATEL-MIETEC, well confirm the theoretical analysis. In particular, CCI and CCII models have been taken into account. Simulation results give a large tuning range (7-9.5 MHz), a total harmonic distortion lower than 1.5% and a 530 μW power consumption at 1.5 V supply.
本文提出了一种基于ccii的低压可调谐振荡器。该电路使用了新的第一代和第二代电流输送机,设计用于在低至1.5 V的典型电源电压下工作,最低为1.2 V。采用ALCATEL-MIETEC公司的0.5 μm CMOS工艺进行SPICE仿真,验证了理论分析的正确性。特别是考虑了CCI和CCII模型。仿真结果表明,该滤波器具有较大的调谐范围(7 ~ 9.5 MHz),总谐波失真小于1.5%,在1.5 V电源下功耗为530 μW。
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引用次数: 11
A practical comparison between the series-stacked and neutral point clamped converters 串联堆叠变换器与中性点箝位变换器的实际比较
G. B. Lee, H. J. Beukes
Various multi-level converter topologies have been developed over recent years to address the industry demand for higher power and voltage levels. This paper compares two of these converter topologies, namely a 2-level series-stacked converter, using regular 2-level space vector modulation, and a 3-level neutral point clamped converter, which makes use of 3-level space vector modulation. The space vector switching schemes are analysed and applied to simulation models of the series-stacked and neutral point clamped converters. Focus areas are the control complexity, stray inductances causing over-voltages and the capacitor ratings and performance within each topology. These results are verified practically on a reconfigurable converter operated as a series-stacked or a neutral point clamped converter respectively. The results obtained will assist in the selection of the appropriate topology for a given application.
近年来,为了满足更高功率和电压水平的工业需求,各种多级转换器拓扑结构得到了发展。本文比较了两种变换器拓扑结构,即使用常规2电平空间矢量调制的2电平串联堆叠变换器和使用3电平空间矢量调制的3电平中立点箝位变换器。分析了空间矢量开关方案,并将其应用于串联叠加变换器和中性点箝位变换器的仿真模型中。重点领域是控制的复杂性,杂散电感导致过电压和电容器额定值和性能在每个拓扑。这些结果分别在串联堆叠和中性点箝位两种可重构变换器上进行了实际验证。所获得的结果将有助于为给定的应用程序选择适当的拓扑。
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引用次数: 0
A novel constant-frequency hysteresis current control of PFC converters PFC变换器的一种新型恒频迟滞电流控制
Koste Glavinica
A novel adaptive-hysteresis (nearly) constant-frequency current control technique for single-phase switchmode rectifiers operating in continuous conduction mode is presented. It is based on cycle-by-cycle hysteresis calculator, which generates the hysteresis window that will keep the switching frequency in a very narrow band centered around programmed average value. The accuracy remains excellent, and the ripple content allows the use of a smaller input filter than usual, due to a lack of the single frequency peak. Experimental results on a 700W converter are presented and compared to the convention control.
提出了一种适用于单相开关整流器连续导通模式的自适应磁滞(近)恒频电流控制技术。它基于逐周迟滞计算器,产生一个迟滞窗口,使开关频率保持在以编程平均值为中心的一个很窄的频带内。精度仍然很好,纹波内容允许使用比平时更小的输入滤波器,由于缺乏单频峰值。给出了在700W变换器上的实验结果,并与常规控制进行了比较。
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引用次数: 15
Integral control technique for single-phase UPS inverter 单相UPS逆变器集成控制技术
J. Guerrero, L. de Vicuna, J. Miret, J. Matas, M. Castilla
This article proposes a reset integral control applied to a single-phase full-bridge DC-AC inverter. The reset integral control, also called one-cycle control, is a nonlinear feed-forward control technique, in which by integrating the filter input-voltage of a buck-type converter, it reaches a reference value in one switching cycle. In this case, the controller design based on a large-signal approach is introduced in order to achieve good transient response and stability in a wide range of parameter variations and high rejection of external disturbances. Besides, in spite of the nonlinear nature of the controller, we obtain a linear average output-voltage dynamic response. On the other hand, in a clear-cut contrast with current mode control, a current sensor is not required. The proposed control provides the following features: fast transient response, "clean" sine-wave output-voltage, fixed switching frequency, and high robustness against load and line step changes. In addition, two PWM pattern generators based on this control scheme are introduced: bipolar and unipolar PWM. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this control technique for inverters in UPS applications, especially, when nonlinear loads must to be supplied and line has large undesirable harmonic components.
本文提出了一种应用于单相全桥直流-交流逆变器的复位积分控制方法。复位积分控制又称单周期控制,是一种非线性前馈控制技术,通过对buck型变换器的滤波器输入电压进行积分,使其在一个开关周期内达到一个参考值。在这种情况下,引入基于大信号方法的控制器设计,以在大范围参数变化下获得良好的瞬态响应和稳定性,并对外部干扰具有较高的抑制能力。此外,尽管控制器具有非线性特性,但我们获得了线性平均输出电压动态响应。另一方面,与电流模式控制形成鲜明对比的是,不需要电流传感器。所提出的控制具有以下特点:快速瞬态响应,“干净”的正弦波输出电压,固定的开关频率,以及对负载和线路阶跃变化的高鲁棒性。此外,还介绍了基于该控制方案的两种PWM模式发生器:双极PWM和单极PWM。仿真结果证明了该控制技术在UPS逆变器控制中的有效性,特别是在必须提供非线性负载和线路有大量不良谐波分量的情况下。
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引用次数: 10
Resistive losses of conductors carrying SMPS current waveforms 承载SMPS电流波形的导体的电阻损耗
N. Femia, M. Vitelli
Switch-mode power supplies (SMPS) generate distorted nonsinusoidal current waveforms flowing into conductors (wires, striplines, windings), which cause ohmic losses mainly ruled by the skin-effect. Skin effect is traditionally studied in the frequency domain; most studies on the effects of distorted SMPS current waveform are devoted to examine the so-called high-frequency effects, namely the behavior of components and systems at the switching frequency and its harmonics, considering a virtual sinusoidal steady-state operation at each frequency of the range under study. In this paper skin-effect has been studied in the time-domain by means of a formulation based on a magnetic vector potential A and on a scalar potential φ. The obtained results show that the equivalent per-unit length resistance of conductors carrying typical SMPS nonsinusoidal current waveforms depend both on switching frequency and duty-cycle and is rather different from DC and AC sinusoidal equivalent resistances.
开关电源(SMPS)产生畸变的非正弦电流波形流入导体(导线、带状线、绕组),造成的欧姆损耗主要受趋肤效应支配。集肤效应传统上是在频域研究的;大多数关于扭曲SMPS电流波形影响的研究都致力于研究所谓的高频效应,即元件和系统在开关频率及其谐波处的行为,考虑在所研究范围内每个频率的虚拟正弦稳态运行。本文利用基于磁矢量势a和标量势φ的公式,在时域上研究了集肤效应。结果表明,承载典型SMPS非正弦电流波形的导体单位长度等效电阻取决于开关频率和占空比,与直流和交流正弦等效电阻有很大不同。
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引用次数: 1
An asymmetrical space vector method for single phase induction motor 单相感应电动机的非对称空间矢量法
Yuanhai Cui Yuanhai Cui, F. Blaabjerg, G. Andersen
Single phase induction motors are the workhorses in low-power applications in the world, and also where variable speed is necessary. Normally it is achieved either by the mechanical method or by controlling the capacitor connected with the auxiliary winding. Any of the above methods have some drawback for which the motor torque performance is not good enough. This paper addresses a new control method, an asymmetrical space vector method with PWM modulation, also a three-phase inverter is used for the main winding and the auxiliary winding. This method with PWM modulation is implemented to control the motor speed and to improve the torque performance. The control theory and simulation results are presented. This control method is verified by experimental results.
单相感应电动机是世界上低功率应用的主力,也是需要变速的地方。通常通过机械方法或通过控制与辅助绕组连接的电容器来实现。上述任何一种方法都有缺点,即电机转矩性能不够好。本文提出了一种新的控制方法,即采用PWM调制的不对称空间矢量法,并采用三相逆变器对主绕组和辅助绕组进行控制。采用PWM调制的方法控制电机转速,提高转矩性能。给出了控制原理和仿真结果。实验结果验证了该控制方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 3
Sensorless speed and direct torque control of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine based on extended Kalman filter 基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的内嵌式永磁同步电机无传感器转速和直接转矩控制
V. Comnac, M. Cirstea, F. Moldoveanu, D. Ilea, R. Cernat
The application of vector control techniques in AC drives demands accurate position and speed feedback information for the current control and servo-control loops. The paper describes a digital sensorless speed control system for interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM). A Kalman filter is used to estimate the mechanical state of the motor. The observer was developed using a nonlinear model of the synchronous motor based on a d-q rotating reference frame attached to the rotor. The stator flux and electromagnetic torque are controlled by nonlinear hysteresis controllers; their outputs are used to generate the control signals for the inverter, based on a switching table. The angular speed controller is linear, of integral + proportional integral (I + PI) type. The paper studies the interaction between the observer and the closed loop control system. The simulation shows that the dynamic behaviour of the Kalman filter based control system is good even if the electric and mechanical parameters of the machine are different from the rated values used for the design of the controllers and the Kalman filter and also if there is an incorrect initialization of the estimated position.
矢量控制技术在交流传动中的应用,要求电流控制回路和伺服控制回路的位置和速度反馈信息准确。本文介绍了一种数字式永磁同步电机无传感器调速系统。采用卡尔曼滤波对电机的机械状态进行估计。该观测器采用同步电机的非线性模型,基于d-q旋转参考系连接在转子上。采用非线性磁滞控制器控制定子磁链和电磁转矩;它们的输出用于根据开关表为逆变器生成控制信号。角速度控制器为线性,积分+比例积分(I + PI)型。研究了观测器与闭环控制系统之间的相互作用。仿真结果表明,即使机器的电气和机械参数与设计控制器和卡尔曼滤波器时使用的额定值不一致,并且估计位置初始化不正确,基于卡尔曼滤波的控制系统仍具有良好的动态性能。
{"title":"Sensorless speed and direct torque control of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine based on extended Kalman filter","authors":"V. Comnac, M. Cirstea, F. Moldoveanu, D. Ilea, R. Cernat","doi":"10.1109/ISIE.2002.1025950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIE.2002.1025950","url":null,"abstract":"The application of vector control techniques in AC drives demands accurate position and speed feedback information for the current control and servo-control loops. The paper describes a digital sensorless speed control system for interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM). A Kalman filter is used to estimate the mechanical state of the motor. The observer was developed using a nonlinear model of the synchronous motor based on a d-q rotating reference frame attached to the rotor. The stator flux and electromagnetic torque are controlled by nonlinear hysteresis controllers; their outputs are used to generate the control signals for the inverter, based on a switching table. The angular speed controller is linear, of integral + proportional integral (I + PI) type. The paper studies the interaction between the observer and the closed loop control system. The simulation shows that the dynamic behaviour of the Kalman filter based control system is good even if the electric and mechanical parameters of the machine are different from the rated values used for the design of the controllers and the Kalman filter and also if there is an incorrect initialization of the estimated position.","PeriodicalId":330283,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Electronics, 2002. ISIE 2002. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117054368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Selection criteria of closed-loop controllers for DC-DC voltage regulators based on nominal and tolerance design: genetic algorithm and vertex analysis based optimization 基于标称和公差设计的DC-DC稳压器闭环控制器选择准则:遗传算法和顶点分析优化
N. Femia, P. Lamberti, V. Mainardi, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo
The method presented in this paper allows the optimal design of feedback compensation networks for DC-DC switching converters. A vertex analysis (VA) based tolerance design approach is adopted. A genetic algorithm (GA) seeks the set of commercial parameters and tolerance values of the RC components such that the compensation network fulfils design constraints on the acceptability ranges of loop gain cross-over frequency and phase margin. Phase margin and pole-zero matching methods are adopted to generate design solutions using two types of compensation networks. The population of design solutions evolves towards different optimal final projects depending on the required design preferences. Interval Arithmetic is used to verify the feasibility of optimal solutions selected by the GA. The results presented in this paper concern the optimal design of the compensation network of buck dc-dc converter. They show that the joined use of GA and VA allows to quickly find optimal projects and to supports designer decisions.
本文提出的方法可以实现DC-DC开关变换器反馈补偿网络的优化设计。采用了一种基于顶点分析的公差设计方法。遗传算法(GA)寻求RC元件的商业参数集和容差值,使补偿网络满足环路增益、交叉频率和相位裕度可接受范围的设计约束。采用相裕度法和极零匹配法生成两种补偿网络的设计解。根据所需的设计偏好,设计解决方案的数量会朝着不同的最佳最终项目发展。区间算法用于验证遗传算法所选最优解的可行性。本文的研究结果涉及降压型dc-dc变换器补偿网络的优化设计。它们表明,GA和VA的联合使用可以快速找到最佳项目并支持设计人员的决策。
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引用次数: 9
Optimized tolerance design of feedback compensation networks for voltage regulators 电压调节器反馈补偿网络的优化容差设计
N. Femia, G. Spagmuolo, M. Vitelli
A reliable yield evaluation tool, useful for circuit tolerance design, is presented in this paper. It is based on a recursive divide-and-conquer algorithm that verifies the feasibility of each subset of the tolerance region (TR) under test. Such a check is performed by means of interval arithmetic (IA), thus giving a high robustness and reliability to the method and supplying a lower bound and all upper bound for the yield value pertinent to the tolerance region under test. Thanks to the use of IA, the method allows detecting possible unfeasibility pockets included in the designed TR. Such a circumstance occurs if the design problem shows a nonconvex and not simply connected region of acceptability and this fact has not been accounted for during the TR optimization design stage. Any portion of the boundaries of the region of acceptability that is included in the tolerance region is identified and the analysis is refined across it. The technique proposed in the paper has been applied to the tolerance design of two different possible realizations of the feedback control network of a voltage-mode regulated DC-DC converter.
本文提出了一种可靠的良率评估工具,可用于电路公差设计。它基于递归分治算法,验证被测公差区域(TR)的每个子集的可行性。这种检查是通过区间算法(IA)进行的,从而使该方法具有很高的鲁棒性和可靠性,并提供了与被测公差区域相关的屈服值的下界和所有上界。由于使用了IA,该方法可以检测到设计的TR中可能包含的不可行性口袋。如果设计问题显示出可接受的非凸且非单连通区域,并且在TR优化设计阶段没有考虑到这一事实,则会出现这种情况。包括在公差区域内的可接受区域边界的任何部分都被识别出来,并在此基础上对分析进行细化。本文提出的技术已应用于电压模式稳压DC-DC变换器反馈控制网络的两种不同可能实现的容差设计。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Industrial Electronics, 2002. ISIE 2002. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on
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