{"title":"PhD Students’ Summer School „Postwar Mass Construction as an Object of Heritage“ in Vilnius University, Faculty of History","authors":"Ineta Šuopytė","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.50.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.50.10","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44604911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the fate of psychology as an academic field of study in Lithuanian universities during World War II. During the period of independent Lithuania, thanks to the first psychologists, psychology existed as a science and found its place in the main and only higher education institution of the time, the Lithuanian University (later – Vytautas Magnus University). After the regaining of Vilnius, some of the psychologists stayed at Vytautas Magnus University and some were transfered from Kaunas to the regained Vilnius University. During World War II, Vytautas Magnus University lost all of its psychologists, and Vilnius University also lost several psychologists. However, even under the conditions of occupation and adverse war conditions, psychology survived at the university. Although psychology established itself as a separate scientific discipline in independent Lithuania, it hadn‘t become one either during the Nazi occupation or the first or second Soviet occupations, instead existing alongside the science of pedagogy in Lithuanian higher education institutions, even with a small group of researchers.
{"title":"The Fate of Psychology in Lithuanian Higher Education Institutions during World War II","authors":"Ignė Rasickaitė","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.50.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.50.6","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the fate of psychology as an academic field of study in Lithuanian universities during World War II. During the period of independent Lithuania, thanks to the first psychologists, psychology existed as a science and found its place in the main and only higher education institution of the time, the Lithuanian University (later – Vytautas Magnus University). After the regaining of Vilnius, some of the psychologists stayed at Vytautas Magnus University and some were transfered from Kaunas to the regained Vilnius University. During World War II, Vytautas Magnus University lost all of its psychologists, and Vilnius University also lost several psychologists. However, even under the conditions of occupation and adverse war conditions, psychology survived at the university. Although psychology established itself as a separate scientific discipline in independent Lithuania, it hadn‘t become one either during the Nazi occupation or the first or second Soviet occupations, instead existing alongside the science of pedagogy in Lithuanian higher education institutions, even with a small group of researchers.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45473360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the connection of pre-Christian fields with the 16th c. noblemen’s fields and the 17th–18th c. noblemen’s villages (okolica) on the basis of systematic source complexes. The sample of Karšuva district (powiat) in Samogitia was chosen for the study. After grouping the processed source material, the continuity of the names of the fields and noble villages is proven, thereby assuming the continuity of the field structure in the noble villages. After applying the mapping methodology, the geography of the noble villages and peasant villages of Karšuva is restored.
{"title":"Fields, Noblemen’s Fields, and Noblemen’s Villages of Karšuva in the 14th–18th Centuries: Sources, Statistics, Continuity, and Localization","authors":"Eugenijus Saviščevas","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.50.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.50.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the connection of pre-Christian fields with the 16th c. noblemen’s fields and the 17th–18th c. noblemen’s villages (okolica) on the basis of systematic source complexes. The sample of Karšuva district (powiat) in Samogitia was chosen for the study. After grouping the processed source material, the continuity of the names of the fields and noble villages is proven, thereby assuming the continuity of the field structure in the noble villages. After applying the mapping methodology, the geography of the noble villages and peasant villages of Karšuva is restored.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48033878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the digital age, databases are becoming a much more valuable recource for historians. From the abstract perspective, as an archive of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Metrica has signs indicating that it is a massive database. Appropriate methods are needed to command such a large amount of information. A prosopography questionnaire lets us pick up data points from the Lithuanian Metrica, which is very useful for researching groups of persons from the governing body of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. For example, with the help of a prosopographical questionnaire, we can extract specific data – personal, biographical, political career, social, economical – regarding officers who served under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the sixteenth century. LM’s judicial documents, privileges, and testaments are a great source of data for onomastics and reconstructions of marital statuses and social networks. Testaments also accurately indicate dates of death as well as the economical capital of the deceased. Military lists also give us a massive amount of information regarding the economical and political influence of a person. Unfortunately, the amount of type of sources are inconsistent, and a lot of persons from the researched group have “blind spots” on their prosopographical questionnaires. This reason can be partially resolved, as different types of sources in the LM can provide similar data, and thus make the prosopographical method a very useful tool for working with the LM.
{"title":"Prosopographical Method and Data of Central, Administrative, and Judicial Officers of the GDL in the Lithuanian Metric, 1528–1564","authors":"Tomas Vaitkus","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.50.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.50.1","url":null,"abstract":"In the digital age, databases are becoming a much more valuable recource for historians. From the abstract perspective, as an archive of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Metrica has signs indicating that it is a massive database. Appropriate methods are needed to command such a large amount of information. A prosopography questionnaire lets us pick up data points from the Lithuanian Metrica, which is very useful for researching groups of persons from the governing body of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. For example, with the help of a prosopographical questionnaire, we can extract specific data – personal, biographical, political career, social, economical – regarding officers who served under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the sixteenth century. LM’s judicial documents, privileges, and testaments are a great source of data for onomastics and reconstructions of marital statuses and social networks. Testaments also accurately indicate dates of death as well as the economical capital of the deceased. Military lists also give us a massive amount of information regarding the economical and political influence of a person. Unfortunately, the amount of type of sources are inconsistent, and a lot of persons from the researched group have “blind spots” on their prosopographical questionnaires. This reason can be partially resolved, as different types of sources in the LM can provide similar data, and thus make the prosopographical method a very useful tool for working with the LM.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43339315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In memoriam dr. Algis Povilas Kasperavičius (1942–2022)","authors":"Algirdas Jakubčionis","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.50.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.50.8","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47075796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For decades, the notion of a manor was basically unequivocal in the Lithuanian society – it was related to Polish influence (which means it is not ours, Lithuanian). This was the result of political and cultural conflicts between the two nations, a struggle for the power of expression of great narratives and historical memory. The manor with its history and heritage was depicted in negative or at least gloomy colors. Such notions dominated in the consciousness of Lithuanians almost during the whole 20th century. In the second half of the 1980s, the first seeds of alternative or novel notions of the manor emerged in Lithuania. In about 2000, the business discourse appropriated manor culture to create their own notion as developers of products and services for consumers. This paper presents the genesis of this notion, its peculiarities, expressions, and interactions with Lithuanian identity and historical memory.One of the conclusions of the research is that around 2010, a fundamental turning point occurred in the concept and notion of Lithuanian manors, as they came to be associated with native Lithuanian culture and identity – associated, yet not unconditionally accepted. The new role of the manor presents an interesting phenomenon. Manor culture is perceived as attractive because of its different, exotic, and unknown culture.
{"title":"Heritage Industry, or Lithuanian Notions of the Manor in the 21st Century","authors":"Salvijus Kulevičius","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.50.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.50.7","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, the notion of a manor was basically unequivocal in the Lithuanian society – it was related to Polish influence (which means it is not ours, Lithuanian). This was the result of political and cultural conflicts between the two nations, a struggle for the power of expression of great narratives and historical memory. The manor with its history and heritage was depicted in negative or at least gloomy colors. Such notions dominated in the consciousness of Lithuanians almost during the whole 20th century. In the second half of the 1980s, the first seeds of alternative or novel notions of the manor emerged in Lithuania. In about 2000, the business discourse appropriated manor culture to create their own notion as developers of products and services for consumers. This paper presents the genesis of this notion, its peculiarities, expressions, and interactions with Lithuanian identity and historical memory.One of the conclusions of the research is that around 2010, a fundamental turning point occurred in the concept and notion of Lithuanian manors, as they came to be associated with native Lithuanian culture and identity – associated, yet not unconditionally accepted. The new role of the manor presents an interesting phenomenon. Manor culture is perceived as attractive because of its different, exotic, and unknown culture.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43462863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"History as Re-enactment of Past Experience","authors":"R. Collingwood","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.50.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.50.9","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42174692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the dynamics of the postal route system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th–18th centuries. The first postal route connected Vilnius and Krakow in 1562 – weekly postal services were rendered. In 1669, postal carriages started running from Moscow to Vilnius and then further on through Tilsit to Königsberg. The GDL postal route network underwent its largest expansion in the 18th century. An important postal line proceeded along the route of Warsaw – Grodno – Kaunas – Jelgava – Riga. Part of it coincided with the Warsaw – Vilnius route; at Ratnyčia, the postal carriage would turn northeast and continue via Merkinė and Varėna to Vilnius. From Vilnius, one postal route led to Königsberg via Kaunas, and another to Moscow; there are also data about a postal line to Polotsk. Another crossroads of the GDL’s postal routes was Grodno. The routes leading from Warsaw to Kaunas, Vilnius, and Riga intersected there. Separate lines to Lublin and Slonim were in operation; one of the postal routes led to the border of the Russian Empire. The network of the GDL’s postal routes also consisted of other roads. The location of some of them were subject to change due to the political situation, natural disasters, and seasonal practicability.
{"title":"The Structure of Postal Routes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th–18th Centuries∗","authors":"Tomas Čelkis","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.50.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.50.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the dynamics of the postal route system of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th–18th centuries. The first postal route connected Vilnius and Krakow in 1562 – weekly postal services were rendered. In 1669, postal carriages started running from Moscow to Vilnius and then further on through Tilsit to Königsberg. The GDL postal route network underwent its largest expansion in the 18th century. An important postal line proceeded along the route of Warsaw – Grodno – Kaunas – Jelgava – Riga. Part of it coincided with the Warsaw – Vilnius route; at Ratnyčia, the postal carriage would turn northeast and continue via Merkinė and Varėna to Vilnius. From Vilnius, one postal route led to Königsberg via Kaunas, and another to Moscow; there are also data about a postal line to Polotsk. Another crossroads of the GDL’s postal routes was Grodno. The routes leading from Warsaw to Kaunas, Vilnius, and Riga intersected there. Separate lines to Lublin and Slonim were in operation; one of the postal routes led to the border of the Russian Empire. The network of the GDL’s postal routes also consisted of other roads. The location of some of them were subject to change due to the political situation, natural disasters, and seasonal practicability.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46878526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Apie Antano Petrilionio disertaciją „Belaisviai Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Vokiečių ordino karuose (XIV–XV amžiai)“ ir jos gynimą / On Antanas Petrilionis’ Thesis „Prisoners of War of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Order (14th–15th Centuries)“
论Antanas Petrionis的“立陶宛大公国的战俘与条顿骑士团（14-15世纪）”
{"title":"From the Darkness of Prison into the Light of Freedom","authors":"Karolis Čižauskas","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.50.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.50.11","url":null,"abstract":"Apie Antano Petrilionio disertaciją „Belaisviai Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Vokiečių ordino karuose (XIV–XV amžiai)“ ir jos gynimą / On Antanas Petrilionis’ Thesis „Prisoners of War of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Order (14th–15th Centuries)“","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66949685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Housing modernization played a key role in interwar European urban planning, as it was used to build a new type of healthy and comfortable residential area. This question is also relevant in the case of the city of Vilnius, since from 1919 to 1939 the area of the city did not increase – its limits covered an area of 10 400 hectares, which was approved in 1919. This means that the modernization of housing and related urban planning in Vilnius had to take place in a different way than it had in the rapidly growing cities of East Central Europe, where the growth of a city’s area was stimulated by newly built residential suburbs. In this paper, residential architecture of Vilnius in 1919–1943 is studied based on the theory of housing-based urban planning formulated by Yael Alweill and Noa Zemer. Through an examination of how the Greater Vilnius Master Plan (1936–1939) was prepared, the research follows how the construction of modern housing affected urban planning and functional zoning.
{"title":"Housing Modernization and Urban Planning in Vilnius: 1919–1943","authors":"Marija Drėmaitė","doi":"10.15388/lis.2022.50.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2022.50.5","url":null,"abstract":"Housing modernization played a key role in interwar European urban planning, as it was used to build a new type of healthy and comfortable residential area. This question is also relevant in the case of the city of Vilnius, since from 1919 to 1939 the area of the city did not increase – its limits covered an area of 10 400 hectares, which was approved in 1919. This means that the modernization of housing and related urban planning in Vilnius had to take place in a different way than it had in the rapidly growing cities of East Central Europe, where the growth of a city’s area was stimulated by newly built residential suburbs. In this paper, residential architecture of Vilnius in 1919–1943 is studied based on the theory of housing-based urban planning formulated by Yael Alweill and Noa Zemer. Through an examination of how the Greater Vilnius Master Plan (1936–1939) was prepared, the research follows how the construction of modern housing affected urban planning and functional zoning.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41349787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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