Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.5
Yaroslav Pylypchuk
This article is dedicated to the history of the Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played an important role in border guarding. They carried out border, ambassadorial and castle service. Interpreters of Tatars and Tatar beks were sent on important missions to estab- lish diplomatic relations with strong Turkic states. Apostates (apostates from Is- lam) Glinskie played an important role in protecting the Ukrainian border from Crimean raids. Representatives of this family went on diplomatic missions to the Big Horde. The rulers of the Great Horde and the Crimean Khanate did not con- sider it shameful to write to the apostate and the provincial prince. The Tatar origin of the clan, on the contrary, was a plus in the eyes of the Jochids and the Glinskie were generally perceived as their own people. The adoption of Christian- ity opened up broad career prospects. Tatars managed to preserve their identity in places of compact settlement of Tatars in Belarus and Lithuania, as well as in Volyn. However, many Tatars who received land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania quickly lost their ethnic and religious identity.
{"title":"Татары в Великом Княжестве Литовском в XIV–XVI вв.","authors":"Yaroslav Pylypchuk","doi":"10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.5","url":null,"abstract":"This article is dedicated to the history of the Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played an important role in border guarding. They carried out border, ambassadorial and castle service. Interpreters of Tatars and Tatar beks were sent on important missions to estab- lish diplomatic relations with strong Turkic states. Apostates (apostates from Is- lam) Glinskie played an important role in protecting the Ukrainian border from Crimean raids. Representatives of this family went on diplomatic missions to the Big Horde. The rulers of the Great Horde and the Crimean Khanate did not con- sider it shameful to write to the apostate and the provincial prince. The Tatar origin of the clan, on the contrary, was a plus in the eyes of the Jochids and the Glinskie were generally perceived as their own people. The adoption of Christian- ity opened up broad career prospects. Tatars managed to preserve their identity in places of compact settlement of Tatars in Belarus and Lithuania, as well as in Volyn. However, many Tatars who received land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania quickly lost their ethnic and religious identity.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"12 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136382232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.8
Mehmet Aça
Language, history, geography, belief, and culture have an important role in the societies to have a common identity and to maintain their existence by embracing this identity. Identity generally refers to a person or group’s defini tion of itself and its positioning among other people or groups. One of the basic processes of the formation of identities at the group level is collective memory. A common emphasis plays an important role in the formation of group identi ty. Rituals and ceremonies are very functional in highlighting a common past and keeping the collective memory alive. Ritual, which means the repetition of certain values related to individuals or groups with symbolic and invariable sequential behaviour patterns, is an emotional channel that feeds group con sciousness and unity. It guides new knowledge and experience. Rituals that connect the past to the present and the present to the future can be either reli gious or secular. Rituals contribute to the raising of group consciousness in the participants; they determine social status and roles; they offer ready patterns of behaviour by showing how the individual will behave in society; they connect individuals to the past with an emotional bond.
Lithuanian Tatars, who had important rights and privileges recognized by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as the equivalent of their important services, have preserved their identity thanks to the rights and privileges granted to them, Islamic beliefs, rituals and ceremonies. Religious rituals, commemoration and celebration ceremonies supported the efforts of Lithuanian Tatars to keep their traditions alive; contributed to efforts to maintain ties between them; it kept their commitment to the roots or the common past alive. Celebrations and ceremonies related to religious festivals and transition periods perform im portant duties in the transfer of culture to children and young people. The celebration and commemoration programs organized for the 620th anniver sary of the arrival of the Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, on the one hand, expressed loyalty to the Lithuanian State and the Lithuanian people, on the other hand, contributed to remembering the roots. In particular, Sabantuy, held in Lithuania in 2017, contributed to the development of the relations of Lithuanian Tatars with other Tatar groups living in the Russian Federation and Anatolian Turks.
In this study, rituals and ceremonies will be discussed and interpreted through various rituals (religious festivals, rites of passage, Sabantuy, etc.) and ceremonies that contribute to the efforts of the Lithuanian Tatars to protect their identity and culture.
{"title":"Ritualų ir ceremonijų vaidmuo gimtąją kalbą praradusios visuomenės kovoje už tapatybę: Lietuvos totorių pavyzdys","authors":"Mehmet Aça","doi":"10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.8","url":null,"abstract":"Language, history, geography, belief, and culture have an important role in the societies to have a common identity and to maintain their existence by embracing this identity. Identity generally refers to a person or group’s defini tion of itself and its positioning among other people or groups. One of the basic processes of the formation of identities at the group level is collective memory. A common emphasis plays an important role in the formation of group identi ty. Rituals and ceremonies are very functional in highlighting a common past and keeping the collective memory alive. Ritual, which means the repetition of certain values related to individuals or groups with symbolic and invariable sequential behaviour patterns, is an emotional channel that feeds group con sciousness and unity. It guides new knowledge and experience. Rituals that connect the past to the present and the present to the future can be either reli gious or secular. Rituals contribute to the raising of group consciousness in the participants; they determine social status and roles; they offer ready patterns of behaviour by showing how the individual will behave in society; they connect individuals to the past with an emotional bond.
 Lithuanian Tatars, who had important rights and privileges recognized by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as the equivalent of their important services, have preserved their identity thanks to the rights and privileges granted to them, Islamic beliefs, rituals and ceremonies. Religious rituals, commemoration and celebration ceremonies supported the efforts of Lithuanian Tatars to keep their traditions alive; contributed to efforts to maintain ties between them; it kept their commitment to the roots or the common past alive. Celebrations and ceremonies related to religious festivals and transition periods perform im portant duties in the transfer of culture to children and young people. The celebration and commemoration programs organized for the 620th anniver sary of the arrival of the Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, on the one hand, expressed loyalty to the Lithuanian State and the Lithuanian people, on the other hand, contributed to remembering the roots. In particular, Sabantuy, held in Lithuania in 2017, contributed to the development of the relations of Lithuanian Tatars with other Tatar groups living in the Russian Federation and Anatolian Turks.
 In this study, rituals and ceremonies will be discussed and interpreted through various rituals (religious festivals, rites of passage, Sabantuy, etc.) and ceremonies that contribute to the efforts of the Lithuanian Tatars to protect their identity and culture.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"158 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134908871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.15
Hüseyin Durgut
Adding a vowel that is not in the original of a word to that word for various reasons is called vowel derivation. There is no morphological reason for vowel derivation and it aims to facilitate the pronunciation. There are three types of vowel derivation: at the beginning of the word, within the word and at the end of the word. The derivation of vowels at the beginning of a word in Turkish is not seen much in standard Turkish and is more common in dialects. Vowel epenthesis is a common phonetic event in standard Turkish. This phonetic event is encountered both in borrowed words and in words of Turkish origin. One of the reasons for the vowel epenthesis in Turkish is to make the borrowed words that do not fit the syllable structure of Turkish fit the syllable this structure and thus to eliminate the difficulty of pronunciation in the borrowed words. As it is known, only some consonant pairs can be found together at the end of words of Turkish origin. For this reason, in words borrowed with consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllabic structure of Turkish, we come across vowel derivations within the word. This vowel derivation, which first appeared in the spoken language, can also pass into the standard language over time. The vowel epenthesis can also be seen in some Turkish origin words in order to add strength to the meaning. In Turkish, vowel epithesis is not as common as vowel epenthesis. The vowel epithesis is mostly seen in dialects and there are very few examples in standard language. The vowel epithesis is a phonetic event that is more common in some Turkic languages than in Türkiye Turkish. The derivation of vowel at the end of the word, especially seen in borrowed words, provides ease of pronunciation in words of foreign origin that do not fit the sound system of the Turkish language. The vowel epithesis occurs in borrowed words containing consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllable structure of Turkish, as well as in borrowed words with twin consonants at the end of the word.
It is seen that examples of vowel epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are more common than in Türkiye Turkish. In particular, the Miraj text and some poems belonging to the Old Anatolian Turkish period, which are among the manuscripts in the “kitab” type, provide us with a rich material on this subject. In these texts, examples of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in borrowed words from Arabic and Persian are used in pairs in an interesting way. In other words, we see that the same borrowed word is used both with vowel epenthesis and epithesis. In this study, events of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are examined and the reasons for the higher incidence of vowel epithesis in these texts are discussed.
{"title":"On the Vowel Epenthesis and Epithesis in Turkish Texts in the Manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars","authors":"Hüseyin Durgut","doi":"10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.15","url":null,"abstract":"Adding a vowel that is not in the original of a word to that word for various reasons is called vowel derivation. There is no morphological reason for vowel derivation and it aims to facilitate the pronunciation. There are three types of vowel derivation: at the beginning of the word, within the word and at the end of the word. The derivation of vowels at the beginning of a word in Turkish is not seen much in standard Turkish and is more common in dialects. Vowel epenthesis is a common phonetic event in standard Turkish. This phonetic event is encountered both in borrowed words and in words of Turkish origin. One of the reasons for the vowel epenthesis in Turkish is to make the borrowed words that do not fit the syllable structure of Turkish fit the syllable this structure and thus to eliminate the difficulty of pronunciation in the borrowed words. As it is known, only some consonant pairs can be found together at the end of words of Turkish origin. For this reason, in words borrowed with consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllabic structure of Turkish, we come across vowel derivations within the word. This vowel derivation, which first appeared in the spoken language, can also pass into the standard language over time. The vowel epenthesis can also be seen in some Turkish origin words in order to add strength to the meaning. In Turkish, vowel epithesis is not as common as vowel epenthesis. The vowel epithesis is mostly seen in dialects and there are very few examples in standard language. The vowel epithesis is a phonetic event that is more common in some Turkic languages than in Türkiye Turkish. The derivation of vowel at the end of the word, especially seen in borrowed words, provides ease of pronunciation in words of foreign origin that do not fit the sound system of the Turkish language. The vowel epithesis occurs in borrowed words containing consonant pairs that are not suitable for the syllable structure of Turkish, as well as in borrowed words with twin consonants at the end of the word.
 It is seen that examples of vowel epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are more common than in Türkiye Turkish. In particular, the Miraj text and some poems belonging to the Old Anatolian Turkish period, which are among the manuscripts in the “kitab” type, provide us with a rich material on this subject. In these texts, examples of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in borrowed words from Arabic and Persian are used in pairs in an interesting way. In other words, we see that the same borrowed word is used both with vowel epenthesis and epithesis. In this study, events of vowel epenthesis and epithesis in Turkish texts found in manuscripts of Lithuanian Tatars are examined and the reasons for the higher incidence of vowel epithesis in these texts are discussed.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.22
Gulnara Khayrullina
National musical instruments are part of the culture and history of the people. They reflect the characteristics, temperament and mentality of the people, the conditions for their formation as an ethnos. Variety, rich sound, unusual melody pattern – national musical instruments create all this. Every ancient musical culture has its origins in ancient rites. Folk music of the Turkic peoples of the Volga region and the Urals was no exception. Singing was accompanied by pagan and mystical sacraments, holidays, household and daily rituals such as hunting, harvesting and much more, including military campaigns.
The sound of folk instruments has a specific musical pattern and voice that distinguishes the musical instruments of the Turkic peoples from other ethnic groups that have settled since ancient times in the Urals and the Volga region. This is due to the fact that the Tatars and Bashkirs have always preferred melodic musical instruments that allow performing a branched, rich melody in a wide range. Although the list of musical instruments has about fifty varieties, this article analyses the most characteristic and ancient ones.
{"title":"Volgos regiono ir Uralo tiurkų tautų muzikos instrumentai","authors":"Gulnara Khayrullina","doi":"10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.22","url":null,"abstract":"National musical instruments are part of the culture and history of the people. They reflect the characteristics, temperament and mentality of the people, the conditions for their formation as an ethnos. Variety, rich sound, unusual melody pattern – national musical instruments create all this. Every ancient musical culture has its origins in ancient rites. Folk music of the Turkic peoples of the Volga region and the Urals was no exception. Singing was accompanied by pagan and mystical sacraments, holidays, household and daily rituals such as hunting, harvesting and much more, including military campaigns.
 The sound of folk instruments has a specific musical pattern and voice that distinguishes the musical instruments of the Turkic peoples from other ethnic groups that have settled since ancient times in the Urals and the Volga region. This is due to the fact that the Tatars and Bashkirs have always preferred melodic musical instruments that allow performing a branched, rich melody in a wide range. Although the list of musical instruments has about fifty varieties, this article analyses the most characteristic and ancient ones.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"56 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.13
Мухиддин Хайруддинов
The article deals with the pedagogical and educational activities of the outstanding son of the Crimean Tatar people Ismail Gasprinsky (1851–1914). Accumulating the achievements of the advanced pedagogical practice of Europe, I. Gasprinsky acted as a spokesman for the need for socio-economic changes in the countries of the East. I. Gasprinsky spoke up for the synthesis of Muslim doctrine and the achievements of modern science, he created and led the Jadid pedagogical movement aimed at the transition from confessional and Russian civic education to the creation of a national secular education.
All his life I. Gasprinsky was defending the interests of the Crimean Tatars, Mus- lims and societies living in conditions of colonial slavery. Gasprinsky was one of the most outstanding thinkers of the Turkic world. UNESCO declared 2014 the year of Ismail Gasprinsky for his contribution to education and philosophy.
The study showed that the modern interest in I. Gasprinsky is caused by the increasingly unfolding globalization and the formation of an ecological-humanistic civilization, as a new form of preserving cultural diversity in its entirety.
{"title":"Pedagogical Views and Educational Activities of Ismail Gasprinsky","authors":"Мухиддин Хайруддинов","doi":"10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.13","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the pedagogical and educational activities of the outstanding son of the Crimean Tatar people Ismail Gasprinsky (1851–1914). Accumulating the achievements of the advanced pedagogical practice of Europe, I. Gasprinsky acted as a spokesman for the need for socio-economic changes in the countries of the East. I. Gasprinsky spoke up for the synthesis of Muslim doctrine and the achievements of modern science, he created and led the Jadid pedagogical movement aimed at the transition from confessional and Russian civic education to the creation of a national secular education.
 All his life I. Gasprinsky was defending the interests of the Crimean Tatars, Mus- lims and societies living in conditions of colonial slavery. Gasprinsky was one of the most outstanding thinkers of the Turkic world. UNESCO declared 2014 the year of Ismail Gasprinsky for his contribution to education and philosophy.
 The study showed that the modern interest in I. Gasprinsky is caused by the increasingly unfolding globalization and the formation of an ecological-humanistic civilization, as a new form of preserving cultural diversity in its entirety.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"24 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.6
Sergejus Temčinas
The article focuses on the textual characteristics of the Polish anti-Ta- tar pamphlet “Alfurkan tatarski” written by Piotr Czyżewski (Wilno, 1616/1617) and reveals its text being a compilation. There are at least four different indica- tions for this. They were a result of borrowing certain textual fragments from Matiasz Czyżewski’s earlier edition “Alkoran” (1616), which is considered lost. However, its long title describing the contents survives and can be safely com- pared to the extant text of Piotr Czyżewski’s “Alfurkan tatarski”. This comparison reveals thematic similarities between the two editions accompanied by identical wording which must be viewed as result of textual borrowing from the earlier edition into the later one. This collaborates well with A. Brückner’s comparison of the two editions (both were available to him in the early 20th century) which were reported to contain partially the same textual material.
Traditionally the names of both authors are treated as pseudonyms of an un- known person who was recently identified with Józef Karcan (the printer of Piotr Czyżewski’s first edition of “Alfurkan tatarski”) or, alternatively, with Tomasz Pawłowski (the abbot of the Benedictine monastery in Old Trakai in ca 1597 – ca 1617). Nevertheless, the very nature of the revealed textual bor- rowings, accompanied by a significant rearrangement of the general struc
ture, suggests that both editions have different authors. Since Matiasz and Piotr Czyżewski in their publications call themselves brothers and mention each other’s editions, they, contrary to the established tradition, must be con- sidered the actual authors of the respective printed books, and not fictitious pseudonyms.
{"title":"«Alfurkan tatarski» (Wilno, 1616/1617) Петра Чижевского: авторство текста","authors":"Sergejus Temčinas","doi":"10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.6","url":null,"abstract":"The article focuses on the textual characteristics of the Polish anti-Ta- tar pamphlet “Alfurkan tatarski” written by Piotr Czyżewski (Wilno, 1616/1617) and reveals its text being a compilation. There are at least four different indica- tions for this. They were a result of borrowing certain textual fragments from Matiasz Czyżewski’s earlier edition “Alkoran” (1616), which is considered lost. However, its long title describing the contents survives and can be safely com- pared to the extant text of Piotr Czyżewski’s “Alfurkan tatarski”. This comparison reveals thematic similarities between the two editions accompanied by identical wording which must be viewed as result of textual borrowing from the earlier edition into the later one. This collaborates well with A. Brückner’s comparison of the two editions (both were available to him in the early 20th century) which were reported to contain partially the same textual material.
 Traditionally the names of both authors are treated as pseudonyms of an un- known person who was recently identified with Józef Karcan (the printer of Piotr Czyżewski’s first edition of “Alfurkan tatarski”) or, alternatively, with Tomasz Pawłowski (the abbot of the Benedictine monastery in Old Trakai in ca 1597 – ca 1617). Nevertheless, the very nature of the revealed textual bor- rowings, accompanied by a significant rearrangement of the general struc
 ture, suggests that both editions have different authors. Since Matiasz and Piotr Czyżewski in their publications call themselves brothers and mention each other’s editions, they, contrary to the established tradition, must be con- sidered the actual authors of the respective printed books, and not fictitious pseudonyms.
","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134910257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.19
Siarhiej Miskiewicz
At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, Tatars of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania started migrating to new lands and countries including England, Argentina and America. They were looking for work and the USA became their preferred country. Many Tatars returned back to homeland, but most of them stayed in America and succeeded.
Tatars from Ivje, Navahradak, Mir, Kleck, Tavsiuny, Milkuny, Śviańciany, Dokšycy, Uzda, Śmiłavičy, Minsk, Vilnia and other settlements of Russian Empire before the World War I founded their registered society in New York in 1907. It was the first Muslim organization in the USA. They also founded the Muslim mizars in the Maple Grove and Cedar Grove cemeteries in New York. They started teaching children and bought a building for mosque in 1930. Tatars provided the annual dances and picnics, organized the funding (dues, fees, fines, loans, donations) for payment of expenses, helped the Society members (death and illness benefits) and Muslims in other countries including the former homeland (Ivje in 1922, Niekrašuncy, Warszawa in 1945 and etc.). They published a newspaper, the prayer books. They took part in the main historical events in the USA: the World War I, the World War II, Korean and Vietnam wars, post-war occupation of Germany, etc. Unfortunately, the Society had been developed until 1960s (member quantity was more than 300) and now it is in decline due to assimilation and migration.
This article is devoted to the Tatar society of the USA. It is based on the results of study of family collections, oral stories, archival documents (Ellis Island cases, certificates of birth, death, marriage, draft) and pictures. The organization structure, the names of the famous Tatars and the Society board members (presidents, vice-presidents, secretaries, treasurers, imams, teachers, bank account holders, funeral committee members, etc.), the information about two cemeteries are re- vealed and provided.
{"title":"Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the United States of America","authors":"Siarhiej Miskiewicz","doi":"10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.19","url":null,"abstract":"At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, Tatars of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania started migrating to new lands and countries including England, Argentina and America. They were looking for work and the USA became their preferred country. Many Tatars returned back to homeland, but most of them stayed in America and succeeded.
 Tatars from Ivje, Navahradak, Mir, Kleck, Tavsiuny, Milkuny, Śviańciany, Dokšycy, Uzda, Śmiłavičy, Minsk, Vilnia and other settlements of Russian Empire before the World War I founded their registered society in New York in 1907. It was the first Muslim organization in the USA. They also founded the Muslim mizars in the Maple Grove and Cedar Grove cemeteries in New York. They started teaching children and bought a building for mosque in 1930. Tatars provided the annual dances and picnics, organized the funding (dues, fees, fines, loans, donations) for payment of expenses, helped the Society members (death and illness benefits) and Muslims in other countries including the former homeland (Ivje in 1922, Niekrašuncy, Warszawa in 1945 and etc.). They published a newspaper, the prayer books. They took part in the main historical events in the USA: the World War I, the World War II, Korean and Vietnam wars, post-war occupation of Germany, etc. Unfortunately, the Society had been developed until 1960s (member quantity was more than 300) and now it is in decline due to assimilation and migration.
 This article is devoted to the Tatar society of the USA. It is based on the results of study of family collections, oral stories, archival documents (Ellis Island cases, certificates of birth, death, marriage, draft) and pictures. The organization structure, the names of the famous Tatars and the Society board members (presidents, vice-presidents, secretaries, treasurers, imams, teachers, bank account holders, funeral committee members, etc.), the information about two cemeteries are re- vealed and provided.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"10 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136381503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.20
Jonas Mardosa
In Lithuania, fur processing craft used to change depending on the social, cultural and even political context of the development of the state and the nation. In the Tatar community of Raižiai several craftsmen were engaged in fur processing. The artisans were in direct contact with the fur craftsmen working in Butrimonys and the surrounding villages. In this way, the fur processing craft habitat was formed, the centre of which was Raižiai. The article examines the fur processing craft in Raižiai and its surroundings on the basis of archival data and ethnological literature. The forms of fur processing craft transfer between gene rations and their change over time are examined. The aim of the article is to reveal the essence of the Tatar famous business in Raižiai in the context of the history of Lithuanian crafts and to highlight the specific features of the life of the local Tatar community.
The main period of existence of the fur processing craft in Raižiai was before the Soviet era. The analysis of ethnographic field research data showed that the longstanding vertical folk direction for the transmission of the secrets of the craft ensured the viability of the fur processing tradition in the Tatar families. Therefore, the article considers the emergence and existence of the image of the Tatars as fur processing craftsmen as a phenomenon of a unique business. Fur processing was part of the Tatar business, but the craft nurtured throughout its long history, has naturally shaped the image of the Tatars as exceptional masters in the field. The need for furs for peasant clothing due to climatic conditions of Lithuania helped to achieve such mastery, therefore, people were looking for wellperforming craftsmen. The professionalism of the craftsmen, the use of tra ditional methods of fur processing, supported the profound appreciation of the level of mastery of the Tatars in the society. Even the changes in the handicraft of preSoviet Lithuania and the desire of the state to expand the layer of crafts men which increased the internal competition of craftsmen, did not reduce the authority of the Tatar fur processing craftsmen. Therefore, in the perspective of the technological changes in the fur processing of the 20th century, the Tatars of Raižiai were cautious about innovation. Such attitude was appreciated by the customers and the quality of the work ensured the demand for the craft. After World War II, the situation had changed. First of all, private business was forbid den, therefore, fur craftsmen had to work illegally; they received bans from the authorities, and even fines were imposed. The surviving fur processing craftsmen in the Soviet era, like the majority of the rural population, were used for unskilled labour in the collective farms and on a Soviet farm. The analysis of the collect ed material indicates that the Soviet era which began to destroy the craft due to ideological circumstances, and the change in the direction of
{"title":"Fur Processing in Raižiai in the 20th Century: Craft and Image","authors":"Jonas Mardosa","doi":"10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.20","url":null,"abstract":"In Lithuania, fur processing craft used to change depending on the social, cultural and even political context of the development of the state and the nation. In the Tatar community of Raižiai several craftsmen were engaged in fur processing. The artisans were in direct contact with the fur craftsmen working in Butrimonys and the surrounding villages. In this way, the fur processing craft habitat was formed, the centre of which was Raižiai. The article examines the fur processing craft in Raižiai and its surroundings on the basis of archival data and ethnological literature. The forms of fur processing craft transfer between gene rations and their change over time are examined. The aim of the article is to reveal the essence of the Tatar famous business in Raižiai in the context of the history of Lithuanian crafts and to highlight the specific features of the life of the local Tatar community.
 The main period of existence of the fur processing craft in Raižiai was before the Soviet era. The analysis of ethnographic field research data showed that the longstanding vertical folk direction for the transmission of the secrets of the craft ensured the viability of the fur processing tradition in the Tatar families. Therefore, the article considers the emergence and existence of the image of the Tatars as fur processing craftsmen as a phenomenon of a unique business. Fur processing was part of the Tatar business, but the craft nurtured throughout its long history, has naturally shaped the image of the Tatars as exceptional masters in the field. The need for furs for peasant clothing due to climatic conditions of Lithuania helped to achieve such mastery, therefore, people were looking for wellperforming craftsmen. The professionalism of the craftsmen, the use of tra ditional methods of fur processing, supported the profound appreciation of the level of mastery of the Tatars in the society. Even the changes in the handicraft of preSoviet Lithuania and the desire of the state to expand the layer of crafts men which increased the internal competition of craftsmen, did not reduce the authority of the Tatar fur processing craftsmen. Therefore, in the perspective of the technological changes in the fur processing of the 20th century, the Tatars of Raižiai were cautious about innovation. Such attitude was appreciated by the customers and the quality of the work ensured the demand for the craft. After World War II, the situation had changed. First of all, private business was forbid den, therefore, fur craftsmen had to work illegally; they received bans from the authorities, and even fines were imposed. The surviving fur processing craftsmen in the Soviet era, like the majority of the rural population, were used for unskilled labour in the collective farms and on a Soviet farm. The analysis of the collect ed material indicates that the Soviet era which began to destroy the craft due to ideological circumstances, and the change in the direction of","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134908553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.21
Albina Khayrullina-Valieva
Information about the art and design of Tatar footwear, revealed in different historical records, travel diaries, and descriptions of museum collec- tions, is of great importance. It allows us to assume a strong traditionalism of leather mosaic in the Tatar folk decorative and applied arts. This assumption is also supported by the stylistic uniformity of a large number of decorative mo- tifs, the similarity of principles in composition and colour solutions identified with the comparative analysis of leather mosaic and other traditional types of national applied art. The development of style and technical methods of leath- er mosaic can be assessed by retrospective comparison with later monuments. Wise selection of innovations has always been a wizard of classical folk art. Folk craftsmen had an amazing intuition and only features suitable for adaptation and standardisation were included in the traditional art set. Due to the histor- ical succession, the art of leather mosaic stepped over the centuries, perfecting and improving its distinctive features.
{"title":"From Ancient Traditions to Modern Design: Interpretation of Some Ornaments on Leathercraft Items","authors":"Albina Khayrullina-Valieva","doi":"10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/totoriai-lietuvos-istorijoje.2023.21","url":null,"abstract":"Information about the art and design of Tatar footwear, revealed in different historical records, travel diaries, and descriptions of museum collec- tions, is of great importance. It allows us to assume a strong traditionalism of leather mosaic in the Tatar folk decorative and applied arts. This assumption is also supported by the stylistic uniformity of a large number of decorative mo- tifs, the similarity of principles in composition and colour solutions identified with the comparative analysis of leather mosaic and other traditional types of national applied art. The development of style and technical methods of leath- er mosaic can be assessed by retrospective comparison with later monuments. Wise selection of innovations has always been a wizard of classical folk art. Folk craftsmen had an amazing intuition and only features suitable for adaptation and standardisation were included in the traditional art set. Due to the histor- ical succession, the art of leather mosaic stepped over the centuries, perfecting and improving its distinctive features.","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"108 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134909088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Pinch of Thoughts on the Life and Work of Zenonas Ivinskis","authors":"Ignas Stanevičius","doi":"10.15388/lis.2023.51.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/lis.2023.51.7","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":33054,"journal":{"name":"Lietuvos Istorijos Studijos","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42385888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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