Pub Date : 2012-07-01DOI: 10.4103/0331-3131.108106
Mukhtar Abdulmajid Adeiza
{"title":"HIV/AIDS treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: Towards universal access and universal \"test and treat\" strategy","authors":"Mukhtar Abdulmajid Adeiza","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.108106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.108106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128058877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The identification of nitric oxide in exhaled breath and its role as a surrogate marker of eosinophilic inflammation of the airways led to rapid development in the area of its measurement. Standardized measurement techniques have been developed as well as simple, cheap, and reliable equipments. Although a number of factors have been identified as affecting its assay, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) can reliably be used to distinguish eosinophilic from non-eosinophilic airway inflammation. Unlike the other indirect measures of airway inflammation such as FEV1 reversibility and bronchoprovocative tests, FENO is noninvasive and gives a direct measure of inflammation. There are sufficient data supporting its role in the diagnosis of asthma, monitoring of disease, prediction of relapse, and level of compliance. Measurement of FENO has therefore made the transition from the bench to the bedside. Of recent, there are attempts at devising interpretative strategies for its use in day to day clinical practice.
{"title":"Exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma: From bench to bedside?","authors":"A. Abba, Mukhtar Abdulmajid Adeiza","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.92949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.92949","url":null,"abstract":"The identification of nitric oxide in exhaled breath and its role as a surrogate marker of eosinophilic inflammation of the airways led to rapid development in the area of its measurement. Standardized measurement techniques have been developed as well as simple, cheap, and reliable equipments. Although a number of factors have been identified as affecting its assay, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) can reliably be used to distinguish eosinophilic from non-eosinophilic airway inflammation. Unlike the other indirect measures of airway inflammation such as FEV1 reversibility and bronchoprovocative tests, FENO is noninvasive and gives a direct measure of inflammation. There are sufficient data supporting its role in the diagnosis of asthma, monitoring of disease, prediction of relapse, and level of compliance. Measurement of FENO has therefore made the transition from the bench to the bedside. Of recent, there are attempts at devising interpretative strategies for its use in day to day clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115084639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The clinical manifestations of tuberculosis (TB) represent a complex interaction between the causative organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the human host immune response.[1] TB is the most common cause of infectious disease-related mortality worldwide after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2 billion people are infected worldwide, and according to the 2010 global TB report, there were an estimated 9.4 million incident cases of TB with 12% of these occurring in HIV-positive patients.[2] The bulk of this disease burden resides in sub-Saharan Africa and the majorities of these infections are asymptomatic and may reactivate later in life. This huge global reservoir is termed latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and constitutes an important source of infection and a continuous source of transmission. The goal of testing for LTBI is to identify individuals who are at increased risk for the development of TB and therefore would benefit from treatment. Currently, there is no available gold standard or confirmatory test for the diagnosis of LTBI and available surrogates are not without limitations with respect to technical issues with test performance, cost, specificity, sensitivity, effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, and environmental mycobacteria. LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION
{"title":"Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: The tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assays","authors":"Mukhtar Abdulmajid Adeiza","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.92946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.92946","url":null,"abstract":"The clinical manifestations of tuberculosis (TB) represent a complex interaction between the causative organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the human host immune response.[1] TB is the most common cause of infectious disease-related mortality worldwide after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2 billion people are infected worldwide, and according to the 2010 global TB report, there were an estimated 9.4 million incident cases of TB with 12% of these occurring in HIV-positive patients.[2] The bulk of this disease burden resides in sub-Saharan Africa and the majorities of these infections are asymptomatic and may reactivate later in life. This huge global reservoir is termed latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and constitutes an important source of infection and a continuous source of transmission. The goal of testing for LTBI is to identify individuals who are at increased risk for the development of TB and therefore would benefit from treatment. Currently, there is no available gold standard or confirmatory test for the diagnosis of LTBI and available surrogates are not without limitations with respect to technical issues with test performance, cost, specificity, sensitivity, effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, and environmental mycobacteria. LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115090717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Objectives: Neonatal hypoglycemia, a common metabolic problem, often goes unnoticed owing to lack of specific symptoms. We designed this study to assess the incidence of hypoglycemia in healthy normal birth weight and low birth weight babies, including both preterm and small for gestational age (SGA) newborns, to evaluate the impact of early breastfeeding on hypoglycemia and to assess the impact of exclusive breast feeding on glucose values up to 48 h of age. Design and Settings: A hospital-based prospective longitudinal study. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted over six months involving one hundred fifty healthy (both term and preterm) appropriate for gestational age (AGA) or SGA babies with birth weight between 1.5 kg and 3.99 kg. Blood glucose values were measured at the age of 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after delivery which was independent of feeding time. Blood glucose value less than 40 mg/dl (2.2 mmol/l) was defined as hypoglycemia. Sick newborns, those less than 34 weeks of gestation or less than 1500 g, infant of diabetic mother, those with birth asphyxia, congenital malformations and endocrine deficiencies were excluded. Results: Overall incidence of hypoglycemia was 32%. Hypoglycemia was significantly greater in SGA and preterm as compared to AGA and term newborns respectively (P<0.001). Incidence of hypoglycemia was significantly more in newborns with delayed breast feeding than early breast feeding (64% vs 17%; P<0.001). Conclusion: Low birth weight babies (both preterm and small-for-date) are prone to develop hypoglycemia especially in first 24 h of life with delayed introduction of breast feeding being an additional risk.
{"title":"Study of blood glucose level in normal and low birth weight newborns and impact of early breast feeding in a tertiary care centre","authors":"A. De, R. Biswas, M. Samanta, C. Kundu","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.92951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.92951","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: Neonatal hypoglycemia, a common metabolic problem, often goes unnoticed owing to lack of specific symptoms. We designed this study to assess the incidence of hypoglycemia in healthy normal birth weight and low birth weight babies, including both preterm and small for gestational age (SGA) newborns, to evaluate the impact of early breastfeeding on hypoglycemia and to assess the impact of exclusive breast feeding on glucose values up to 48 h of age. Design and Settings: A hospital-based prospective longitudinal study. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted over six months involving one hundred fifty healthy (both term and preterm) appropriate for gestational age (AGA) or SGA babies with birth weight between 1.5 kg and 3.99 kg. Blood glucose values were measured at the age of 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after delivery which was independent of feeding time. Blood glucose value less than 40 mg/dl (2.2 mmol/l) was defined as hypoglycemia. Sick newborns, those less than 34 weeks of gestation or less than 1500 g, infant of diabetic mother, those with birth asphyxia, congenital malformations and endocrine deficiencies were excluded. Results: Overall incidence of hypoglycemia was 32%. Hypoglycemia was significantly greater in SGA and preterm as compared to AGA and term newborns respectively (P<0.001). Incidence of hypoglycemia was significantly more in newborns with delayed breast feeding than early breast feeding (64% vs 17%; P<0.001). Conclusion: Low birth weight babies (both preterm and small-for-date) are prone to develop hypoglycemia especially in first 24 h of life with delayed introduction of breast feeding being an additional risk.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127430558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Acharya, S. Shukla, Amit Gupta, Dinesh Singh, S. Diwan
Sir, Erythema nodosum (EN), a painful disorder of the subcutaneous fat, is the most common type of panniculitis. Generally, it is idiopathic, although the most common identifiable cause is streptococcal pharyngitis. EN may be the first sign of a systemic disease such as tuberculosis (TB), bacterial or deep fungal infection, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, or cancer. Certain drugs, including oral contraceptives and some antibiotics, also may be etiologic. We present a case of tubercular lymphadenitis with EN.
{"title":"A case of tuberculous lymphadenitis with erythema nodosum","authors":"S. Acharya, S. Shukla, Amit Gupta, Dinesh Singh, S. Diwan","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.92956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.92956","url":null,"abstract":"Sir, Erythema nodosum (EN), a painful disorder of the subcutaneous fat, is the most common type of panniculitis. Generally, it is idiopathic, although the most common identifiable cause is streptococcal pharyngitis. EN may be the first sign of a systemic disease such as tuberculosis (TB), bacterial or deep fungal infection, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease, or cancer. Certain drugs, including oral contraceptives and some antibiotics, also may be etiologic. We present a case of tubercular lymphadenitis with EN.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"14 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130508312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report an uncommon case of tuberculosis involving left second toe associated with left inguinal lymphadenopathy and an ulcer in a 30-year-old male with no other pulmonary or extra pulmonary tubercular infection. Diagnosis was made by biopsy. He responded very well to anti tubercular treatment.
{"title":"Tuberculosis in the left inguinal region associated with cutaneous tuberculosis of left second toe: An unusual presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis","authors":"J. Kar, M. Kar, S. Maiti","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.92952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.92952","url":null,"abstract":"We report an uncommon case of tuberculosis involving left second toe associated with left inguinal lymphadenopathy and an ulcer in a 30-year-old male with no other pulmonary or extra pulmonary tubercular infection. Diagnosis was made by biopsy. He responded very well to anti tubercular treatment.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"107 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120915751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Agarwal, A. Agarwal, Vinita Agrawal, P. Agrawal, V. Chaudhary
Background: Birth weight is an important determinant of child survival and development. It is also a subject of clinical and epidemiological investigations. This study was planned to find out the epidemiological factors associated with low birth weight (LBW) among institutional deliveries so that suitable recommendation can be made to prevent LBW. Objectives: The present study was therefore undertaken to find out some maternal factors that may have their association, if any with LBW. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at tertiary care hospital among 350 mothers delivering live born neonate in study place. All babies were weighed within 24 hours after the birth. The babies were weighed on beam type weighing machine up to 20 g accuracy. LBW was defined as a birth weight of <2500 gram. All mothers were examined and interviewed within 24 hours after delivery and findings were recorded. The analysis was done using Epi Info package. Results : In this study, 40.0% mothers delivered LBW babies. Findings indicate that gestational age less than 37 weeks (76.5%), maternal age less than 20 years (58.5%), irregular antenatal checkup (70.5%), mother′s height less than 150 cm (68.5%), mother′s weight less than 50 kg (76.1%), hemoglobin less than 10 gm/dl (60.5%), severe physical work (78%), and tobacco chewing (58.5%) are significant determinants of LBW. Conclusion: Our study indicates that gestational age, maternal age, regular antenatal checkup, mother′s height, mother′s weight, anemia, physical work, and tobacco chewing are significant determinants of LBW. Prevalence of LBW can be reduced by increasing the gestational age, regular antenatal checkup, balanced diet during antenatal period, adequate rest during antenatal period, and avoiding the tobacco chewing.
{"title":"Prevalence and determinants of \"low birth weight\" among institutional deliveries","authors":"K. Agarwal, A. Agarwal, Vinita Agrawal, P. Agrawal, V. Chaudhary","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.92950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.92950","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Birth weight is an important determinant of child survival and development. It is also a subject of clinical and epidemiological investigations. This study was planned to find out the epidemiological factors associated with low birth weight (LBW) among institutional deliveries so that suitable recommendation can be made to prevent LBW. Objectives: The present study was therefore undertaken to find out some maternal factors that may have their association, if any with LBW. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at tertiary care hospital among 350 mothers delivering live born neonate in study place. All babies were weighed within 24 hours after the birth. The babies were weighed on beam type weighing machine up to 20 g accuracy. LBW was defined as a birth weight of <2500 gram. All mothers were examined and interviewed within 24 hours after delivery and findings were recorded. The analysis was done using Epi Info package. Results : In this study, 40.0% mothers delivered LBW babies. Findings indicate that gestational age less than 37 weeks (76.5%), maternal age less than 20 years (58.5%), irregular antenatal checkup (70.5%), mother′s height less than 150 cm (68.5%), mother′s weight less than 50 kg (76.1%), hemoglobin less than 10 gm/dl (60.5%), severe physical work (78%), and tobacco chewing (58.5%) are significant determinants of LBW. Conclusion: Our study indicates that gestational age, maternal age, regular antenatal checkup, mother′s height, mother′s weight, anemia, physical work, and tobacco chewing are significant determinants of LBW. Prevalence of LBW can be reduced by increasing the gestational age, regular antenatal checkup, balanced diet during antenatal period, adequate rest during antenatal period, and avoiding the tobacco chewing.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116927894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Khan, M. Wani, A. Bijli, S. Wani, Nayeem-ul-hassan, I. Irshad, N. Shaheen, H. Khan
Claudius Amyand, Surgeon to King George II, was the first to describe the presence of a perforated appendix within the hernial sac (in 1735) of an 11-year-old boy who had undergone successful appendicectomy. Amyand′s hernia is an inguinal hernia with an appendix involved. It is a rare condition. The chance finding of the vermiform appendix lying within an inguinal hernia occurs in approximately one percent of cases of inguinal hernia. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult. If additional pathologies exist, the diagnosis is more troublesome. We aimed to present a patient with Amyand′s hernia which is rare in the literature
{"title":"Amyand′s hernia: A rare occurrence","authors":"T. Khan, M. Wani, A. Bijli, S. Wani, Nayeem-ul-hassan, I. Irshad, N. Shaheen, H. Khan","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.92955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.92955","url":null,"abstract":"Claudius Amyand, Surgeon to King George II, was the first to describe the presence of a perforated appendix within the hernial sac (in 1735) of an 11-year-old boy who had undergone successful appendicectomy. Amyand′s hernia is an inguinal hernia with an appendix involved. It is a rare condition. The chance finding of the vermiform appendix lying within an inguinal hernia occurs in approximately one percent of cases of inguinal hernia. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult. If additional pathologies exist, the diagnosis is more troublesome. We aimed to present a patient with Amyand′s hernia which is rare in the literature","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128969445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpes virus 4, is a virus of the herpes family, having linear double-stranded DNA as its genome. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis. Besides this, EBV is also associated with particular forms of malignancy, particularly Hodgkin′s lymphoma, Burkitt′s lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, all of which may show their prime manifestations in head and neck area, for which patient may seek a dentist referral initially. In addition, EBV is linked with oral hairy leukoplakia, which may be an earliest oral manifestation of HIV infection. This review article primarily deals with clinical manifestations of diseases associated with EBV infection particularly in head and neck area.
{"title":"Epstein-Barr virus and associated head and neck manifestations","authors":"Nitul Jain, Vishwas Bhatia, Sohail Lattoo","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.92947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.92947","url":null,"abstract":"The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpes virus 4, is a virus of the herpes family, having linear double-stranded DNA as its genome. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis. Besides this, EBV is also associated with particular forms of malignancy, particularly Hodgkin′s lymphoma, Burkitt′s lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, all of which may show their prime manifestations in head and neck area, for which patient may seek a dentist referral initially. In addition, EBV is linked with oral hairy leukoplakia, which may be an earliest oral manifestation of HIV infection. This review article primarily deals with clinical manifestations of diseases associated with EBV infection particularly in head and neck area.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116598257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim : To determine the prevalence and distribution of refractive errors and presbyopia in the university community. Materials and Methods : A prospective study of all consecutive patients who visited A.B.U. Sick Bay between March 2009 and May 2010 was conducted. The ophthalmic nurse booked all patients whose visual acuity improved with the use of pinhole for further examination and refraction by one of two ophthalmologists who visited the facility twice a week. Those who did not turn up for refraction were excluded. Results : A total of 1448 patients with mean age of 24.6 SD± 4.9 years, distributed along gender and occupational lines, were seen within the study period. The prevalence of refractive errors and presbyopia was 15.8%. The prevalence of refractive error alone in the sample population was 9.5%, that of presbyopia only was 4.2% and that of those who had both refractive error and presbyopia was 2.1% (i.e. total prevalence of refractive errors = 11.6%). However, the total prevalence of presbyopia among those above 40 years was 49.7%. The predominant errors were astigmatism and simple myopia. Conclusion : Presbyopia and refractive errors, especially astigmatism and simple myopia, are common eye conditions in the university environment. Many patients would not turn up for their refraction appointments. It is recommended that mass enlightenment and screening for refractive errors be commenced, while routine assessment of new students and staff will also help to curb the negative impact on academic performance.
{"title":"Profile of refractive errors and presbyopia in a university community: A clinical study","authors":"E. Abah, D. Chinda, E. Samaila, E. Anyebe","doi":"10.4103/0331-3131.78273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/0331-3131.78273","url":null,"abstract":"Aim : To determine the prevalence and distribution of refractive errors and presbyopia in the university community. Materials and Methods : A prospective study of all consecutive patients who visited A.B.U. Sick Bay between March 2009 and May 2010 was conducted. The ophthalmic nurse booked all patients whose visual acuity improved with the use of pinhole for further examination and refraction by one of two ophthalmologists who visited the facility twice a week. Those who did not turn up for refraction were excluded. Results : A total of 1448 patients with mean age of 24.6 SD± 4.9 years, distributed along gender and occupational lines, were seen within the study period. The prevalence of refractive errors and presbyopia was 15.8%. The prevalence of refractive error alone in the sample population was 9.5%, that of presbyopia only was 4.2% and that of those who had both refractive error and presbyopia was 2.1% (i.e. total prevalence of refractive errors = 11.6%). However, the total prevalence of presbyopia among those above 40 years was 49.7%. The predominant errors were astigmatism and simple myopia. Conclusion : Presbyopia and refractive errors, especially astigmatism and simple myopia, are common eye conditions in the university environment. Many patients would not turn up for their refraction appointments. It is recommended that mass enlightenment and screening for refractive errors be commenced, while routine assessment of new students and staff will also help to curb the negative impact on academic performance.","PeriodicalId":331118,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Nigerian Medicine","volume":"27 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130165067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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