Pub Date : 2017-09-11DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000236
Neelima Hosamani, B. SrinivasaReddy, P. RamachandraReddy
In crustaceans the growth of the animal occurs by shedding of old exoskeleton and formation of new exoskeleton. Immediately after ecdysis the newly synthesized cuticle up takes water to expand new exoskeleton thereby size. Molt cycle in crustaceans is under the control of several regulatory hormones, internal and external factors. The predominant hormones molt inhibiting hormone (MIH) and ecdysteroids act in a controversy manner to one another in regulation of molt. It is also identified that the methyl farnesoate (MF) induces molting by inducing the synthesis and release of ecdysteroids from Y-organs. Besides several other hormones and internal molecules like opioids and neurotransmitters along with toxicants (xenobiotics, chemicals and metals) are also involved in the regulation of crustacean molting. Toxicity of aquatic pollutants leads to retardation of growth and delays molting, besides influence mortality and causes huge loss to crustacean farming. This review presents the advances in the field of crustacean molting and its regulation.
{"title":"Crustacean Molting: Regulation and Effects of Environmental Toxicants","authors":"Neelima Hosamani, B. SrinivasaReddy, P. RamachandraReddy","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000236","url":null,"abstract":"In crustaceans the growth of the animal occurs by shedding of old exoskeleton and formation of new exoskeleton. Immediately after ecdysis the newly synthesized cuticle up takes water to expand new exoskeleton thereby size. Molt cycle in crustaceans is under the control of several regulatory hormones, internal and external factors. The predominant hormones molt inhibiting hormone (MIH) and ecdysteroids act in a controversy manner to one another in regulation of molt. It is also identified that the methyl farnesoate (MF) induces molting by inducing the synthesis and release of ecdysteroids from Y-organs. Besides several other hormones and internal molecules like opioids and neurotransmitters along with toxicants (xenobiotics, chemicals and metals) are also involved in the regulation of crustacean molting. Toxicity of aquatic pollutants leads to retardation of growth and delays molting, besides influence mortality and causes huge loss to crustacean farming. This review presents the advances in the field of crustacean molting and its regulation.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114614879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-07DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000235
Golam Zakaria, S. Rahman
Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) was introduced since 2013 for recent built vessels to measure energy efficiency of sea going vessels. This factor already has created a great influence on global maritime industry. However, any requirement linked to the energy efficiency of inland vessels does not exist. This paper attempts to evaluate EEDI for inland cargo vessels of Bangladesh. According to the results of this analysis, which has been based on 351 existing inland cargo vessels, EEDI that was developed for seagoing vessels cannot be implemented for evaluation of inland cargo vessels due to limitation of carrying capacity and installed main engine power. So, the main objective of this paper is to provide EEDI reference line for inland cargo vessels of Bangladesh.
{"title":"Development of Energy Efficiency Design Index for Inland Cargo Vessels of Bangladesh","authors":"Golam Zakaria, S. Rahman","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000235","url":null,"abstract":"Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) was introduced since 2013 for recent built vessels to measure energy efficiency of sea going vessels. This factor already has created a great influence on global maritime industry. However, any requirement linked to the energy efficiency of inland vessels does not exist. This paper attempts to evaluate EEDI for inland cargo vessels of Bangladesh. According to the results of this analysis, which has been based on 351 existing inland cargo vessels, EEDI that was developed for seagoing vessels cannot be implemented for evaluation of inland cargo vessels due to limitation of carrying capacity and installed main engine power. So, the main objective of this paper is to provide EEDI reference line for inland cargo vessels of Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115882022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-30DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000234
Feng Nan, F. Yu, Chuan‐Jie Wei, Qiang Ren, Conghui Fan
An extra-large subsurface anticyclonic eddy (SAE) with horizontal scale of 470 km was detected in the northwestern Pacific subtropical gyre by in situ measurements in October 2014. The SAE exhibited a lens-shaped vertical structure with shoaling of the seasonal thermocline and deepening of the main thermocline. Consequently, the water in the eddy core was colder above 200 m and warmer below 200 m than the surrounding waters with maximum temperature anomalies of -1.2°C and 3.5°C located at ~100 m and ~450 m depths, respectively. The central water mass of the SAE was characterized as low potential vorticity water, i.e., the north Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW). Swirl velocity of the SAE was directly observed by ship-mounted ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers). The maximum azimuthal velocity reached 0.35 ms-1 near a 110 km radius at ~ 200 m depth, which was comparable with the maximum velocity of the northward Kuroshio east of Taiwan at the same depth. Threedimensional structure and evolutionary process of the SAE were also presented using Argo float profile data as well as the satellite altimeter data. The results indicated that the SAE was generated in the region of the STMW in February, then propagated westward over 1500 km at a mean speed of ~0.06 ms-1 and finally disappeared east of Taiwan in December, transporting ~0.5 Sv (Sv=106 m3s-1) STMW.
{"title":"Observations of an Extra-Large Subsurface Anticyclonic Eddy in the Northwestern Pacific Subtropical Gyre","authors":"Feng Nan, F. Yu, Chuan‐Jie Wei, Qiang Ren, Conghui Fan","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000234","url":null,"abstract":"An extra-large subsurface anticyclonic eddy (SAE) with horizontal scale of 470 km was detected in the northwestern Pacific subtropical gyre by in situ measurements in October 2014. The SAE exhibited a lens-shaped vertical structure with shoaling of the seasonal thermocline and deepening of the main thermocline. Consequently, the water in the eddy core was colder above 200 m and warmer below 200 m than the surrounding waters with maximum temperature anomalies of -1.2°C and 3.5°C located at ~100 m and ~450 m depths, respectively. The central water mass of the SAE was characterized as low potential vorticity water, i.e., the north Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW). Swirl velocity of the SAE was directly observed by ship-mounted ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers). The maximum azimuthal velocity reached 0.35 ms-1 near a 110 km radius at ~ 200 m depth, which was comparable with the maximum velocity of the northward Kuroshio east of Taiwan at the same depth. Threedimensional structure and evolutionary process of the SAE were also presented using Argo float profile data as well as the satellite altimeter data. The results indicated that the SAE was generated in the region of the STMW in February, then propagated westward over 1500 km at a mean speed of ~0.06 ms-1 and finally disappeared east of Taiwan in December, transporting ~0.5 Sv (Sv=106 m3s-1) STMW.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115787896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-24DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000233
M. Ashour, Aladin Kamel
Microalgae culture media should be economic, allow for high growth, satisfy the needs of microalgal cells and easy to prepare. In this study, we evaluate the effect of different media formula prepared from commercial agricultural fertilizers (CAGF), comparing to F/2 Guillard standard medium as a control medium, on growth (cell density, CD; dry weight, DW and specific growth rate, μ) and biochemical composition (lipid, protein, and carbohydrate) of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Comparing to N/P ratio (9.6) and actually quantity (12.36 g/l and 1.29 g/l, respectively) of F/2 standard medium, six N/P ratios (19.2, 9.6, 9.6, 4.8, 3.2 and 1.6) were prepared from Nitric Acid (N-Nt) or Ammonium Sulphate (N-Am), as a nitrogen source, with phosphoric acid (P), as a phosphorus source, for culturing media of N. oceanica. The results investigated that some CAGF media achieved significant (P ≤ 0.05) growth and biochemical composition higher than F/2. Comparing to lipid percentage (30.70 %) of F/2, the lipid percentage of N. oceanica cultured on different CAGF media were ranging from 18.40% to 46.12%, depending on nutrient limitation, nitrogen source, N/P ratios and actually atom concentrations. Finally, the use of CAGF constitutes a viable alternative of F/2 medium to reduce the production costs N. oceanica, the commonly used in marine hatcheries and also other biotechnological applications.
{"title":"Enhance Growth and Biochemical Composition of Nannochloropsis oceanica, Cultured under Nutrient Limitation, Using Commercial Agricultural Fertilizers","authors":"M. Ashour, Aladin Kamel","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000233","url":null,"abstract":"Microalgae culture media should be economic, allow for high growth, satisfy the needs of microalgal cells and easy to prepare. In this study, we evaluate the effect of different media formula prepared from commercial agricultural fertilizers (CAGF), comparing to F/2 Guillard standard medium as a control medium, on growth (cell density, CD; dry weight, DW and specific growth rate, μ) and biochemical composition (lipid, protein, and carbohydrate) of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Comparing to N/P ratio (9.6) and actually quantity (12.36 g/l and 1.29 g/l, respectively) of F/2 standard medium, six N/P ratios (19.2, 9.6, 9.6, 4.8, 3.2 and 1.6) were prepared from Nitric Acid (N-Nt) or Ammonium Sulphate (N-Am), as a nitrogen source, with phosphoric acid (P), as a phosphorus source, for culturing media of N. oceanica. The results investigated that some CAGF media achieved significant (P ≤ 0.05) growth and biochemical composition higher than F/2. Comparing to lipid percentage (30.70 %) of F/2, the lipid percentage of N. oceanica cultured on different CAGF media were ranging from 18.40% to 46.12%, depending on nutrient limitation, nitrogen source, N/P ratios and actually atom concentrations. Finally, the use of CAGF constitutes a viable alternative of F/2 medium to reduce the production costs N. oceanica, the commonly used in marine hatcheries and also other biotechnological applications.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124033692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-05DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000231
Melessew Wubante, Mulat Asrat
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2014 to April 2015 in Bahir Dar, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia to determine prevalence of bovine demodicosis. A total of 384 cattle of different groups of age, sex and breed were examined by taking deep skin scrapings. There was no statistically significant difference observed between two categories of breeds (p=0.938), though prevalence was lower in cross breeds (4.8%) than local breeds (5%). There was no statistically significant difference among three categories of age (P=0.430), with prevalence rate of 3.0%, 2.9% and 6.0% in less than one year, one to three year and greater than three years, respectively. The prevalence of demodicosis in female and male was, 5.9% and 3.9%, respectively, with statistically insignificant difference between them (P=0.369).Statically insignificant difference was also found between the two management systems (P=0.096), higher prevalence was observed on cattle managed under semi-intensive management system 7.5% than extensive ones 3.6% management systems. There was statistical significant variation detected among different site of infestation (P=0.027), the highest prevalence was found on shoulder 3.4% followed by neck, (0.8%), dew lap, fore limb and generalized (0.3%). In conclusion the overall prevalence (4.9%) of Demodex bovis infestation was recorded.
{"title":"Study on the Prevalence of Bovine Demodecosis and its Associated Risk Factors in and Around Bahir Dar, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"Melessew Wubante, Mulat Asrat","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000231","url":null,"abstract":"A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2014 to April 2015 in Bahir Dar, Amhara Regional State, \u0000 Ethiopia to determine prevalence of bovine demodicosis. A total of 384 cattle of different groups of age, sex and \u0000 breed were examined by taking deep skin scrapings. There was no statistically significant difference observed \u0000 between two categories of breeds (p=0.938), though prevalence was lower in cross breeds (4.8%) than local breeds \u0000 (5%). There was no statistically significant difference among three categories of age (P=0.430), with prevalence rate \u0000 of 3.0%, 2.9% and 6.0% in less than one year, one to three year and greater than three years, respectively. The \u0000 prevalence of demodicosis in female and male was, 5.9% and 3.9%, respectively, with statistically insignificant \u0000 difference between them (P=0.369).Statically insignificant difference was also found between the two management \u0000 systems (P=0.096), higher prevalence was observed on cattle managed under semi-intensive management system \u0000 7.5% than extensive ones 3.6% management systems. There was statistical significant variation detected among \u0000 different site of infestation (P=0.027), the highest prevalence was found on shoulder 3.4% followed by neck, (0.8%), \u0000 dew lap, fore limb and generalized (0.3%). In conclusion the overall prevalence (4.9%) of Demodex bovis infestation \u0000 was recorded.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126829823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-29DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000230
P. Ekambaram, P. Parasuraman
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an inducible stress protein; is involved in the regulation of adipogenesis, cellular bioenergetics and cytoprotective mechanism against hypoxia induced oxidative stress. Polluted aquatic environment leads to large oxygen fluctuations which may cause alteration in fish adaptation mechanism by HIF1α regulation. Environmental pollutants have a high tendency to accumulate, persist and bio-concentrate in adipocytes due to its lipophilic nature which ultimately causes adipocytes hypoxia that in turn affects metabolic energy balance. CYP1A2 and HO-1 are the chief detoxifying and cytoprotective enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of a wide variety of pollutants and its mediated cytotoxic products. The key role of hypoxia and its mediated signaling protein changes in fish adipocytes due to low dissolved oxygen in Ennore estuary was demonstrated in our previous work. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of pollutants induced hypoxia by assessing CD, HNE, TAC, G3PDH, ATP, HIF1α, HO-1 and CYP1A2 in fish adipocytes of control/unpolluted site and test/polluted site. Increase in CD, HNE, HIF1α, HO-1 along with a decrease in TAC, G3PDH, ATP and CYP1A2 observed in test adipocytes. From the results achieved, it shows that induction of HO-1 by HIF1α is crucial in maintaining the cell integrity to secure adipocytes and its maturation in the fish collected from the hypoxic environment. This study also highlights the role of HIF1α and HO-1 in regulating the expression of CYP1A2 during pollutants induced hypoxic condition.
{"title":"Hif1α Mediated Ho-1 Expression in Fish Adipocytes: Role of Hypoxia In Ennore Estuary","authors":"P. Ekambaram, P. Parasuraman","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000230","url":null,"abstract":"Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an inducible stress protein; is involved in the regulation of adipogenesis, cellular bioenergetics and cytoprotective mechanism against hypoxia induced oxidative stress. Polluted aquatic environment leads to large oxygen fluctuations which may cause alteration in fish adaptation mechanism by HIF1α regulation. Environmental pollutants have a high tendency to accumulate, persist and bio-concentrate in adipocytes due to its lipophilic nature which ultimately causes adipocytes hypoxia that in turn affects metabolic energy balance. CYP1A2 and HO-1 are the chief detoxifying and cytoprotective enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of a wide variety of pollutants and its mediated cytotoxic products. The key role of hypoxia and its mediated signaling protein changes in fish adipocytes due to low dissolved oxygen in Ennore estuary was demonstrated in our previous work. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of pollutants induced hypoxia by assessing CD, HNE, TAC, G3PDH, ATP, HIF1α, HO-1 and CYP1A2 in fish adipocytes of control/unpolluted site and test/polluted site. Increase in CD, HNE, HIF1α, HO-1 along with a decrease in TAC, G3PDH, ATP and CYP1A2 observed in test adipocytes. From the results achieved, it shows that induction of HO-1 by HIF1α is crucial in maintaining the cell integrity to secure adipocytes and its maturation in the fish collected from the hypoxic environment. This study also highlights the role of HIF1α and HO-1 in regulating the expression of CYP1A2 during pollutants induced hypoxic condition.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121952154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-29DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000229
H. Aly, M. Abdel‐Rahim, Ayman M. Lotfy, Basem S. Abdelaty
Four light colors (red, white, green and blue) were tested to evaluate their effects on both body color enhancement and growth performance of Florida red tilapia (Oreochromis mosambicus A O. hornorum). Fish were stocked in 12 fiberglass tanks, (each of 2 m3 water volume), at a stocking rate of 100 fish per tank with average (p ⤠0.05) are observed in the whole body chemical composition between treatments. Fingerlings initial weight of 2.66 g/fish, three replicates for each treatment. Fish were fed on a commercial diet containing 25% protein, two meals per day with a daily feeding rate of 7% in the first two weeks, then reduced to 5% until the end of the experimental period (6 weeks). The results of this study reveals that there are no significant differences (p>0.05) in growth performance indexes between treatments. However, fish exposed to red color showed highest growth values. With the same trend, results of survival percent and condition factor showed no significant differences between treatments. Significant differences that are exposed to blue color has the highest value of dry matter content, while, the lowest value is observed in fingerlings exposed to red color. Feed utilization (FI, FCR and PER) do not significantly affect the lighting color, while protein and energy utilization (PPV and EU) are significantly affected. Concerning the red color accumulated in the fish body, the fingerlings which are exposed to the blue color achieved the best I²-carotene value (211.25 IU/100 g fish) with highly significant differences compared with other treatments. The content of I²-carotene in blue color treatment is 8, 9, and 16 folds comparing with green, white, and red colors, respectively. Also, Red tilapia fish with black spots in the blue treatment were 12%, compared with 29% in green, 56% in white and 52% in red colors. It could be concluded that cultivating Red tilapia in a full saline well water using the artificial blue color will significantly improve not only the pigmentation of Red tilapia, the quality of fish in terms of the content of dry matter, but also the protein and the energy utilization of the consumed feed.
{"title":"Impact of Different Colors of Artificial Light on Pigmentation and Growth Performance of Hybrid Red Tilapia (Oreochromis mosambicus × O. hornorum) Reared in Saline Well Water","authors":"H. Aly, M. Abdel‐Rahim, Ayman M. Lotfy, Basem S. Abdelaty","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000229","url":null,"abstract":"Four light colors (red, white, green and blue) were tested to evaluate their effects on both body color enhancement and growth performance of Florida red tilapia (Oreochromis mosambicus A O. hornorum). Fish were stocked in 12 fiberglass tanks, (each of 2 m3 water volume), at a stocking rate of 100 fish per tank with average (p ⤠0.05) are observed in the whole body chemical composition between treatments. Fingerlings initial weight of 2.66 g/fish, three replicates for each treatment. Fish were fed on a commercial diet containing 25% protein, two meals per day with a daily feeding rate of 7% in the first two weeks, then reduced to 5% until the end of the experimental period (6 weeks). The results of this study reveals that there are no significant differences (p>0.05) in growth performance indexes between treatments. However, fish exposed to red color showed highest growth values. With the same trend, results of survival percent and condition factor showed no significant differences between treatments. Significant differences that are exposed to blue color has the highest value of dry matter content, while, the lowest value is observed in fingerlings exposed to red color. Feed utilization (FI, FCR and PER) do not significantly affect the lighting color, while protein and energy utilization (PPV and EU) are significantly affected. Concerning the red color accumulated in the fish body, the fingerlings which are exposed to the blue color achieved the best I²-carotene value (211.25 IU/100 g fish) with highly significant differences compared with other treatments. The content of I²-carotene in blue color treatment is 8, 9, and 16 folds comparing with green, white, and red colors, respectively. Also, Red tilapia fish with black spots in the blue treatment were 12%, compared with 29% in green, 56% in white and 52% in red colors. It could be concluded that cultivating Red tilapia in a full saline well water using the artificial blue color will significantly improve not only the pigmentation of Red tilapia, the quality of fish in terms of the content of dry matter, but also the protein and the energy utilization of the consumed feed.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133858100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-20DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000228
Rashida Qari
The seaweeds resources were sampled from exposed shore of Nathia Gali beach, Karachi coast at low tide. The present data of diversity and biomass of seaweeds provide a comparison of two different periods i.e., from 1989 to 1991 and 2012. A total of 60 taxa were recorded in the coastal area of Nathia Gali; 14 belonging to chlorophyta, 15 to Phaeophyta and 31 to Rhodophyta. The green seaweeds viz, Caulerpa racemosa, Codium iyengarii and Halimeda tuna; brown seaweeds, Cystoseira indica, Iyengaria stellata Padina pavonica and Sargassum boveanum and red seaweeds Gracilaria corticata and Scinaia fascicularis were found to be the dominant species of Nathia Gali. The total biomass 66056.18 g. m-2 was recorded during the study period and the highest biomass was recorded in January (16551.79 g m-2) and the lowest in July (1276.3 g. m-2). In winters, seaweeds biomass and growth increased due to low temperature of air and seawater with low intensity of light and high dissolved nutrients. The richness of seaweed resources in the studied area is due to the intertidal rocks available on the coast but nowadays, there is lot of disturbance due to anthropogenic activities such as discharge of domestic and industrial waste; tanneries effluents; rainfall and associated pollutant from runoff; shipping and agricultural sources. These disturbances play vital role in changing the ecosystem which effects flora and fauna of the coast.
对卡拉奇海岸Nathia Gali海滩低潮时裸露海岸的海藻资源进行了取样。目前的海藻多样性和生物量数据提供了1989 - 1991年和2012年两个不同时期的比较。在Nathia Gali沿海地区共记录到60个分类群;绿藻门14门，藻门15门，红藻门31门。绿色海藻有:总状藻、龙舌兰和黑鳍金枪鱼;褐海带、印度囊藻、星形海带、帕迪娜·帕迪娜·帕迪娜·帕迪娜·帕迪娜·帕迪娜·帕迪娜和马尾藻为优势种，红海带、细筋海带为优势种。研究期内总生物量为66056.18 g - m-2，其中1月最高(16551.79 g - m-2)， 7月最低(1276.3 g - m-2)。在冬季，由于空气和海水温度低，光照强度低，溶解养分高，海藻生物量和生长增加。研究区海藻资源丰富的原因是海岸带有潮间带岩石，但目前由于生活和工业废物排放等人为活动的干扰较多;制革厂废水;降雨和径流产生的相关污染物;航运和农业资源。这些干扰在改变生态系统方面起着至关重要的作用，影响着海岸的动植物。
{"title":"An Assessment of Seaweeds Diversity and Distribution at the Beach of Nathia Gali, Karachi, Pakistan","authors":"Rashida Qari","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000228","url":null,"abstract":"The seaweeds resources were sampled from exposed shore of Nathia Gali beach, Karachi coast at low tide. The present data of diversity and biomass of seaweeds provide a comparison of two different periods i.e., from 1989 to 1991 and 2012. A total of 60 taxa were recorded in the coastal area of Nathia Gali; 14 belonging to chlorophyta, 15 to Phaeophyta and 31 to Rhodophyta. The green seaweeds viz, Caulerpa racemosa, Codium iyengarii and Halimeda tuna; brown seaweeds, Cystoseira indica, Iyengaria stellata Padina pavonica and Sargassum boveanum and red seaweeds Gracilaria corticata and Scinaia fascicularis were found to be the dominant species of Nathia Gali. The total biomass 66056.18 g. m-2 was recorded during the study period and the highest biomass was recorded in January (16551.79 g m-2) and the lowest in July (1276.3 g. m-2). In winters, seaweeds biomass and growth increased due to low temperature of air and seawater with low intensity of light and high dissolved nutrients. The richness of seaweed resources in the studied area is due to the intertidal rocks available on the coast but nowadays, there is lot of disturbance due to anthropogenic activities such as discharge of domestic and industrial waste; tanneries effluents; rainfall and associated pollutant from runoff; shipping and agricultural sources. These disturbances play vital role in changing the ecosystem which effects flora and fauna of the coast.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131962074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-10DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000227
Ali Masria, K. Abdelaziz
The Nile Delta Coast is a dynamic system which was in equilibrium or experienced huge amounts of sediment transported with the water discharges from Nile River to the Mediterranean Sea through the Nile branches. A remarkable decrease in the sediment discharges arises with the construction of barrages, low Aswan dam, and Aswan High Dam along the river since the beginning of the 20th century which trapped almost all the flood sediments in its storage basin. Consequently, the Nile Delta coastal zone has suffered from erosion, especially around the three main headlands, Rosetta, El Burullus, and Damietta. Erosion is not the only challenge facing the Delta coast, but also, siltation inside the inlets discharge to the sea. A calibrated depth-averaged model has been used to morphological changes around the nourishment area at Rosetta promontory, and testing the validity of some alternatives proposed to mitigate the outlet problems. Among these alternatives: diversion of side channel from the sea to the Nile River, and finally, the sand motor technique. The aim of this paper is to test different proposed alternatives and analyze it in terms of morph-dynamic processes to reach an applicable solution for the instability of the promontory.
{"title":"Environmentally- Friendly Proposals for Coastal Stability at Rosetta Promontory, Nile Delta","authors":"Ali Masria, K. Abdelaziz","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000227","url":null,"abstract":"The Nile Delta Coast is a dynamic system which was in equilibrium or experienced huge amounts of sediment transported with the water discharges from Nile River to the Mediterranean Sea through the Nile branches. A remarkable decrease in the sediment discharges arises with the construction of barrages, low Aswan dam, and Aswan High Dam along the river since the beginning of the 20th century which trapped almost all the flood sediments in its storage basin. Consequently, the Nile Delta coastal zone has suffered from erosion, especially around the three main headlands, Rosetta, El Burullus, and Damietta. Erosion is not the only challenge facing the Delta coast, but also, siltation inside the inlets discharge to the sea. A calibrated depth-averaged model has been used to morphological changes around the nourishment area at Rosetta promontory, and testing the validity of some alternatives proposed to mitigate the outlet problems. Among these alternatives: diversion of side channel from the sea to the Nile River, and finally, the sand motor technique. The aim of this paper is to test different proposed alternatives and analyze it in terms of morph-dynamic processes to reach an applicable solution for the instability of the promontory.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125593863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-27DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000226
G. Degani
In the present mini-review, the results and unpublished data that were collected on Triturus vittatus vittatus in Israel on the southern border of its distribution, and on its adaptation to the Mediterranean semi-arid climate and to arid climate environments on the southern border of its distribution were presented. The contribution of the present paper is in building a model based on the results collected on the distribution, life cycle, behaviour and genetic variations among different populations in northern Israel down to the central coastal plains and near the desert of this species. More specifically, this model is based on the morphology, biology, behaviour and life cycle of T. v. vittatus adaptation. By considering these many parameters, one hypothesis was raised and is supported. The adaptation to and selection of habitats depends mainly on the terrestrial phase and less on the aquatic phases. There are various breeding places in all of the habitats, however, the newts are mainly used to winter ponds, many of which dry up in summer where the larvae can grow and complete metamorphosis. The adaptation of the breeding ponds is not under ecological conditions during larvae growth and complete metamorphosis, but the time of adult breeding and larvae growth occur year-round. The molecular genetic variation in the different areas support our hypothesis that climate is affected by altitude and proximity to the desert. During the life cycle the newts have two habitats aquatic and terrestrial and the adaption to terrestrial habitats is more affected on the newts distribution than the aquatic habitat. The quality model of fitness T. v. vittatus to extreme conditions was suggested.
{"title":"Ecological, Biological, Behavioral and Genetic Adaptation to Xeric Habitatsof Triturus Vittatus Vittatus (Urodela) on the Southern Border of itsDistribution","authors":"G. Degani","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000226","url":null,"abstract":"In the present mini-review, the results and unpublished data that were collected on Triturus vittatus vittatus in Israel on the southern border of its distribution, and on its adaptation to the Mediterranean semi-arid climate and to arid climate environments on the southern border of its distribution were presented. The contribution of the present paper is in building a model based on the results collected on the distribution, life cycle, behaviour and genetic variations among different populations in northern Israel down to the central coastal plains and near the desert of this species. More specifically, this model is based on the morphology, biology, behaviour and life cycle of T. v. vittatus adaptation. By considering these many parameters, one hypothesis was raised and is supported. The adaptation to and selection of habitats depends mainly on the terrestrial phase and less on the aquatic phases. There are various breeding places in all of the habitats, however, the newts are mainly used to winter ponds, many of which dry up in summer where the larvae can grow and complete metamorphosis. The adaptation of the breeding ponds is not under ecological conditions during larvae growth and complete metamorphosis, but the time of adult breeding and larvae growth occur year-round. The molecular genetic variation in the different areas support our hypothesis that climate is affected by altitude and proximity to the desert. During the life cycle the newts have two habitats aquatic and terrestrial and the adaption to terrestrial habitats is more affected on the newts distribution than the aquatic habitat. The quality model of fitness T. v. vittatus to extreme conditions was suggested.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115749957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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