Pub Date : 2016-12-08DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000216
A. Davarpanah
Imaging technology into the well is the tools for logging system, interpretation of data obtained from the well and to create the image with high resolution from the wells. This technology creates an accurate image (screenshot tools and the vertical seismic) on structural characteristics, layering, fractures, faults, texture and secondary porosity play an important desirable role in describing the reservoir. In the carbonate reservoirsthat most of Iran reservoirs are included in this type fractures are the most important factor in the production of these reservoirs. In the fractured carbonated reservoirs faults and folds makes unwanted changes in the structure of these reservoir. Structural complexities occur at different scales. For example, major faults and the original boundaries between formations are visible on the surface seismic data. But small-scale changes and faults in seismic data cannot be determined and it is essential to use small-scale of data and information sources. For achieving to these purposes it can be combined the result of small-scale data such as internal wellbore seismic VSP (vertical seismic profile) that having separating power in meter limit and FMI (formation micro imager) imaging logs that having separating limit in centimeter limit that could be able to modeling structural complexities and distribution of fractures around well. It should be noted that identifying occurrences around the wellbore is very important in drilling, completion procedures and development programs. FMI (formation micro imager) logs can be directly determined the inverted changes of wellbore layers and formation structures and also was an important factor for stratifying layers and determining the lithology of oil and gas explorations that can be determined the wellbore fractures, inclination and direction by using its interpretation. Moreover VSP (vertical seismic profile) logs is the way that generated signals at the surface are received by the geophone at different depth levels in the wells, which by its interpretation; changes in wellbore direction, velocity profiles, faults with higher accuracy around the wells and fractures around the well can be determined.
{"title":"Analysis of Fractured Reservoir Structure by Interpretation of FMI and VSP Logs","authors":"A. Davarpanah","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000216","url":null,"abstract":"Imaging technology into the well is the tools for logging system, interpretation of data obtained from the well and to create the image with high resolution from the wells. This technology creates an accurate image (screenshot tools and the vertical seismic) on structural characteristics, layering, fractures, faults, texture and secondary porosity play an important desirable role in describing the reservoir. In the carbonate reservoirsthat most of Iran reservoirs are included in this type fractures are the most important factor in the production of these reservoirs. In the fractured carbonated reservoirs faults and folds makes unwanted changes in the structure of these reservoir. Structural complexities occur at different scales. For example, major faults and the original boundaries between formations are visible on the surface seismic data. But small-scale changes and faults in seismic data cannot be determined and it is essential to use small-scale of data and information sources. For achieving to these purposes it can be combined the result of small-scale data such as internal wellbore seismic VSP (vertical seismic profile) that having separating power in meter limit and FMI (formation micro imager) imaging logs that having separating limit in centimeter limit that could be able to modeling structural complexities and distribution of fractures around well. It should be noted that identifying occurrences around the wellbore is very important in drilling, completion procedures and development programs. FMI (formation micro imager) logs can be directly determined the inverted changes of wellbore layers and formation structures and also was an important factor for stratifying layers and determining the lithology of oil and gas explorations that can be determined the wellbore fractures, inclination and direction by using its interpretation. Moreover VSP (vertical seismic profile) logs is the way that generated signals at the surface are received by the geophone at different depth levels in the wells, which by its interpretation; changes in wellbore direction, velocity profiles, faults with higher accuracy around the wells and fractures around the well can be determined.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116856689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-06DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000214
ita Talukdar, Jugabrata Das, H. Kalita, S. Basumatary, H. Choudhury, A. Sarma
Present paper deals with the impact of coal mining activities on the water quality and fish diversity of Simsang River from 2009 to 2015. Six sampling sites were selected on the basis of affected and unaffected areas of coal mining activities. Certain water quality attributes such as water colour, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, chloride, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and sulphate were analysed along with the assessment of relative abundance of fishes. The estimated value of studied water quality parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen and total alkalinity indicates degradation of water quality due to the effect of acid mine drainage (AMD) of coal mining. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) showed highest concentration of 4-ring PAH and Benzo[a]anthracene was the most important pollutant in the water collected from affected sites. Relative abundance of fish diversity was also estimated less in affected area of the River. A total of 64 fish species under 20 families were collected with highest number in cyprinidae family. The calculated value of diversity indices reflected the declining trend of fish diversity in the coal mining affected areas of the river due to degradation of water quality.
{"title":"Impact of Open Cast Coal Mining on Fish and Fisheries of Simsang River, Meghalaya, India","authors":"ita Talukdar, Jugabrata Das, H. Kalita, S. Basumatary, H. Choudhury, A. Sarma","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000214","url":null,"abstract":"Present paper deals with the impact of coal mining activities on the water quality and fish diversity of Simsang River from 2009 to 2015. Six sampling sites were selected on the basis of affected and unaffected areas of coal mining activities. Certain water quality attributes such as water colour, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, chloride, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and sulphate were analysed along with the assessment of relative abundance of fishes. The estimated value of studied water quality parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen and total alkalinity indicates degradation of water quality due to the effect of acid mine drainage (AMD) of coal mining. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) showed highest concentration of 4-ring PAH and Benzo[a]anthracene was the most important pollutant in the water collected from affected sites. Relative abundance of fish diversity was also estimated less in affected area of the River. A total of 64 fish species under 20 families were collected with highest number in cyprinidae family. The calculated value of diversity indices reflected the declining trend of fish diversity in the coal mining affected areas of the river due to degradation of water quality.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125761502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-30DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000208
Manik, R. An, R. Vijayakumar
Many researchers focus on the marine coastal zones. Present study was physical and chemical characteristics of soil in three different marine ecosystem of six different places sea shore (Point Calimere [Kodiyakarai], Adirampattinam, Mallipattinam and Manora), saltpan (Vedaranyam), mangroves Forest (Muthupet) Palk Strait coastal regions of Tamilnadu, India, was performed. The marine soil were selected for the following boundaries like Soil texture, Calcium Carbonate, Electrical conductivity, Power of hydrogen, Macronutrients like (Organic carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium), Micronutrients like (Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper) and others Caution exchange capacity, Magnesium, Sodium were studied. At the end of the soil collected from various stations showed differences in all analyzed features.
{"title":"Physico-Chemical Analysis of Marine Soils From Different Ecosystem PalkStrait Coastal Regions of Tamilnadu, India","authors":"Manik, R. An, R. Vijayakumar","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000208","url":null,"abstract":"Many researchers focus on the marine coastal zones. Present study was physical and chemical characteristics of soil in three different marine ecosystem of six different places sea shore (Point Calimere [Kodiyakarai], Adirampattinam, Mallipattinam and Manora), saltpan (Vedaranyam), mangroves Forest (Muthupet) Palk Strait coastal regions of Tamilnadu, India, was performed. The marine soil were selected for the following boundaries like Soil texture, Calcium Carbonate, Electrical conductivity, Power of hydrogen, Macronutrients like (Organic carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium), Micronutrients like (Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Copper) and others Caution exchange capacity, Magnesium, Sodium were studied. At the end of the soil collected from various stations showed differences in all analyzed features.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122488362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-30DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000209
L. Ksanfomality, A. Selivanov, Yu. M. Gektin
Transmission of TV images is a commonly used modern method in both space research of celestial bodies and the search for extraterrestrial life in the solar system. In 1982 experiments in television photography instrumented by the Soviet VENERA-13 and VENERA-14 landers, returned panoramas of the Venus surface at the landing site. Over the past 33 years, no similar missions have been sent to Venus by any space agency, mainly due to the reason that the experiments were of extreme technical complexity. Analysis of treated once again VENERA panoramic images revealed objects that might indicate the presence of hypothetical forms of Venusian flora and fauna. Among them is ‘amisada’ that stands out with an unusual shape against the stone plates surrounding it. The ‘amisada’ can be included into the list of the most interesting findings of the hypothetical Venusian fauna. Among hypothetical fauna entities of Venus, certain unusual findings that have similar structure were found in different areas of the planet. Their unusual shape was repeated on various panoramas that were taken by landers' cameras and have attracted attention. 'Stems' objects possess apparent terramorphic features of Earth-like floras. 'Stems' are thin vertical trunks that have a thickness of 0.3-3 cm and are 0.1 to 0.5 m in height. On close objects, one can see that the 'stem' at the top end is provided with a large bulge, a "burgeon" or “flower” that is 2-8 cm in diameter, with “petals” surrounding a bright center. At the base of the 'stems', there are features that resemble leaves in a quatrefoil. Probably, 'stems' are widespread on the planet, because found at the different sites. The terramorphic features of the hypothetical fauna and flora of Venus, if they are confirmed, may point out at outstandingly important general laws of the animated nature. Some data on physical settings on Venus are applied together with a hypothesis on photosynthesis used by Venusian flora.
{"title":"Signs of Hypothetic Fauna and Flora on Venus and their Characterization","authors":"L. Ksanfomality, A. Selivanov, Yu. M. Gektin","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000209","url":null,"abstract":"Transmission of TV images is a commonly used modern method in both space research of celestial bodies and the search for extraterrestrial life in the solar system. In 1982 experiments in television photography instrumented by the Soviet VENERA-13 and VENERA-14 landers, returned panoramas of the Venus surface at the landing site. Over the past 33 years, no similar missions have been sent to Venus by any space agency, mainly due to the reason that the experiments were of extreme technical complexity. Analysis of treated once again VENERA panoramic images revealed objects that might indicate the presence of hypothetical forms of Venusian flora and fauna. Among them is ‘amisada’ that stands out with an unusual shape against the stone plates surrounding it. The ‘amisada’ can be included into the list of the most interesting findings of the hypothetical Venusian fauna. Among hypothetical fauna entities of Venus, certain unusual findings that have similar structure were found in different areas of the planet. Their unusual shape was repeated on various panoramas that were taken by landers' cameras and have attracted attention. 'Stems' objects possess apparent terramorphic features of Earth-like floras. 'Stems' are thin vertical trunks that have a thickness of 0.3-3 cm and are 0.1 to 0.5 m in height. On close objects, one can see that the 'stem' at the top end is provided with a large bulge, a \"burgeon\" or “flower” that is 2-8 cm in diameter, with “petals” surrounding a bright center. At the base of the 'stems', there are features that resemble leaves in a quatrefoil. Probably, 'stems' are widespread on the planet, because found at the different sites. The terramorphic features of the hypothetical fauna and flora of Venus, if they are confirmed, may point out at outstandingly important general laws of the animated nature. Some data on physical settings on Venus are applied together with a hypothesis on photosynthesis used by Venusian flora.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134465799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-30DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000215
K. Tp, A. Doss
Many actinomycetes strains were isolated from soil samples of Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala. The isolated strains were identified based on their morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Totally thirty actinomycetes species were isolated and used for antibacterial activity. Out of thirty actinomycetes species, Streptomyces spp., showed the best level of antibacterial activity against human and fish pathogens. The bioactive compound protein was partially purified and tested for antibacterial activity. The partially purified bioactive compound was subjected for SDS-PAGE for protein profiling and band was obtained. The partially purified protein was allowed for High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis and was tested for antibacterial activity against human and fish pathogens. The purified protein again subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis.
{"title":"Purification and Antibacterial Activity of Marine Actinomycetes against Human and Fish Pathogens","authors":"K. Tp, A. Doss","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000215","url":null,"abstract":"Many actinomycetes strains were isolated from soil samples of Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala. The isolated strains were identified based on their morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Totally thirty actinomycetes species were isolated and used for antibacterial activity. Out of thirty actinomycetes species, Streptomyces spp., showed the best level of antibacterial activity against human and fish pathogens. The bioactive compound protein was partially purified and tested for antibacterial activity. The partially purified bioactive compound was subjected for SDS-PAGE for protein profiling and band was obtained. The partially purified protein was allowed for High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis and was tested for antibacterial activity against human and fish pathogens. The purified protein again subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121258490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-25DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000211
A. V. Kotova, A. Naiden, Alex, er Shumeev, T. Shaposhnikova, O. Podgornaya, L. Adonin
Cnidarian is thought to possess two tissue layers: endoderm (gastroderm) and ectoderm, which are separated by the layer of extracellular matrix (ECM) called mesoglea. Aurelia aurita complex life cycle consists of several stages including alternating generations of sexual adult stage medusa and asexual stage polyp (scyphistoma). The main difference between polyp and medusa is the degree of the ECM (mesoglea) development. The new protein “mesoglein” was determined as one of the main components of mesoglea. Mesoglein is the component of the mesoglea “elastic” fibers. Previously we found that according to reverse transcription PCR mesoglein is expressed in the mature medusa exclusively in the mesogleal cells. The aim of the current work was to find out at what stage of development the specific mesoglein expression occurs. Mesogleins’ expression have been checked by PCR with specific primers on the template of transcriptomes’ cDNA from different stages; by mesogleins’ antibody staining on SDSPAGE and on paraffin sections; by histochemistry staining. In A.aurita life cycle mesoglein synthesis begins at scyphystoma polyp stage at RNA and protein level in mesogleal cells (Mc) which separated at this stage as the cell type. Mesoglein stored in granules both in Mc of adult medusa and polyp on its’ way to ECM elastic fibers. Our data perfectly correspond to the recently reported de novo transcriptome assembled from Illumina RNA-Seq data generated from six stages throughout the Aurelia life cycle.
{"title":"Mesoglein Expression During Aurelia aurita Life Cycle","authors":"A. V. Kotova, A. Naiden, Alex, er Shumeev, T. Shaposhnikova, O. Podgornaya, L. Adonin","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000211","url":null,"abstract":"Cnidarian is thought to possess two tissue layers: endoderm (gastroderm) and ectoderm, which are separated by the layer of extracellular matrix (ECM) called mesoglea. Aurelia aurita complex life cycle consists of several stages including alternating generations of sexual adult stage medusa and asexual stage polyp (scyphistoma). The main difference between polyp and medusa is the degree of the ECM (mesoglea) development. The new protein “mesoglein” was determined as one of the main components of mesoglea. Mesoglein is the component of the mesoglea “elastic” fibers. Previously we found that according to reverse transcription PCR mesoglein is expressed in the mature medusa exclusively in the mesogleal cells. The aim of the current work was to find out at what stage of development the specific mesoglein expression occurs. Mesogleins’ expression have been checked by PCR with specific primers on the template of transcriptomes’ cDNA from different stages; by mesogleins’ antibody staining on SDSPAGE and on paraffin sections; by histochemistry staining. In A.aurita life cycle mesoglein synthesis begins at scyphystoma polyp stage at RNA and protein level in mesogleal cells (Mc) which separated at this stage as the cell type. Mesoglein stored in granules both in Mc of adult medusa and polyp on its’ way to ECM elastic fibers. Our data perfectly correspond to the recently reported de novo transcriptome assembled from Illumina RNA-Seq data generated from six stages throughout the Aurelia life cycle.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134080291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-09DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000210
Kutschera U
Bi-parental (sexual) reproduction via the fusion of egg and sperm produced by adult female/male individuals in populations of animals and plants is a key process of Life on Earth. Here, the terms “sex” (fertilization) and “gender” (role of male/female individuals as providers of gametes) are described, based on the concepts of Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) and Julius Sachs (1832-1897). In 1816, Jean Lamarck (1744-1829) introduced the purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) as a new species, and six decades later, Oscar Hertwig (1849-1922) used this model organism to elucidate external fertilization at the sub-cellular level. Moreover, Hertwig referred to “gender” to denote male or female P. lividus-individuals (gonochorists). Sexual reproduction and gender-roles are also outlined with reference to the fish leech (Piscicola geometra), a protandrous hermaphrodite characterized by hypodermic insemination and a gender-ration of 50:50. Finally, gender-issues in vertebrate development and evolution are addressed.
{"title":"Sex versus Gender in Sea Urchins and Leeches Two Centuries after Lamarck1816","authors":"Kutschera U","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000210","url":null,"abstract":"Bi-parental (sexual) reproduction via the fusion of egg and sperm produced by adult female/male individuals in populations of animals and plants is a key process of Life on Earth. Here, the terms “sex” (fertilization) and “gender” (role of male/female individuals as providers of gametes) are described, based on the concepts of Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) and Julius Sachs (1832-1897). In 1816, Jean Lamarck (1744-1829) introduced the purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) as a new species, and six decades later, Oscar Hertwig (1849-1922) used this model organism to elucidate external fertilization at the sub-cellular level. Moreover, Hertwig referred to “gender” to denote male or female P. lividus-individuals (gonochorists). Sexual reproduction and gender-roles are also outlined with reference to the fish leech (Piscicola geometra), a protandrous hermaphrodite characterized by hypodermic insemination and a gender-ration of 50:50. Finally, gender-issues in vertebrate development and evolution are addressed.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122326057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-26DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000212
T. Tran
The “International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78)” keeps the important role in controlling the harmful gasses emissions to the environment from navigation activities. It was adopted in July 2011 and added a new Chapter 4 with Regulations on Energy Efficiency for ships to MARPOL Annex VI through the “Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships”, and “the Ship EnergyEfficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships”. On the other hand, Annex VI (MARPOL 73/78) also added the new definitions and the requirements for survey and validated of the formats for “the International Energy Efficiency (IEE) Certificate”. Furthermore, the role of new ships energy efficiency managements is very significant so contributing to the later ships operation through EEDI index. In this aim, the articles has presented the definitions, regulations following MARPOL Convention as well as calculate the EEDI index and assess this working of energy efficiency managements for new ship M/V Jules garnier.
{"title":"Calculation and Assessing the EEDI Index in the Field of Ship Energy Efficiency for M/V Jules Garnier","authors":"T. Tran","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000212","url":null,"abstract":"The “International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78)” keeps the important role in controlling the harmful gasses emissions to the environment from navigation activities. It was adopted in July 2011 and added a new Chapter 4 with Regulations on Energy Efficiency for ships to MARPOL Annex VI through the “Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships”, and “the Ship EnergyEfficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships”. On the other hand, Annex VI (MARPOL 73/78) also added the new definitions and the requirements for survey and validated of the formats for “the International Energy Efficiency (IEE) Certificate”. Furthermore, the role of new ships energy efficiency managements is very significant so contributing to the later ships operation through EEDI index. In this aim, the articles has presented the definitions, regulations following MARPOL Convention as well as calculate the EEDI index and assess this working of energy efficiency managements for new ship M/V Jules garnier.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121015358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-26DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000213
S. Ozaki
The earth is warmed up by the heat evolved by the burning of fossil fuel releasing CO2. CO2 assimilation reaction is the reaction of CO2 with water to produce carbohydrate absorbing heat. Burning reaction is reverse reaction of CO2 assimilation. If we can compensate the generation of CO2 and heart of burning with the absorption of CO2 and heart by CO2 assimilation, global warming can be protected. Plankton CO2 assimilation reduced 95% CO2 in Precambrian Eon to 400 ppm now in 35 billion years. It is said that 70% CO2 assimilation is carried out at sea. Supply of nutrient N and P to sea is most important. Large amount of NOx is produced when fossil fuel is burned. This NOx should be released without elimination procedure as it is. Large amount of N and P is contained in drainage. The drainage should be released as it is. Deep sea water contain much nutrient N and P. Shallow sea water contain very little nutrient. Agitation of deep sea water with shallow sea water increases the plankton growth. These three points are effective methods to increase the plankton growth, to increase fish production and reduce CO2 production and to protect earth warming.
{"title":"Global Warming can be Protected by Promotion of Plankton CO2Assimilation","authors":"S. Ozaki","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000213","url":null,"abstract":"The earth is warmed up by the heat evolved by the burning of fossil fuel releasing CO2. CO2 assimilation reaction is the reaction of CO2 with water to produce carbohydrate absorbing heat. Burning reaction is reverse reaction of CO2 assimilation. If we can compensate the generation of CO2 and heart of burning with the absorption of CO2 and heart by CO2 assimilation, global warming can be protected. Plankton CO2 assimilation reduced 95% CO2 in Precambrian Eon to 400 ppm now in 35 billion years. It is said that 70% CO2 assimilation is carried out at sea. Supply of nutrient N and P to sea is most important. Large amount of NOx is produced when fossil fuel is burned. This NOx should be released without elimination procedure as it is. Large amount of N and P is contained in drainage. The drainage should be released as it is. Deep sea water contain much nutrient N and P. Shallow sea water contain very little nutrient. Agitation of deep sea water with shallow sea water increases the plankton growth. These three points are effective methods to increase the plankton growth, to increase fish production and reduce CO2 production and to protect earth warming.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116029588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-30DOI: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000207
W. Newman, J. Buckeridge, Fabio Pitombo
This critique concerns the correct name for a species, itself a relatively trivial matter of little immediate consequence to science other than evidently complicating our understanding of diversity and this is contrary to the goal of the Binomial or Linnaean System of Nomenclature [1]. This system is presently governed by the “International Code of Zoological Nomenclature” authored by the ”International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature” and first published in 1961. There are two relatively recent editions of the Code [2,3] and they often differ in subtle and sometimes confusing ways whereby some commissioners as well as practicing taxonomists may read parts of an old rule into its current counterpart, as seems apparent in the present case.
{"title":"The Anatomy of a Proposed Name Change Involving Chthamalussouthwardorum (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha, Chthamalidae), A Critique","authors":"W. Newman, J. Buckeridge, Fabio Pitombo","doi":"10.4172/2155-9910.1000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9910.1000207","url":null,"abstract":"This critique concerns the correct name for a species, itself a relatively trivial matter of little immediate consequence to science other than evidently complicating our understanding of diversity and this is contrary to the goal of the Binomial or Linnaean System of Nomenclature [1]. This system is presently governed by the “International Code of Zoological Nomenclature” authored by the ”International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature” and first published in 1961. There are two relatively recent editions of the Code [2,3] and they often differ in subtle and sometimes confusing ways whereby some commissioners as well as practicing taxonomists may read parts of an old rule into its current counterpart, as seems apparent in the present case.","PeriodicalId":331621,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Marine Science: Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124800898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：