Pub Date : 1957-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201515
F. White
Two years ago, the scheduled airline industry presented an analysis of the midair collision problem and asked the electronic manufacturing industry to help solve the problem. This paper is a brief status report on the progress to date. It explains why the airlines are interested in a proximity warning indicator, when actually a collision avoidance system is needed, and specifies the airline operational requirements for these two systems. Recent interest of infrared equipment manufacturers in the problem, indicates that this technique might provide, at least, a partial interim solution to the problem. The paper concludes that the field is wide open, providing an excellent opportunity for some manufacturer to make a name for himself by coming up with a satisfactory solution.
{"title":"Is an Airborne System for Collision Avoidance Operationally and Technically Feasible?","authors":"F. White","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201515","url":null,"abstract":"Two years ago, the scheduled airline industry presented an analysis of the midair collision problem and asked the electronic manufacturing industry to help solve the problem. This paper is a brief status report on the progress to date. It explains why the airlines are interested in a proximity warning indicator, when actually a collision avoidance system is needed, and specifies the airline operational requirements for these two systems. Recent interest of infrared equipment manufacturers in the problem, indicates that this technique might provide, at least, a partial interim solution to the problem. The paper concludes that the field is wide open, providing an excellent opportunity for some manufacturer to make a name for himself by coming up with a satisfactory solution.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1957-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120961979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1957-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201501
D. Linden, B. Steinberg
Radar video information may be processed on a continuous-trace (as opposed to range-gated) basis by using delay elements whose delay times are integral multiples of the repetition period τ. Networks consisting of such lines and of linear amplifiers and adders yield periodic pass bands. Their properties may be analyzed most conveniently by the transformation z = eppt, where p is the complex frequency variable. A systematic synthesis procedure is presented which realizes a prescribed delay-line transfer function as a cascade of elementary building blocks. Flow-graph techniques may be used to obtain different embodiments corresponding to the same transfer function. It is shown that the required number of delay elements is equal to the number of poles of the z-transfer-function which are located away from the origin, or to the number of zeros, whichever is larger.
{"title":"Synthesis of Delay Line Networks","authors":"D. Linden, B. Steinberg","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201501","url":null,"abstract":"Radar video information may be processed on a continuous-trace (as opposed to range-gated) basis by using delay elements whose delay times are integral multiples of the repetition period τ. Networks consisting of such lines and of linear amplifiers and adders yield periodic pass bands. Their properties may be analyzed most conveniently by the transformation z = eppt, where p is the complex frequency variable. A systematic synthesis procedure is presented which realizes a prescribed delay-line transfer function as a cascade of elementary building blocks. Flow-graph techniques may be used to obtain different embodiments corresponding to the same transfer function. It is shown that the required number of delay elements is equal to the number of poles of the z-transfer-function which are located away from the origin, or to the number of zeros, whichever is larger.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122565421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1957-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201496
D. S. Crippen
This paper outlines the major advantages and limitations of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System under evaluation at the Civil Aeronautics Administration Technical Development Center. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of compatibility, the system traffic capacity problems, and the need for an operational doctrine to restrict the use of interrogators. System coverage, ground antenna, reply-code garbling, and reflection problems also are discussed. The paper points out specific applications of the beacon system, including its ability to improve the reliability of aircraft position information, to provide identity for specific aircraft targets in a traffic situation, and to furnish the information required for a filtered air traffic control display with a very rapid and flexible cross-reference between aircraft identification, plan position, and altitude.
{"title":"The Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System","authors":"D. S. Crippen","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201496","url":null,"abstract":"This paper outlines the major advantages and limitations of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System under evaluation at the Civil Aeronautics Administration Technical Development Center. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of compatibility, the system traffic capacity problems, and the need for an operational doctrine to restrict the use of interrogators. System coverage, ground antenna, reply-code garbling, and reflection problems also are discussed. The paper points out specific applications of the beacon system, including its ability to improve the reliability of aircraft position information, to provide identity for specific aircraft targets in a traffic situation, and to furnish the information required for a filtered air traffic control display with a very rapid and flexible cross-reference between aircraft identification, plan position, and altitude.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127202992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1957-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201498
P. S. Carter
High-frequency (2-24 mc) airborne direction-finding antennas are, in general, limited in accuracy, due to the undesired coupling between the antenna and the airframe which is electrically resonant in this frequency range. This paper describes the results of laboratory and flight test studies of antennas designed to eliminate such coupling and to achieve the necessary direction-finding accuracy. The radiation patterns of one particular antenna design-the wing H-Adcock-are discussed. It is concluded that hf airborne direction-finding is not feasible except in very restricted circumstances over narrow portions of the hf band.
{"title":"Study of the Feasibility of Airborne HF Direction-Finding Antenna Systems","authors":"P. S. Carter","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201498","url":null,"abstract":"High-frequency (2-24 mc) airborne direction-finding antennas are, in general, limited in accuracy, due to the undesired coupling between the antenna and the airframe which is electrically resonant in this frequency range. This paper describes the results of laboratory and flight test studies of antennas designed to eliminate such coupling and to achieve the necessary direction-finding accuracy. The radiation patterns of one particular antenna design-the wing H-Adcock-are discussed. It is concluded that hf airborne direction-finding is not feasible except in very restricted circumstances over narrow portions of the hf band.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128822014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1957-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201497
M. E. Balzer
In training scheduled air carrier flight crews in the use of airborne storm avoidance radar, a twofold problem is encountered. The utility of the instrument must be sold to the doubting Thomas who has many thousands of hours flying in thunderstorm conditions, and its limitations must be defined for those who see it as a miracle maker. In overcoming these problems, United Air Lines, training program has emphasized basic scope interpretation with special reference to severe storms and their appearance on a planposition indicator (ppi) display. Flight crew reaction to the training and to the radar installations in United's fleet has been favorable and is described.
{"title":"Airborne Storm Avoidance Radar Training","authors":"M. E. Balzer","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201497","url":null,"abstract":"In training scheduled air carrier flight crews in the use of airborne storm avoidance radar, a twofold problem is encountered. The utility of the instrument must be sold to the doubting Thomas who has many thousands of hours flying in thunderstorm conditions, and its limitations must be defined for those who see it as a miracle maker. In overcoming these problems, United Air Lines, training program has emphasized basic scope interpretation with special reference to severe storms and their appearance on a planposition indicator (ppi) display. Flight crew reaction to the training and to the radar installations in United's fleet has been favorable and is described.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132510221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1957-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201500
James B. Humfeld
A miniaturized airborne rf power amplifier with continuous coverage of the 4-30-mc frequency range and with 1-kw average power output is described. Complete oil immersion for heat transfer and voltage insulation plus a novel six-phase self-rectifying power amplifier circuit give a high-power density unit capable of operating under extreme environmental conditions. The maximum usable power level is now limited by the aircraft antennas available.
{"title":"A One-Kilowatt Airborne-Radio-Frequency Power Amplifier","authors":"James B. Humfeld","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201500","url":null,"abstract":"A miniaturized airborne rf power amplifier with continuous coverage of the 4-30-mc frequency range and with 1-kw average power output is described. Complete oil immersion for heat transfer and voltage insulation plus a novel six-phase self-rectifying power amplifier circuit give a high-power density unit capable of operating under extreme environmental conditions. The maximum usable power level is now limited by the aircraft antennas available.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125662890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1957-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201499
R. Moore
Radio altimeters operating in the microwave region must distinguish between desired signals returned from the ground and undesired signals returned from precipitation. Calculation of the relative ground and precipitation returns for a 0.1 microsecond pulse-duration altimeter requiring 10 to 1 desired-undesired signal ratio indicates a minimum wavelength of about 2 cm may be used for reliable operation in heavy precipitation. Curves have been computed for minimum wavelength at a given altitude for fixed range to rain and for equal rain and ground ranges, for various beam widths. Minimum wavelengths as long as 20 cm are indicated for some conditions. Use of circular polarization may permit altimeter operation at wavelengths less than 2 cm, even with intense precipitation.
{"title":"Effect of Precipitation on the Design of Radio Altimeters","authors":"R. Moore","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201499","url":null,"abstract":"Radio altimeters operating in the microwave region must distinguish between desired signals returned from the ground and undesired signals returned from precipitation. Calculation of the relative ground and precipitation returns for a 0.1 microsecond pulse-duration altimeter requiring 10 to 1 desired-undesired signal ratio indicates a minimum wavelength of about 2 cm may be used for reliable operation in heavy precipitation. Curves have been computed for minimum wavelength at a given altitude for fixed range to rain and for equal rain and ground ranges, for various beam widths. Minimum wavelengths as long as 20 cm are indicated for some conditions. Use of circular polarization may permit altimeter operation at wavelengths less than 2 cm, even with intense precipitation.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"ANE-4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130262013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1957-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201495
H. Morgan
In this paper, air traffic control is considered quite separately from navigation or general communications. An analysis of the fixed block, the timed block, and the timed intersection systems of air traffic control shows that the fixed block system presents certain advantages. After a discussion of methods of naming and numbering fixes, a scheme is proposed of numbered blocks between fixes, instead, as the control elements. A communication scheme for the signaling link is proposed as a time-shared, ground-controlled system to interrogate all aircraft sequentially for request and release of blocks several times a minute. General broadcasts of airport conditions periodically, followed by specific request when an aircraft is a half-hour from arrival, are proposed as a method of reserving airport landing time. Finally, the simplicity of an interlock system which can automatically reply with clearance to the pilot is proposed with certain remarks on comparative costs.
{"title":"Thoughts on an Improved ATC System","authors":"H. Morgan","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1957.4201495","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, air traffic control is considered quite separately from navigation or general communications. An analysis of the fixed block, the timed block, and the timed intersection systems of air traffic control shows that the fixed block system presents certain advantages. After a discussion of methods of naming and numbering fixes, a scheme is proposed of numbered blocks between fixes, instead, as the control elements. A communication scheme for the signaling link is proposed as a time-shared, ground-controlled system to interrogate all aircraft sequentially for request and release of blocks several times a minute. General broadcasts of airport conditions periodically, followed by specific request when an aircraft is a half-hour from arrival, are proposed as a method of reserving airport landing time. Finally, the simplicity of an interlock system which can automatically reply with clearance to the pilot is proposed with certain remarks on comparative costs.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"319 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123098939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1956.4201478
C. F. Fragola, C. Hecker
Through the years the art of aircraft control has progressed from the use of fundamental human observations that restricted operations to contact conditions, to modern flight instrumentation that permits the precise control of modern high speed, high performance aircraft under very restricted ceiling and visibility weather conditions. The story of improved flight instrumentation in this paper includes the evolutionary trend toward more stringent control requirements which has pointed up the limitations of pure human response and resulted in a philosophy that a system capable of greater accuracy must, in addition to providing a fine degree of instrumentation, take human characteristics into consideration. Through a discussion of the symbolic and pictorial approaches to providing the ideal flight instrumentation, the present trend toward combining the two approaches is explained and the features of a production system incorporating these modern concepts is described.
{"title":"Integrated Instrument System","authors":"C. F. Fragola, C. Hecker","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1956.4201478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1956.4201478","url":null,"abstract":"Through the years the art of aircraft control has progressed from the use of fundamental human observations that restricted operations to contact conditions, to modern flight instrumentation that permits the precise control of modern high speed, high performance aircraft under very restricted ceiling and visibility weather conditions. The story of improved flight instrumentation in this paper includes the evolutionary trend toward more stringent control requirements which has pointed up the limitations of pure human response and resulted in a philosophy that a system capable of greater accuracy must, in addition to providing a fine degree of instrumentation, take human characteristics into consideration. Through a discussion of the symbolic and pictorial approaches to providing the ideal flight instrumentation, the present trend toward combining the two approaches is explained and the features of a production system incorporating these modern concepts is described.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130633368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1956-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1956.4201482
Lester E. McCabe
Automatic testing can be economically applied in the military electronic equipment business even though it is characterized by small production quantities, complexity of product, and rapid evolution of design changes. It has been the experience of the Light Military Electronic Equipment Department (LMEED) of General Electric that it is possible to determine an automatic test program of long range significance and still see immediate benefits, if the program is tailored to a sound understanding of the needs of the particular business involved. This article discusses the approach to automatic testing at LMEED, some of the equipment concepts involved, and the plans to further the program toward the goal of full automation of the test operation.
{"title":"Automatic Testing Is Good Business","authors":"Lester E. McCabe","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1956.4201482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1956.4201482","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic testing can be economically applied in the military electronic equipment business even though it is characterized by small production quantities, complexity of product, and rapid evolution of design changes. It has been the experience of the Light Military Electronic Equipment Department (LMEED) of General Electric that it is possible to determine an automatic test program of long range significance and still see immediate benefits, if the program is tailored to a sound understanding of the needs of the particular business involved. This article discusses the approach to automatic testing at LMEED, some of the equipment concepts involved, and the plans to further the program toward the goal of full automation of the test operation.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1956-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123608930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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