Pub Date : 1960-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201755
Anthony L. Passera
This is a terminal guidance technique for satellite rendezvous utilizing a constant thrust rocket motor, a computer, and attitude control. For any given thrust level, this technique can reduce the relative range to any desired value in a minimum of time for an interceptor on a collision course. In this paper, a terminal guidance law is formulated and mechanized. The generalized range performance trajectories and system errors are presented.
{"title":"Conditional-Switching Terminal Guidance (A Terminal Guidance Technique for Satellite Rendezvous)","authors":"Anthony L. Passera","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201755","url":null,"abstract":"This is a terminal guidance technique for satellite rendezvous utilizing a constant thrust rocket motor, a computer, and attitude control. For any given thrust level, this technique can reduce the relative range to any desired value in a minimum of time for an interceptor on a collision course. In this paper, a terminal guidance law is formulated and mechanized. The generalized range performance trajectories and system errors are presented.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132387167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201757
M. Skolnik
The theoretical rms error in measuring time delay (range) and Doppler frequency (relative velocity) are determined for representative radar waveforms, including rectangular-, trapezoidal-, triangular-, and Gaussian-shaped pulses as well as the linear FM pulse compression waveform. The so-called "uncertainty" relationship of radar is interpreted in terms of measurement errors and the difference between the radar and the quantum mechanical uncertainty principles is discussed. Mention is also made of the theoretical error involved in measuring the angle of arrival with an antenna aperture.
{"title":"Theoretical Accuracy of Radar Measurements","authors":"M. Skolnik","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201757","url":null,"abstract":"The theoretical rms error in measuring time delay (range) and Doppler frequency (relative velocity) are determined for representative radar waveforms, including rectangular-, trapezoidal-, triangular-, and Gaussian-shaped pulses as well as the linear FM pulse compression waveform. The so-called \"uncertainty\" relationship of radar is interpreted in terms of measurement errors and the difference between the radar and the quantum mechanical uncertainty principles is discussed. Mention is also made of the theoretical error involved in measuring the angle of arrival with an antenna aperture.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121490987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201756
M. Sodha
In this paper the author has reviewed the state of art in estimating the radio frequency noise from the environment of a hypersonic vehicle and has pointed out areas requiring considerable effort. It can be safely said that the radiation due to the incoherent processes is less than that due to a corresponding black body. The possible mechanisms for excitation of and radiation by plasma oscillations need further investigation before anything conclusive can be stated regarding their role in the emission of RF noise. A conjecture has also been made about mechanisms for coherent radiation.
{"title":"Radio Frequency Noise from Environment of Hypersonic Vehicles","authors":"M. Sodha","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201756","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the author has reviewed the state of art in estimating the radio frequency noise from the environment of a hypersonic vehicle and has pointed out areas requiring considerable effort. It can be safely said that the radiation due to the incoherent processes is less than that due to a corresponding black body. The possible mechanisms for excitation of and radiation by plasma oscillations need further investigation before anything conclusive can be stated regarding their role in the emission of RF noise. A conjecture has also been made about mechanisms for coherent radiation.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"402 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129658311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201743
A. Ashley, F. Battle
The capacity of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System can be evaluated by extensive high-density flight testing, simulation, or mathematical synthesis. Actual flight testing, although desirable, is costly and inflexible. Simulation techniques would be an effective approach to analyzing the system problems, were it not for the cost of the simulator required for this type of work and the delay incurred waiting for the construction and test of the simulator. Use of a mathematical model makes numerous variations of system parameters and equipments feasible at low cost while providing sufficient environmental flexibility. A previous paper described the development and application of such a model for evaluation of traffic-handling capacity in the dense environment of the New York area. Applications of the model and conclusions and recommendations based on the results of its use are presented in this paper.
{"title":"A Mathematical Analysis of the Performance of the ATC Radar Beacon System","authors":"A. Ashley, F. Battle","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201743","url":null,"abstract":"The capacity of the Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System can be evaluated by extensive high-density flight testing, simulation, or mathematical synthesis. Actual flight testing, although desirable, is costly and inflexible. Simulation techniques would be an effective approach to analyzing the system problems, were it not for the cost of the simulator required for this type of work and the delay incurred waiting for the construction and test of the simulator. Use of a mathematical model makes numerous variations of system parameters and equipments feasible at low cost while providing sufficient environmental flexibility. A previous paper described the development and application of such a model for evaluation of traffic-handling capacity in the dense environment of the New York area. Applications of the model and conclusions and recommendations based on the results of its use are presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127273222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201744
Robert L. Hammon
Improvements in gyro design within the last decade, particularly various floated gyro developments, make necessary a better understanding of the phenomenon of gyro drift rate. With this knowledge, it should be possible to improve gyro designs still further and to better estimate the error contribution of the gyro to complex vehicle control, guidance and instrument systems.
{"title":"An Application of Random Process Theory to Gyro Drift Analysis","authors":"Robert L. Hammon","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201744","url":null,"abstract":"Improvements in gyro design within the last decade, particularly various floated gyro developments, make necessary a better understanding of the phenomenon of gyro drift rate. With this knowledge, it should be possible to improve gyro designs still further and to better estimate the error contribution of the gyro to complex vehicle control, guidance and instrument systems.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130883102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201745
G. H. Balding, C. Susskind
A novel method is described by which complex electronic signals are generated, dynamically varied, mixed, and presented on a standard video (raster-scan) display, without the use of vidicon or similar camera devices. The method is applied to the generation of a "contact-analog" display that provides a stylized representation of the real world to the pilot of an aircraft. This integrated display, which varies continuously as the speed, altitude, or attitude of the aircraft changes, also contains a "flight-path" representation that enables the pilot to maintain a prescribed path.
{"title":"Generation of Artificial Electronic Displays, with Application to Integrated Flight Instrumentation","authors":"G. H. Balding, C. Susskind","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201745","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method is described by which complex electronic signals are generated, dynamically varied, mixed, and presented on a standard video (raster-scan) display, without the use of vidicon or similar camera devices. The method is applied to the generation of a \"contact-analog\" display that provides a stylized representation of the real world to the pilot of an aircraft. This integrated display, which varies continuously as the speed, altitude, or attitude of the aircraft changes, also contains a \"flight-path\" representation that enables the pilot to maintain a prescribed path.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"ANE-7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131020968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201746
F. Steiner
Although it is quite well known that bearing errors occurring with multipath propagation can be reduced by using widebase antenna arrays, only systems operating with phase or frequency modulation have come into practical use. A method of progressively scanning a circular antenna array is described. This scanning which produces a frequency modulation in which the frequency deviation is a function of the bearing information, is accomplished by a rotating capacitive switch, and no vacuum tubes or crystal diodes are employed. Moreover, a special light indicator replaces the usual cathode-ray tube. Designed primarily for the very-and ultra-high frequencies, the equipment is quite simple and of high reliability.
{"title":"Wide-Base Doppler Very-High-Frequency Direction Finder","authors":"F. Steiner","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201746","url":null,"abstract":"Although it is quite well known that bearing errors occurring with multipath propagation can be reduced by using widebase antenna arrays, only systems operating with phase or frequency modulation have come into practical use. A method of progressively scanning a circular antenna array is described. This scanning which produces a frequency modulation in which the frequency deviation is a function of the bearing information, is accomplished by a rotating capacitive switch, and no vacuum tubes or crystal diodes are employed. Moreover, a special light indicator replaces the usual cathode-ray tube. Designed primarily for the very-and ultra-high frequencies, the equipment is quite simple and of high reliability.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123465231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201731
R. Frank
Transmission of a group of closely spaced pulses increases the duty cycle and consequently the range of the Loran-C (formerly called Cytac) 100-kc pulsed hyperbolic radio navigation system while retaining the advantages of time sharing. Phase coding by carrier phase reversal, coupled with synchronous detection, facilitates automatic master and slave identification and search, and prevents multihop skywave interference. Instrumentation for simple and complex pulse patterns is considered. The phase codes used are characterized by lack of spurious responses associated with other bipolar codes.
{"title":"Multiple Pulse and Phase Code Modulation in the Loran-C System","authors":"R. Frank","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201731","url":null,"abstract":"Transmission of a group of closely spaced pulses increases the duty cycle and consequently the range of the Loran-C (formerly called Cytac) 100-kc pulsed hyperbolic radio navigation system while retaining the advantages of time sharing. Phase coding by carrier phase reversal, coupled with synchronous detection, facilitates automatic master and slave identification and search, and prevents multihop skywave interference. Instrumentation for simple and complex pulse patterns is considered. The phase codes used are characterized by lack of spurious responses associated with other bipolar codes.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123660987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201728
R. I. Colin
It has taken the collective historical memories (and old paper files) of three people looking back over 22 years to piece together our mutual story. What a trip it has been! When we think of where we were when we received our very first VHCF grant, and compare that to where we are today, it makes us pause and stand amazed. It’s hard to put into words the significance of an understanding, dedicated, collaborative partner, who has stuck by your side for so long. Yes, the grant money has been invaluable. But, it’s the people behind the relationship that have made the most difference—the technical expertise, involvement, guidance, encouragement, and conviction that came our way from the leadership of VHCF.
{"title":"Prizes for Progress","authors":"R. I. Colin","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201728","url":null,"abstract":"It has taken the collective historical memories (and old paper files) of three people looking back over 22 years to piece together our mutual story. What a trip it has been! When we think of where we were when we received our very first VHCF grant, and compare that to where we are today, it makes us pause and stand amazed. It’s hard to put into words the significance of an understanding, dedicated, collaborative partner, who has stuck by your side for so long. Yes, the grant money has been invaluable. But, it’s the people behind the relationship that have made the most difference—the technical expertise, involvement, guidance, encouragement, and conviction that came our way from the leadership of VHCF.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127129004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1960-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201729
J. Baechle, R. Mcfarland
A flush-mounted airport runway antenna has been designed, built, and tested which will allow glide-path signals for instrument landings to be radiated directly from the touchdown point on the runway. Empirical and simplified analytical design procedures are discussed together with a comparison of desirable and measured antenna characteristics. Sufficient low-elevation angle directivity has been obtained from a prototype antenna to provide a path which extends well beyond 5 miles, the approximate distance at which the glide is intercepted in practice.
{"title":"A Flush-Mounted Runway Antenna for Use with the FAA Directional Glide-Path System","authors":"J. Baechle, R. Mcfarland","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1960.4201729","url":null,"abstract":"A flush-mounted airport runway antenna has been designed, built, and tested which will allow glide-path signals for instrument landings to be radiated directly from the touchdown point on the runway. Empirical and simplified analytical design procedures are discussed together with a comparison of desirable and measured antenna characteristics. Sufficient low-elevation angle directivity has been obtained from a prototype antenna to provide a path which extends well beyond 5 miles, the approximate distance at which the glide is intercepted in practice.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1960-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116435386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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