Pub Date : 1958-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201632
J. W. Ogland
Some factors that influence radar target detectability on a cathode-ray tube at high ambient light levels, such as occur in fighter airplanes, have been investigated. The signals considered are those that are intensity-modulated, as in B scopes and PPI. The problem is considered to consist of three parts that should be investigated separately: 1) the ambient brightness at which the indicator shall produce detectable signals, 2) the target spot brightness or intensity required for detection in this surround, and 3) the conversion of electrical signals into visual signals in the CRT. In this paper only 2) and 3) are discussed. It is found that with an intensity-modulated display, target detectability is determined by the spot intensity rather than by the spot brightness. The brightness of a conventional CRT shows an early saturation, but the intensity increases uniformly. Neither brightness nor intensity is a linear function of the radar parameters.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Target Detectability on CRT Screens","authors":"J. W. Ogland","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201632","url":null,"abstract":"Some factors that influence radar target detectability on a cathode-ray tube at high ambient light levels, such as occur in fighter airplanes, have been investigated. The signals considered are those that are intensity-modulated, as in B scopes and PPI. The problem is considered to consist of three parts that should be investigated separately: 1) the ambient brightness at which the indicator shall produce detectable signals, 2) the target spot brightness or intensity required for detection in this surround, and 3) the conversion of electrical signals into visual signals in the CRT. In this paper only 2) and 3) are discussed. It is found that with an intensity-modulated display, target detectability is determined by the spot intensity rather than by the spot brightness. The brightness of a conventional CRT shows an early saturation, but the intensity increases uniformly. Neither brightness nor intensity is a linear function of the radar parameters.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128735507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201633
J. Welsh
Aspects of electronic part-cooling techniques applicable to 300-500°C equipments are presented. Contrary to some beliefs, the minimization of thermal resistance at these temperatures is as important as at lower temperatures. The significant shifts in the natural modes of heat transfer which occur with high-temperature electronic parts are outlined, together with some recommended methods of cooling high-temperature parts and assemblies.
{"title":"Some Aspects of the Thermal Design of Electronic Equipment Operating at 300-500°C Environmental Temperature","authors":"J. Welsh","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201633","url":null,"abstract":"Aspects of electronic part-cooling techniques applicable to 300-500°C equipments are presented. Contrary to some beliefs, the minimization of thermal resistance at these temperatures is as important as at lower temperatures. The significant shifts in the natural modes of heat transfer which occur with high-temperature electronic parts are outlined, together with some recommended methods of cooling high-temperature parts and assemblies.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133035725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201628
W. Wrigley, F. E. Houston, H. R. Whitman
A comprehensive review is made of the problem of indicating the vertical from moving bases and methods for its solution, both theoretical and practical. This is based on research work carried out at the Instrumentation Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of Schuler tuning for precise vertical indication is shown to be a particular application of aided-tracking feedback systems in which proper use of the effect of vehicle acceleration can be made to cancel the dynamic tracking error that otherwise would exist. The 84-minute natural period resulting requires accurate instrumentation. A discussion of equipment suitable for this work concludes the paper.
{"title":"Indication of the Vertical from Moving Bases","authors":"W. Wrigley, F. E. Houston, H. R. Whitman","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201628","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive review is made of the problem of indicating the vertical from moving bases and methods for its solution, both theoretical and practical. This is based on research work carried out at the Instrumentation Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of Schuler tuning for precise vertical indication is shown to be a particular application of aided-tracking feedback systems in which proper use of the effect of vehicle acceleration can be made to cancel the dynamic tracking error that otherwise would exist. The 84-minute natural period resulting requires accurate instrumentation. A discussion of equipment suitable for this work concludes the paper.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"32 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132654707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201634
R. H. Bushnell
{"title":"Relation between Doppler Noise and Navigation Accuracy","authors":"R. H. Bushnell","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201634","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124054457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201629
W. R. Fried
A method of determining position error of Doppler navigation systems is discussed which is based on the component errors and on statistical considerations. Sample calculations for four typical systems are presented. The historical behaviorial performance of the three major components of a Doppler navigation system the velocity sensor, the computer, and the heading reference are analyzed and presented graphically. The weight trends of the components of Doppler navigation systems and of the complete systems are described. Possibilities of certain combinations of self-contained and ground-referenced navigation systems are discussed.
{"title":"Performance Profiles and Future Outlook of Doppler Navigation Systems","authors":"W. R. Fried","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201629","url":null,"abstract":"A method of determining position error of Doppler navigation systems is discussed which is based on the component errors and on statistical considerations. Sample calculations for four typical systems are presented. The historical behaviorial performance of the three major components of a Doppler navigation system the velocity sensor, the computer, and the heading reference are analyzed and presented graphically. The weight trends of the components of Doppler navigation systems and of the complete systems are described. Possibilities of certain combinations of self-contained and ground-referenced navigation systems are discussed.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121188255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201630
C. Ancker
The situation where n stationary, accurately located, direction-finding stations fix the position of an unknown emitter by intersecting angular bearings has been previously investigated by Stansfield for the case where the angular bearings have small, normally distributed errors. The most probable location of the emitter and the surrounding confidence regions were determined. Stansfield's solution is here extended to include the case of airborne direction finding, which introduces uncertainties in the locations of the direction-finding stations. These uncertainties arise from navigation errors and increase the uncertainty of the fix, which is reflected in an increase in the variance of the solution. The increase in uncertainty is derived for celestial, dead reckoning, and direction-finding (Loran, Shoran, etc.) navigational procedures. Small, normally distributed navigation errors are assumed. In addition, a model in which celestial position fixes are taken between direction-finding cuts is investigated. The various procedures are compared.
{"title":"Airborne Direction Finding---The Theory of Navigation Errors","authors":"C. Ancker","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201630","url":null,"abstract":"The situation where n stationary, accurately located, direction-finding stations fix the position of an unknown emitter by intersecting angular bearings has been previously investigated by Stansfield for the case where the angular bearings have small, normally distributed errors. The most probable location of the emitter and the surrounding confidence regions were determined. Stansfield's solution is here extended to include the case of airborne direction finding, which introduces uncertainties in the locations of the direction-finding stations. These uncertainties arise from navigation errors and increase the uncertainty of the fix, which is reflected in an increase in the variance of the solution. The increase in uncertainty is derived for celestial, dead reckoning, and direction-finding (Loran, Shoran, etc.) navigational procedures. Small, normally distributed navigation errors are assumed. In addition, a model in which celestial position fixes are taken between direction-finding cuts is investigated. The various procedures are compared.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131481484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-12-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201631
H. Urkowitz
The performance of an airborne moving-target indication (MTI) system, designed to detect moving ground targets, is shown to depend upon the video autocorrelation function of the ground return, both with and without a target. The pulse-to-pulse video autocorrelation function is derived, and from it are obtained formulas for MTI cancellation and moving-target enhancement. Results are given only for a square-law detector.
{"title":"An Extension to the Theory of the Performance of Airborne Moving-Target Indicators","authors":"H. Urkowitz","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201631","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of an airborne moving-target indication (MTI) system, designed to detect moving ground targets, is shown to depend upon the video autocorrelation function of the ground return, both with and without a target. The pulse-to-pulse video autocorrelation function is derived, and from it are obtained formulas for MTI cancellation and moving-target enhancement. Results are given only for a square-law detector.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134529578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-09-01DOI: 10.1017/S0373463300019044
A. Majendie
For future navigation systems the major problems in development will be as much concerned with the presentation and use of data as with its provision. The relationship between a stated operational requirement and the means developed to meet it are discussed on this basis. The nature of different types of navigational intelligence are considered, and a distinction is drawn between control and monitoring functions. The navigational task is analyzed, and different types of associated displays are examined. Safety considerations call for a degree of redundancy in a complete system, and the importance of avoiding dependence on a single navigational technique is emphasized.
{"title":"The Display and Use of Navigational Intelligence","authors":"A. Majendie","doi":"10.1017/S0373463300019044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463300019044","url":null,"abstract":"For future navigation systems the major problems in development will be as much concerned with the presentation and use of data as with its provision. The relationship between a stated operational requirement and the means developed to meet it are discussed on this basis. The nature of different types of navigational intelligence are considered, and a distinction is drawn between control and monitoring functions. The navigational task is analyzed, and different types of associated displays are examined. Safety considerations call for a degree of redundancy in a complete system, and the importance of avoiding dependence on a single navigational technique is emphasized.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123716445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201613
D. S. Little
This paper reviews some of the earlier developments of civil avionic equipment design specifications, and describes how the U.S. Flag Air Carriers now arrive at procurement specifications, and how they determine their current operational needs. The responsibilities and activities of ATA, ARINC, AEEC, and RTCA are described and related to the development and coordination of such specifications.
{"title":"The Development of Operational Requirements for Civil Avionic Systems","authors":"D. S. Little","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201613","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews some of the earlier developments of civil avionic equipment design specifications, and describes how the U.S. Flag Air Carriers now arrive at procurement specifications, and how they determine their current operational needs. The responsibilities and activities of ATA, ARINC, AEEC, and RTCA are described and related to the development and coordination of such specifications.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125396307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201615
G. L. Hollander
A pilot's job has become so complex that he must rely increasingly on support from automatic aids for such functions as aircraft stabilization, navigation, cruise control, and landing. The Transac® C-1100 series digital control computers are designed to handle these functions in a single computer for commercial and military aircraft. The C-1100 computers are entirely transistorized for small size and utmost reliability. While their modular structure allows variations in many features for different applications, the computers are characterized by high precision, typically one part in 106, and fast operation, typically 60,000 additions per second. The general-purpose stored-program organization allows the C-1100 to be shared by various tasks during flight, and enables the same computer to execute a large variety of operations merely by changing the program. A powerful system of internal and external decisions permits the computer to respond to both the en-route instructions by the pilot and to conditions of the system as sensed in one of the 64 data channels. A representative problem involving dead-reckoning and VOR-TAC navigation, automatic control of the aircraft, and fuel management illustrates how the computer is programmed. The functional and physical description should provide the reader with enough background to consider the computer in terms of his own application.
{"title":"Transac® C-1100: Transistorized Computers for Airborne and Mobile Systems","authors":"G. L. Hollander","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201615","url":null,"abstract":"A pilot's job has become so complex that he must rely increasingly on support from automatic aids for such functions as aircraft stabilization, navigation, cruise control, and landing. The Transac® C-1100 series digital control computers are designed to handle these functions in a single computer for commercial and military aircraft. The C-1100 computers are entirely transistorized for small size and utmost reliability. While their modular structure allows variations in many features for different applications, the computers are characterized by high precision, typically one part in 106, and fast operation, typically 60,000 additions per second. The general-purpose stored-program organization allows the C-1100 to be shared by various tasks during flight, and enables the same computer to execute a large variety of operations merely by changing the program. A powerful system of internal and external decisions permits the computer to respond to both the en-route instructions by the pilot and to conditions of the system as sensed in one of the 64 data channels. A representative problem involving dead-reckoning and VOR-TAC navigation, automatic control of the aircraft, and fuel management illustrates how the computer is programmed. The functional and physical description should provide the reader with enough background to consider the computer in terms of his own application.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122466534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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