Pub Date : 1958-09-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201614
H. S. Stokes
The present manual system of air traffic control is described briefly to provide background material for the reader who is not familiar with existing practice. Then follows an outline of the plans for modernization of our national airways system as set forth in the Curtis Report. The body of this paper deals with the plans of Airways Modernization Board for applying computers to air traffic control in its five-year Phase II program.
{"title":"Applying Computers to Air Traffic Control","authors":"H. S. Stokes","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201614","url":null,"abstract":"The present manual system of air traffic control is described briefly to provide background material for the reader who is not familiar with existing practice. Then follows an outline of the plans for modernization of our national airways system as set forth in the Curtis Report. The body of this paper deals with the plans of Airways Modernization Board for applying computers to air traffic control in its five-year Phase II program.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134125962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201593
M. M. Newman, J. Stahmann, J. Robb
Interference blankers have been developed to give improvement ratios of the order of 1000 in the presence of severe precipitation static of the order of 150,000 pulses per second. Recently the blanking technique has been applied to ADF receivers with the objectives of simplification, reduced size and weight, improved sensitivity in the presence of interference, reduced intermodulation distortion, maintenance of the relative phases of the sense and loop signals, and general compatibility with ADF receiver operation.
{"title":"ADF Interference Blanker Development","authors":"M. M. Newman, J. Stahmann, J. Robb","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201593","url":null,"abstract":"Interference blankers have been developed to give improvement ratios of the order of 1000 in the presence of severe precipitation static of the order of 150,000 pulses per second. Recently the blanking technique has been applied to ADF receivers with the objectives of simplification, reduced size and weight, improved sensitivity in the presence of interference, reduced intermodulation distortion, maintenance of the relative phases of the sense and loop signals, and general compatibility with ADF receiver operation.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132770356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-06-01DOI: 10.1002/J.2161-4296.1958.TB01041.X
V. I. Weihe
The history of navigation is described briefly, with particular attention to the rapid progress that has taken place since 1940. The problems still to be solved are outlined, and possible directions of future progress in navigation are discussed. The challenge for the future is highlighted by the observation that it is significant that in one hundred and twenty years, mankind has passed the "oats, sonic and thermal barriers," and now is in a position to discuss openly the ultimate speed barrier of all physical matter.
{"title":"Navigation and Power","authors":"V. I. Weihe","doi":"10.1002/J.2161-4296.1958.TB01041.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/J.2161-4296.1958.TB01041.X","url":null,"abstract":"The history of navigation is described briefly, with particular attention to the rapid progress that has taken place since 1940. The problems still to be solved are outlined, and possible directions of future progress in navigation are discussed. The challenge for the future is highlighted by the observation that it is significant that in one hundred and twenty years, mankind has passed the \"oats, sonic and thermal barriers,\" and now is in a position to discuss openly the ultimate speed barrier of all physical matter.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115135902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201595
T. Mitsutomi
In attempting to gain some insight into the synthesis and analysis of a stable platform system the simple assumption that the platform can be analyzed on a single-axis basis is adopted. The single-axis analysis is then made applicable to the three-axis case by introducing a coupling factor. Of course, the shortcomings of this assumption, such as the omission of mechanical interactions, must be recognized. The inherently close association of the stability of the servo-system and the basis character of the input-output response will generally require that design requirements be compromised. The servosystem is essential to effect a suitable reduction in the influence of disturbances, and the factors involved in achieving stiffness must necessarily be considered. Finally, in discussing the design and features of the servoamplifiers it should be realized that the conditionally stable character of the system and the large attenuation involved in securing adequate phase lead create a difficult circuitry problem. In this regard, active research and development programs are under way toward the development of improved transistorized amplifiers.
{"title":"Characteristics and Stabilization of an Inertial Platform","authors":"T. Mitsutomi","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201595","url":null,"abstract":"In attempting to gain some insight into the synthesis and analysis of a stable platform system the simple assumption that the platform can be analyzed on a single-axis basis is adopted. The single-axis analysis is then made applicable to the three-axis case by introducing a coupling factor. Of course, the shortcomings of this assumption, such as the omission of mechanical interactions, must be recognized. The inherently close association of the stability of the servo-system and the basis character of the input-output response will generally require that design requirements be compromised. The servosystem is essential to effect a suitable reduction in the influence of disturbances, and the factors involved in achieving stiffness must necessarily be considered. Finally, in discussing the design and features of the servoamplifiers it should be realized that the conditionally stable character of the system and the large attenuation involved in securing adequate phase lead create a difficult circuitry problem. In this regard, active research and development programs are under way toward the development of improved transistorized amplifiers.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134537715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201597
C. Walter, J. Atkin, H. Bickel
In order to test and compare various azimuth estimating procedures, use was made of a search radar video simulator and a flexible high-speed digital video processor. The output of the video processor was recorded in digital form and analyzed on a general purpose digital computer. The azimuths of approximately 30,000 simulated targets at signal-to-noise ratios of 3, 6, 10, and 15 db were estimated by several methods. A reliable indication was obtained of the detection efficiency, false alarm rate, and the obtainable azimuth accuracy under a variety of conditions. The data which have been processed so far indicate superior performance of the maximum likelihood method for azimuth estimation purposes. The experimental results are presented in graphical form.
{"title":"Comparative Evaluation of Several Azinuth Estinating Procedures Using Digital Processing and Search Radar Simulation","authors":"C. Walter, J. Atkin, H. Bickel","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201597","url":null,"abstract":"In order to test and compare various azimuth estimating procedures, use was made of a search radar video simulator and a flexible high-speed digital video processor. The output of the video processor was recorded in digital form and analyzed on a general purpose digital computer. The azimuths of approximately 30,000 simulated targets at signal-to-noise ratios of 3, 6, 10, and 15 db were estimated by several methods. A reliable indication was obtained of the detection efficiency, false alarm rate, and the obtainable azimuth accuracy under a variety of conditions. The data which have been processed so far indicate superior performance of the maximum likelihood method for azimuth estimation purposes. The experimental results are presented in graphical form.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133753945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201594
K. Curtis, T. Kelly
This paper describes an application of the storage tube to marine radar, for providing an automatic plot of the equipped vessel as well as all other vessels within the radar's range. It further describes a new type of presentation which combines relative motion with true motion in a manner easily understood by the mariner and which requires no understanding by him, of new concepts. In addition to providing six different types of presentation, the system for the first time furnishes a means of directly determining the aspect, true course, and true speed of other vessels without auxiliary plotting and without calculations.
{"title":"Improvements in Radar Data Presentation","authors":"K. Curtis, T. Kelly","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201594","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an application of the storage tube to marine radar, for providing an automatic plot of the equipped vessel as well as all other vessels within the radar's range. It further describes a new type of presentation which combines relative motion with true motion in a manner easily understood by the mariner and which requires no understanding by him, of new concepts. In addition to providing six different types of presentation, the system for the first time furnishes a means of directly determining the aspect, true course, and true speed of other vessels without auxiliary plotting and without calculations.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121498122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201592
P. C. Sandretto
{"title":"The Air Traffic Control Paradox","authors":"P. C. Sandretto","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201592","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116274601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201596
R. Horsfall
Automatic navigation of aircraft may be accomplished in a number of ways. Where radiative contact with the ground is satisfactory, systems such as the conventional radio ranges and the more recently developed hyperbolic grid techniques are economical and normally reliable. However, in some regions of the earth and under certain atmospheric conditions, these types of radio aids may not be reliable. Other systems that involve radiative contact with the ground include radio mapping techniques and Doppler navigation; these generally require more expensive airborne equipment, although they are less subject to atmospheric disturbances. But since in military applications radiation from an aircraft furnishes a potential means of enemy detection, such techniques are relatively undesirable. At the present time, Doppler systems are the least subject to this objection. Inertial navigation makes use of acceleration detection and integration for obtaining information on the progress of the aircraft over the surface of the earth. It is independent of radiative contacts, and therefore free from such detection. On the other hand, it is subject to errors resulting from instrumental imperfections. In particular, drift of the essential gyroscopes leads to cumulative errors in indicated position; consequently, pure inertial autonavigators are limited in the flight time over which their indications are satisfactorily accurate. Use of photoelectric telescopes (star trackers) in combination with an inertial system provides a tie to basic inertial space, such as to minimize or eliminate the cumulative effect of gyro drift. Such a combination is known as a stellar inertial autonavigator.
{"title":"Stellar Inertial Navigation","authors":"R. Horsfall","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201596","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic navigation of aircraft may be accomplished in a number of ways. Where radiative contact with the ground is satisfactory, systems such as the conventional radio ranges and the more recently developed hyperbolic grid techniques are economical and normally reliable. However, in some regions of the earth and under certain atmospheric conditions, these types of radio aids may not be reliable. Other systems that involve radiative contact with the ground include radio mapping techniques and Doppler navigation; these generally require more expensive airborne equipment, although they are less subject to atmospheric disturbances. But since in military applications radiation from an aircraft furnishes a potential means of enemy detection, such techniques are relatively undesirable. At the present time, Doppler systems are the least subject to this objection. Inertial navigation makes use of acceleration detection and integration for obtaining information on the progress of the aircraft over the surface of the earth. It is independent of radiative contacts, and therefore free from such detection. On the other hand, it is subject to errors resulting from instrumental imperfections. In particular, drift of the essential gyroscopes leads to cumulative errors in indicated position; consequently, pure inertial autonavigators are limited in the flight time over which their indications are satisfactorily accurate. Use of photoelectric telescopes (star trackers) in combination with an inertial system provides a tie to basic inertial space, such as to minimize or eliminate the cumulative effect of gyro drift. Such a combination is known as a stellar inertial autonavigator.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129425077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1958-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201574
J. Welsh
The results of adequate cooling of electronic parts are gains in part life and reliability. An engineering compromise between ideal electronic part temperature and the thermal point of diminishing return must be evaluated not only with respect to desired life, but also in terms of the electronic circuit and cooling efficiencies. This paper outlines the flow of heat within, through, and from heat producing electronic parts in terms of internal thermal limitations, part surface and environmental ratings, and cooling indices. Natural heat flow design data pertinent to conduction cooling of heat sources, tube shields, the placement and mounting of parts, and "sink connectors" are presented.
{"title":"Temperature Limits, Ratings, and Natural Cooling Procedures for Avionic Equipment and Parts","authors":"J. Welsh","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1958.4201574","url":null,"abstract":"The results of adequate cooling of electronic parts are gains in part life and reliability. An engineering compromise between ideal electronic part temperature and the thermal point of diminishing return must be evaluated not only with respect to desired life, but also in terms of the electronic circuit and cooling efficiencies. This paper outlines the flow of heat within, through, and from heat producing electronic parts in terms of internal thermal limitations, part surface and environmental ratings, and cooling indices. Natural heat flow design data pertinent to conduction cooling of heat sources, tube shields, the placement and mounting of parts, and \"sink connectors\" are presented.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1958-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114935666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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