Pub Date : 1959-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201673
H. I. Metz
A brief history and technical description of instrument landing system (ILS) and precision approach radar (PAR) is given. Improvements in ILS localizer and glide-slope designs are mentioned which reduce adverse site effects and hasten the day when fully automatic approaches may be authorized. Localizer improvements include a highly directional slotted-waveguide antenna. The waveguide system is essentially "added to" the conventional localizer and no change is required in the existing airborne receivers. This system is now operational (a version of the system is also in military use). For the glide slope, a runway-flush antenna has been developed and demonstrated. There are now 170 civil and about 50 military ILS installations in the United States with more under way. PAR (known in military service as GCA) has only limited civilian use but rather general use by the military. In this system, the controllers on the ground "see" the aircraft and its deviation from the desired approach. Corrections in heading and rate of descent are transmitted to the pilot in voice with advice also on distance to touchdown. Based on present trend and international acceptance of ILS, it is concluded that the number of ILS installations will be expanded to cover all aviation hubs and that automatic approaches will be authorized to further increase schedule efficiency and safety. PAR will probably not be further implemented for civil use.
{"title":"A Survey of Instrument Approach Systems in the United States","authors":"H. I. Metz","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201673","url":null,"abstract":"A brief history and technical description of instrument landing system (ILS) and precision approach radar (PAR) is given. Improvements in ILS localizer and glide-slope designs are mentioned which reduce adverse site effects and hasten the day when fully automatic approaches may be authorized. Localizer improvements include a highly directional slotted-waveguide antenna. The waveguide system is essentially \"added to\" the conventional localizer and no change is required in the existing airborne receivers. This system is now operational (a version of the system is also in military use). For the glide slope, a runway-flush antenna has been developed and demonstrated. There are now 170 civil and about 50 military ILS installations in the United States with more under way. PAR (known in military service as GCA) has only limited civilian use but rather general use by the military. In this system, the controllers on the ground \"see\" the aircraft and its deviation from the desired approach. Corrections in heading and rate of descent are transmitted to the pilot in voice with advice also on distance to touchdown. Based on present trend and international acceptance of ILS, it is concluded that the number of ILS installations will be expanded to cover all aviation hubs and that automatic approaches will be authorized to further increase schedule efficiency and safety. PAR will probably not be further implemented for civil use.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132366866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201679
F. Powell
The concept, theory, implementation, and test results of the Bell Aircraft Automatic Landing System are presented. The system, which requires no additional airborne electronics equipment in land-based aircraft carrying an ILAS receiver and coupler, employs a precise ground-based radar and command computer. The major source of error of this closed-loop system is turbulence, while performance is limited chiefly by aircraft and autopilot properties. Flight-test results covering over 2000 automatic touchdowns and a variety of propeller and jet aircraft are presented for vertical and lateral degrees of freedom.
{"title":"An Automatic Landing System","authors":"F. Powell","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201679","url":null,"abstract":"The concept, theory, implementation, and test results of the Bell Aircraft Automatic Landing System are presented. The system, which requires no additional airborne electronics equipment in land-based aircraft carrying an ILAS receiver and coupler, employs a precise ground-based radar and command computer. The major source of error of this closed-loop system is turbulence, while performance is limited chiefly by aircraft and autopilot properties. Flight-test results covering over 2000 automatic touchdowns and a variety of propeller and jet aircraft are presented for vertical and lateral degrees of freedom.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127049615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201670
E. Cutrell
The development of successful instrument approach and landing involved the solution of not only technical problems, but operational problems as well. A review of methods used to overcome operational problems is made, covering the period from the earliest successful instrument landing to the introduction of instrument approach into routine scheduled operation. Flight techniques are described, using early systems such as compass locator, constantintensity glide slope, and later, equisignal glide-slope facilities. Recognition of a requirement for visual aids to supplement electronic approach aids is outlined.
{"title":"Operational Flight Testing of Early Instrument Landing Systems","authors":"E. Cutrell","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201670","url":null,"abstract":"The development of successful instrument approach and landing involved the solution of not only technical problems, but operational problems as well. A review of methods used to overcome operational problems is made, covering the period from the earliest successful instrument landing to the introduction of instrument approach into routine scheduled operation. Flight techniques are described, using early systems such as compass locator, constantintensity glide slope, and later, equisignal glide-slope facilities. Recognition of a requirement for visual aids to supplement electronic approach aids is outlined.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"70 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130023532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-06-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201680
B. Cutler, L. Sanders
The FAA is developing an advanced approach and landing system called REGAL. Ground-based scanning beams set up a broad reference grid in space from which aircraft may determine their position and optimumly determine the landing maneuver. A breadboard system was designed and tested in 1957 and 1958, and the FAA experimental elevation system will be tested in 1959. Theory of the radar ground-reflection problem is discussed and empirical data are presented to validate conclusions.
{"title":"Regal---An Advanced Approach and Landing System","authors":"B. Cutler, L. Sanders","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201680","url":null,"abstract":"The FAA is developing an advanced approach and landing system called REGAL. Ground-based scanning beams set up a broad reference grid in space from which aircraft may determine their position and optimumly determine the landing maneuver. A breadboard system was designed and tested in 1957 and 1958, and the FAA experimental elevation system will be tested in 1959. Theory of the radar ground-reflection problem is discussed and empirical data are presented to validate conclusions.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114774943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201649
B. Alexander, R. Renick, J. F. Sullivan
The integration of Tacan with very-high-frequency omnidirectional range (VOR) to provide one common air-navigation and air-traffic-control system requires, for full usefulness, a method of automatic air-surface communication. Such a method, called the Tacan data link, has been devised, and is being flight-tested. Using this data link, messages can be received and sent to each of 120 aircraft every 2.67 seconds. Such messages would consist of navigational, aircraft-status, and traffic-control information. The data link employs the Tacan Surface Beacon to carry both analog and digitallycoded messages, interpolating the coded pulse bursts, which last approximately 3 msec, 45 times every second. No additional transmitters or receivers are needed.
{"title":"Background and Principles of Tacan Data Link","authors":"B. Alexander, R. Renick, J. F. Sullivan","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201649","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of Tacan with very-high-frequency omnidirectional range (VOR) to provide one common air-navigation and air-traffic-control system requires, for full usefulness, a method of automatic air-surface communication. Such a method, called the Tacan data link, has been devised, and is being flight-tested. Using this data link, messages can be received and sent to each of 120 aircraft every 2.67 seconds. Such messages would consist of navigational, aircraft-status, and traffic-control information. The data link employs the Tacan Surface Beacon to carry both analog and digitallycoded messages, interpolating the coded pulse bursts, which last approximately 3 msec, 45 times every second. No additional transmitters or receivers are needed.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132101715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201652
E. Kessler
The PAR-scope, an oscilloscope display for pulsed radars, uses gated, averaged, amplitude information as one coordinate, and azimuth or elevation as the other coordinate; its display is a profile of average reflectivity. It is operated with a scanning antenna, permitting simultaneous operation with the RHI or PPI display. Such combinations provide means for rapid, three-dimensional quantitative mapping of reflectivity in the vicinity of the radar. Theoretical analysis of PAR-scope performance considers the response of the scanning system to spatial variations of average reflectivity and to the rapid fluctuations characteristic of weather echoes. It is shown that reflectivity distributions of major interest can be easily represented to an accuracy within 1 db of that implicit in the radar calibration.
{"title":"The PAR-Scope: An Oscilloscope Display for Weather Radars","authors":"E. Kessler","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201652","url":null,"abstract":"The PAR-scope, an oscilloscope display for pulsed radars, uses gated, averaged, amplitude information as one coordinate, and azimuth or elevation as the other coordinate; its display is a profile of average reflectivity. It is operated with a scanning antenna, permitting simultaneous operation with the RHI or PPI display. Such combinations provide means for rapid, three-dimensional quantitative mapping of reflectivity in the vicinity of the radar. Theoretical analysis of PAR-scope performance considers the response of the scanning system to spatial variations of average reflectivity and to the rapid fluctuations characteristic of weather echoes. It is shown that reflectivity distributions of major interest can be easily represented to an accuracy within 1 db of that implicit in the radar calibration.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131274232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201651
H. E. Hawkins, O. La Plant
An equation is derived which can be used to compare the ability of a pulse radar to detect targets in rain and fog with its ability to detect similar targets in dry air. It is a common misconception that attenuation in the path between radar and target is the only consideration. However, clutter in the path between radar and target is the real concern. Clutter power backscattered from the storm in the immediate region of the target may be by far the most dominant degrading factor. The equation derived, and the resulting curves, take into consideration the combined effects of backscattering and attenuation and interpret the effects in terms of comparative dry-air and wet-air range capability. They enable 1) prediction of the relative performance of a given radar under various meteorological conditions, and 2) comparison of radars of different parameters operating under identical meteorological conditions.
{"title":"Radar Performance Degradation in Fog and Rain","authors":"H. E. Hawkins, O. La Plant","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201651","url":null,"abstract":"An equation is derived which can be used to compare the ability of a pulse radar to detect targets in rain and fog with its ability to detect similar targets in dry air. It is a common misconception that attenuation in the path between radar and target is the only consideration. However, clutter in the path between radar and target is the real concern. Clutter power backscattered from the storm in the immediate region of the target may be by far the most dominant degrading factor. The equation derived, and the resulting curves, take into consideration the combined effects of backscattering and attenuation and interpret the effects in terms of comparative dry-air and wet-air range capability. They enable 1) prediction of the relative performance of a given radar under various meteorological conditions, and 2) comparison of radars of different parameters operating under identical meteorological conditions.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128887497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201648
A. S. Markham
A method is described by which radio compasses may be tested using small shielded enclosures (24 by 24 by 24 inches for many loop types) instead of screen rooms. This procedure results in economies of cost and space, as well as providing portability and rapid setup. Application of accepted methods of determining field strength for calibration purposes is discussed. Enclosure modifications for utilization of flush loops and the incorporation of rotation facilities for loop bearing-accuracy tests are also covered. Some approaches to enclosure design and construction are described, and examples of different types of existing and proposed units are shown. The possibility of using a small enclosure within an existing screen room as an aid in curing serious noise and interference problems, as an inexpensive substitute for renovating or replacing the screen room, or as a means for locating sources of noise or other disturbances, such as stray fields and RF leakage from signal generators, is also described.
{"title":"Radio-Compass Testing with Small Shielded Enclosures","authors":"A. S. Markham","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201648","url":null,"abstract":"A method is described by which radio compasses may be tested using small shielded enclosures (24 by 24 by 24 inches for many loop types) instead of screen rooms. This procedure results in economies of cost and space, as well as providing portability and rapid setup. Application of accepted methods of determining field strength for calibration purposes is discussed. Enclosure modifications for utilization of flush loops and the incorporation of rotation facilities for loop bearing-accuracy tests are also covered. Some approaches to enclosure design and construction are described, and examples of different types of existing and proposed units are shown. The possibility of using a small enclosure within an existing screen room as an aid in curing serious noise and interference problems, as an inexpensive substitute for renovating or replacing the screen room, or as a means for locating sources of noise or other disturbances, such as stray fields and RF leakage from signal generators, is also described.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130303118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-03-01DOI: 10.1109/tane3.1959.4201650
N. Diamantides
A new device for measuring angular rate is analyzed and its mechanical and electrical design features presented. Analytical proofs of three important characteristics of the instrument are given. These characteristics are: 1) a sinusoidally modulated-carrier voltage with the envelope representing the magnitude of the useful output signal; 2) zero drift as well as zero offset effects separated from the true output in the form of a dc quantity, and 3) a reference signal through which both the magnitude and the orientation of the input angular-velocity component in the plane of the spin are determined.
{"title":"The Gyrovibrator","authors":"N. Diamantides","doi":"10.1109/tane3.1959.4201650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tane3.1959.4201650","url":null,"abstract":"A new device for measuring angular rate is analyzed and its mechanical and electrical design features presented. Analytical proofs of three important characteristics of the instrument are given. These characteristics are: 1) a sinusoidally modulated-carrier voltage with the envelope representing the magnitude of the useful output signal; 2) zero drift as well as zero offset effects separated from the true output in the form of a dc quantity, and 3) a reference signal through which both the magnitude and the orientation of the input angular-velocity component in the plane of the spin are determined.","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127308533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1959-03-01DOI: 10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201654
C. Temes
{"title":"Relativistic Consideration of Doppler Shift","authors":"C. Temes","doi":"10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TANE3.1959.4201654","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":332621,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Aeronautical and Navigational Electronics","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1959-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134018378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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